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ASTM E747-97

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology

SCOPE
1.1 This practice  covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indicators (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiology.
1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as the controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness range from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1996
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E747-04 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM E1025-18 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1411-16 - Standard Practice for Qualification of Radioscopic Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2033-17 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1255-16 - Standard Practice for Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E94/E94M-22 - Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2698-18e1 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1030/E1030M-21 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2002-22 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1817-08(2022) - Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E3388-23 - Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1931-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Non-computed X-Ray Compton Scatter Tomography
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E1000-16 - Standard Guide for Radioscopy
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM E2104-22 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and Turbine Materials and Components
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997

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ASTM E747-97 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for RadiologyASTM E747-97 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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ASTM E747-97 - Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 747 – 97
Standard Practice for
Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of
Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping
3. Terminology
classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indica-
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms in Terminology
tors (IQI) used to indicate the quality of radiologic images.
E 1316, Section D, relating to gamma and x-radiology, shall
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray
apply to the terms used in this practice.
radiology.
1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as the
4. Wire IQI Requirements
controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness
4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be deter-
range from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).
mined by a set of wires conforming to the following require-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ments:
as standard.
4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricated from materials or alloys
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
identified or listed in accordance with 7.2. Other materials may
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be used in accordance with 7.3.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
TABLE 1 Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers
SET A SET B
2. Referenced Documents
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
2.1 ASTM Standards: Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm)
B 139 Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and
A
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6
Shapes
0.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
B 150 Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and
0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 8
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
Shapes
0.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
B 161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
B 164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and
SET C SET D
Wire
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
B 166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys
in. (mm) in. (mm)
(UNS N06600, N06601, and N06690) and Nickel-
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) 16
Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617)
0.040 h(1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 17
0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18
Rod, Bar, and Wire
0.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 19
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 20
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
0.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology A
The 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as agreed
upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
TABLE 2 Wire Diameter Tolerances, (mm)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Wire Diameter (d), mm Tolerance, mm
Radiographic Practice and Penetrameters.
0.000 < d# 0.125 60.0025
Current edition approved July 10, 1997. Published November 1997. Originally
0.125 < d # 0.25 60.005
published as E 747 – 80. Last previous edition E 747 – 94.
0.25 < d # 0.5 60.01
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice
0.50 < d # 1.6 60.02
SE-747 in Section II of that Code.
1.6 < d # 4 60.03
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.
4.0 < d # 8 60.05
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E747–97
TABLE 3 Wire Diameter Tolerances, (in.)
5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of the
Wire Diameter (d), in. Tolerance, in. material(s) to be examined.
5.1.3 Select the applicable IQI’s that represent the required
0.000 < d # 0.005 60.0001
0.005 < d # 0.010 60.0002
IQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).
0.010 < d # 0.020 60.0004
0.020 < d # 0.063 60.0008
0.063 < d # 0.160 60.0012 6. Image Quality Levels
0.160 < d # 0.320 60.0020
6.1 The quality level required using wire penetrameters
shall be equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E 1025 for
hole-type IQI’s unless a higher or lower quality level is agreed
4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in order of
upon between purchaser and supplier. Table 4 provides a list of
increasing diameter. The diameter sizes specified in Table 1 are
various hole-type IQI’s and the diameter of wires of corre-
established from a consecutive series of numbers taken in
sponding equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) with the
general from the ISO/R 10 series. The IQI shall be fabricated
applicable 1T, 2T, and 4T holes in the IQI. This table can be
in accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 and
used for determining 1T, 2T, and 4T quality levels. Appendix
Tables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirements
X1 gives the equation for calculating other equivalencies if
of Annex A1 may be used as an alternate provided all other
needed.
requirements of this practice are met.
6.2 In specifying quality levels, the contract, purchase order,
4.1.3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other than those
product specification, or drawing should clearly indicate the
shown in Figs. 1-8 and Annex A1 are permitted by contractual
thickness of material to which the quality level applies. Careful
agreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 is
consideration of required quality levels is particularly impor-
modified in size, it must contain the grade number, set identity,
tant.
and essential wire. It must also contain two additional wires
that are the next size larger and the next size smaller as
7. Material Groups
specified in the applicable set listed in Table 1.
7.1 General:
4.1.4 Each set must be identified using letters and numbers
7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups based
made of industrial grade lead or of a material of similar
on their radiographic absorption characteristics: groups 03, 02,
radiographic density. Identification shall be as shown on Figs.
and 01 for light metals and groups 1 through 5 for heavy
1-8 or Annex A1, unless otherwise specified by contractual
metals.
agreement.
7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum
5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement
(Al), and titanium (Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01 respec-
tively, for their predominant alloying constituent. The materials
5.1 When selecting IQI’s for procurement, the following
are listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.
factors should be considered:
5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to be 7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper-base, nickel-
examined. base, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. The
FIG. 1 Set A/Alternate 1
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E747–97
FIG. 2 Set A/Alternate 2
FIG. 3 Set B/Alternate 1
materials increase in radiation absorption with increasing 7.2.1.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predomi-
numerical designation. nant alloying constituent.
7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations have been 7.2.2 Materials Group 02:
used for clarification of the pertinent materials. 7.2.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
7.1.5 The materials from which the IQI for the group are to aluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloying
be made are designated in each case and these IQI’s are constituent.
applicable for all materials listed in that group. In addition, any 7.2.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is the predomi-
group IQI may be used for any material with a higher group nant alloying constituent.
number, provided the applicable quality level is maintained. 7.2.3 Materials Group 03:
7.2 Materials Groups: 7.2.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
7.2.1 Materials Group 01: magnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloying
7.2.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of constituent.
titanium or titanium shall be the predominant alloying constitu- 7.2.3.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is the
ent. predominant alloying constituent.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E747–97
FIG. 4 Set B/Alternate 2
FIG. 5 Set C/Alternate 1
7.2.4 Materials Group 1: 7.2.5 Materials Group 2:
7.2.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
7.2.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of
carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.
aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specification B 150) or
7.2.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, stainless
equivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630 of
steels, and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Superston).
Specification B 150) or equivalent.
7.2.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all nickel-
aluminum bronzes.
Superston is a registered trademark of Superston Corp., Jersey City, NJ.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E747–97
FIG. 6 Set C/Alternate 2
FIG. 7 Set D/Alternate 1
7.2.6 Materials Group 3:
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E747–97
FIG. 8 Set D/Alternate 2
TABLE 4 Wire Sizes Equivalent to Corresponding 1T, 2T, and 4T Holes in Various Hole Type Plaques
Diameter of wire with EPS of hole in plaque, in. (mm)
Plaque Thickness, Plaque IQI Identication
in. (mm) Number
1T 2T 4T
0.005 (0.13) 5 0.0038 (0.09) 0.006 (0.15)
0.006 (0.16) 6 0.004 (0.10) 0.0067 (0.18)
0.008 (0.20) 8 0.0032 (0.08) 0.005 (0.13) 0.008 (
...

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5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
5.4 Prior to performing the analysis it is assumed that the discontinuity of interest is clearly defined; the number and distribution of induced discontinuity sizes in the POD specimen set is known and well-documented; discontinuities in the POD specimen set are unobstructed; and the POD examination administration procedure (including data collection method) is well-designed, well-defined, under control, and unbiased. The analysis results are only valid if convergence is achieved and the model adequately represents the data.  
5.5 The POD analysis method described herein is consistent with the analysis method for binary data described in MIL-HDBK-1823A, and is included in several widely utilized POD software packages to perform a POD analysis on hit/miss data. It is also found in statistical software packages that have generalized line...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3370-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing of Composites, Sandwich Core Constructions, and Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials.  
5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage.  
5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible.  
5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures.11  
5.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580. Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straightbeam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric elemen...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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ASTM
ASTM E1901-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinuities by Contact Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2934-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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