ASTM E1000-16
(Guide)Standard Guide for Radioscopy
Standard Guide for Radioscopy
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Radioscopy is a versatile nondestructive means for examining an object. It provides immediate information regarding the nature, size, location, and distribution of imperfections, both internal and external. It also provides a rapid check of the dimensions, mechanical configuration, and the presence and positioning of components in a mechanism. It indicates in real-time the presence of structural or component imperfections anywhere in a mechanism or an assembly. Through manipulation, it may provide three-dimensional information regarding the nature, sizes, and relative positioning of items of interest within an object, and can be further employed to check the functioning of internal mechanisms. Radioscopy permits timely assessments of product integrity, and allows prompt disposition of the product based on acceptance standards. Although closely related to the radiographic method, it has much lower operating costs in terms of time, manpower, and material.
4.2 Long-term records of the radioscopic image may be obtained through motion-picture recording (cinefluorography), video recording, or “still” photographs using conventional cameras, or direct digital streaming and storage of image stacks to internal or external hard drives, or directly to RAM locations, if sufficient RAM is present in the computer. The radioscopic image may be electronically enhanced, digitized, or otherwise processed for improved visual image analysis or automatic, computer-aided analysis, or both.
4.3 Computer systems enable image or frame averaging for noise reduction. For some applications image integration or averaging is required to get the required image quality. As an add-on, an automatic defect recognition system (ADR) may be used with the radioscopic image.
4.4 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is for tutorial purposes only and to outline the general principles of radioscopic imaging.
1.2 This guide describes practices and image quality measuring systems for real-time, and near real-time, nonfilm detection, display, and recording of radioscopic images. These images, used in materials examination, are generated by penetrating radiation passing through the subject material and producing an image on the detecting medium. Although the described radiation sources are specifically X-ray and gamma-ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation sources such as neutrons. The image detection and display techniques are nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a means for permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
Note 1: For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316.
1.3 This guide summarizes the state of radioscopic technology prior to the advent of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs), which may also be used for radioscopic imaging. For a summary of DDAs, see E2736, Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiology. It should be noted that some detector configurations listed herein have similar foundations to those described in Guide E2736.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 6.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1000 − 16
Standard Guide for
1
Radioscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
1.1 Thisguideisfortutorialpurposesonlyandtooutlinethe
E1025Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
general principles of radioscopic imaging.
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
1.2 This guide describes practices and image quality mea-
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
suring systems for real-time, and near real-time, nonfilm
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
detection, display, and recording of radioscopic images. These
E1742Practice for Radiographic Examination
images, used in materials examination, are generated by
E2002Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness
penetrating radiation passing through the subject material and
and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios-
producing an image on the detecting medium. Although the
copy
described radiation sources are specifically X-ray and gamma-
E2736Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiology
ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation
2.2 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-
sources such as neutrons. The image detection and display
ment (NCRP) Standards:
techniques are nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a
NCRP49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for
means for permanent recording of the image is not precluded.
Medical Use of X-rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up
3
to 10 MeV
NOTE 1—For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316.
NCRP 51 Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for
1.3 This guide summarizes the state of radioscopic technol-
3
0.1–100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities
ogy prior to the advent of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs),
NCRP91,(supercedes NCRP 39) Recommendations on
which may also be used for radioscopic imaging. For a
3
Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
summary of DDAs, see E2736, Standard Guide for Digital
2.3 Federal Standard:
Detector Array Radiology. It should be noted that some
Fed. Std. No.21-CFR1020.40 Safety Requirements for
detector configurations listed herein have similar foundations
4
Cabinet X-Ray Machines
to those described in Guide E2736.
2.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NAS 410Certification & Qualification of Nondestructive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 5
Test Personnel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
6
2.5 ASNT Documents:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
precautionary statements, see Section 6.
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189ASNT Standard for Qualification and
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2. Referenced Documents
7
2.6 CEN Documents:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
EN 4179Aerospace Series—Qualification and Approval of
E747Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
Personel for Non-Destructive Testing
3
Available from NCRP Publications, 7010 Woodmont Ave., Suite 1016,
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc- Bethesda, MD 20814.
4
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
(X and Gamma) Method. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
5
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originally Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1000-98 (2009). WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
DOI: 10.1520/E1000-16.
2 6
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
7
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromCEN-EuropeanCommitteeforStandardization,RueDeStassart
the ASTM website. 36, Bruxelles, Belgium B-1050, ht
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1000 − 98 (Reapproved 2009) E1000 − 16
Standard Guide for
1
Radioscopy
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is for tutorial purposes only and to outline the general principles of radioscopic imaging.
1.2 This guide describes practices and image quality measuring systems for real-time, and near real-time, nonfilm detection,
display, and recording of radioscopic images. These images, used in materials examination, are generated by penetrating radiation
passing through the subject material and producing an image on the detecting medium. Although the described radiation sources
are specifically X-ray and gamma-ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation sources such as neutrons. The image
detection and display techniques are nonfilm, but the use of photographic film as a means for permanent recording of the image
is not precluded.
NOTE 1—For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316.
1.3 This guide summarizes the state of radioscopic technology prior to the advent of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs), which
may also be used for radioscopic imaging. For a summary of DDAs, see E2736, Standard Guide for Digital Detector Array
Radiology. It should be noted that some detector configurations listed herein have similar foundations to those described in Guide
E2736.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 6.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
E142 Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Testing (Withdrawn 2000)
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
E2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiology
2.2 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) Standards:
NCRP 49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays X-rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up
3
to 10 MeV
3
NCRP 51 Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1–100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities
3
NCRP 91, (supercedes NCRP 39) Recommendations on Limits for Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
2.3 Federal Standard:
4
Fed. Std. No. 21-CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements for Cabinet X-Ray Machines
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2016. Published July 2009January 2017. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
E1000 - 98 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/E1000-98R09.10.1520/E1000-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from NCRP Publications, 7010 Woodmont Ave., Suite 1016, Bethesda, MD 20814.
4
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1000 − 16
2.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:
5
NAS 410 Certification & Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
6
2.5 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
7
2.6 CEN D
...
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