ASTM E2905/E2905M-20
(Practice)Standard Practice for Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—Electromagnetic Methods
Standard Practice for Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—Electromagnetic Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Visual interpretation of gear teeth condition is different from examining for cracks or early signs of macro-pitting. Visual interpretation is referred to ASNI/AGMA 1010-F14.
5.1.1 The purpose of using an eddy current array for mill girth gear tooth examination is it drastically reduces the examination time; covers a large area in one single pass; provides real-time cartography of the examined region, facilitating data interpretation; and improves reliability and probability of detection (POD). One tooth can be examined in less than 30 seconds.
Note 3: In this practice, ECA is used as a discontinuity finding tool (see Fig. 4) and a presentation aid as support once problems are discovered and photographed. Colors and three-dimensional (3D) images (see Fig. 5) that help with visualization are invaluable in such circumstances.
5.1.2 The purpose of using alternating current field measurement is to size surface-breaking cracks electronically.
5.1.3 This practice is a useful tool for a condition-based monitoring program.
5.2 The examination results may then be used by qualified personnel or organizations to assess the severity and potential consequences of the failure modes identified. This practice is not intended for the examination of non-surface-breaking discontinuities. Other methods should be considered to address examination for non-surface-breaking discontinuities.
SCOPE
Note 1: Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless the gear is specifically identified.
1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electromagnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives and pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities in the flank and root area on both the drive side and non-drive (coast) side of the gear tooth using an eddy current array. The second part of the examination is to size or measure accurately the length and depth of any cracks found in these areas using electromagnetic methods. No other practice addresses the use of electromagnetic methods for the detection and sizing of surface-breaking discontinuities on mill and kiln ring gear teeth. For reference, Fig. 1 contains a schematic diagram labeling the areas of the gear teeth.
FIG. 1 Schematic Image Labeling the Regions of the Gear Teeth and the Area (Shown in Green Shading) That is Scanned in One Pass With the Eddy Current Array Probe
1.2 This practice is used only for the detection of surface breaking discontinuities including cracking, macropitting, and certain scuffing and wear patterns. It will not provide a full gear tooth analysis. Visual examination by an experienced gear specialist is the best way to characterize fully the failure modes present. It is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is completed at the time of examination. Sending data offsite for analysis later is not recommended, as potential failure modes could be missed from lack of in-situ visual examination.
1.3 Two technicians, one lead technician, and a gear technician, are typically required for this practice. One technician guides the probe and the other technician operates the computer/software and analyzes the gear teeth condition.
1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards, such as Practice E3024 and Practice E2261, accompany the technician when performing the examination. If crack sizing is performed, then it shall be performed using an electromagnetic testing method such as the alternating current field measurement approach of Practice E2261.
1.5 It is recommended that the technician review the appendixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.
1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in discussion with the client, shall determine the appropriate cleaning procedure. If an oil bath lubrication system is used, ensure th...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2905/E2905M − 20
Standard Practice for
Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—
1
Electromagnetic Methods
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2905/E2905M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 It is recommended that the technician review the appen-
NOTE 1—Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless
dixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.
the gear is specifically identified.
1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear
1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electro-
analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in
magnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives
discussion with the client, shall determine the appropriate
and pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to
cleaning procedure. If an oil bath lubrication system is used,
detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities in the flank
ensurethegearteethsurfacesareclean.Ifanasphaltic-basedor
and root area on both the drive side and non-drive (coast) side
synthetic-based lubricant is used, refer to the annexes and
of the gear tooth using an eddy current array. The second part
appendices in this practice.
of the examination is to size or measure accurately the length
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
and depth of any cracks found in these areas using electromag-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
netic methods. No other practice addresses the use of electro-
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
magnetic methods for the detection and sizing of surface-
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
breaking discontinuities on mill and kiln ring gear teeth. For
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
reference, Fig. 1 contains a schematic diagram labeling the
from the two systems shall not be combined.
areas of the gear teeth.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 This practice is used only for the detection of surface
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
breaking discontinuities including cracking, macropitting, and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
certainscuffingandwearpatterns.Itwillnotprovideafullgear
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tooth analysis. Visual examination by an experienced gear
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specialististhebestwaytocharacterizefullythefailuremodes
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
present. It is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
completed at the time of examination. Sending data offsite for
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
analysis later is not recommended, as potential failure modes
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
could be missed from lack of in-situ visual examination.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.3 Two technicians, one lead technician, and a gear
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
technician, are typically required for this practice. One techni-
cian guides the probe and the other technician operates the 2. Referenced Documents
computer/software and analyzes the gear teeth condition. 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards, E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
such as Practice E3024 and Practice E2261, accompany the E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
technician when performing the examination. If crack sizing is E2261 Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alter-
performed, then it shall be performed using an electromagnetic nating Current Field Measurement Technique
testing method such as the alternating current field measure- E2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Con-
ment approach of Practice E2261. ducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
E3024 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General
Industry
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on
2
Electromagnetic Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2020. Published August 2020.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2905/E2905M − 19 E2905/E2905M − 20
Standard Practice for
Examination of Mill and Kiln Girth Gear Teeth—
1
Electromagnetic Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2905/E2905M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
NOTE 1—Throughout the standard, “gear” means gear or pinion unless the gear is specifically identified.
1.1 This practice describes a two-part procedure for electromagnetic evaluation on gear teeth on mill and kiln gear drives and
pinions. The first part of this practice details the ability to detect 100 % of surface-breaking discontinuities only in the addendum,
dedendum, flank and root area on both the drive side and non-drive (coast) side of the gear tooth using an eddy current array. The
second part of the examination is to size or measure accurately the length and depth of any cracks found in these areas using
electromagnetic methods. No other practice addresses the use of electromagnetic methods for the detection and sizing of
surface-breaking discontinuities on mill and kiln ring gear teeth. For reference, Fig. 1 contains a schematic diagram labeling the
areas of the gear teeth.
1.2 This practice is used only for crack detection, scuffing, wear patterns, and early signs of macro-pitting. the detection of surface
breaking discontinuities including cracking, macropitting, and certain scuffing and wear patterns. It will not provide a full gear
tooth analysis. Visual examination by an experienced gear specialist is the onlybest way to characterize fully the failure modes
present, their severity, and consequences. present. It is imperative that the analysis of the gear teeth is completed at the time of
examination. Sending data offsite for analysis later is not recommended, as potential failure modes could be missed from lack of
in-situ visual examination.
1.3 Two technicians, one gear specialist,lead technician, and a gear technician, are typically required for this practice. One
technician guides the probe and the other technician operates the computer/software and analyzes the gear teeth condition.
1.4 It is important that the appropriate method standards, such as GuidePractice E709E3024 and Practice E2261, if the alternating
current field measurement approach is used for crack sizing, accompany the technician when performing the examination.accom-
pany the technician when performing the examination. If crack sizing is performed, then it shall be performed using an
electromagnetic testing method such as the alternating current field measurement approach of Practice E2261.
1.5 It is recommended that the technician review the appendixes in this practice in advance of starting the job.
1.6 A clean gear is recommended for a complete gear analysis. Depending on the lubrication used, the technician, in discussion
with the client, shall determine the appropriate cleaning procedure. If an oil bath lubrication system is used, ensure the gear teeth
surfaces are clean. If an asphaltic-based or synthetic-based lubricant is used, refer to the annexes and appendices in this practice.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electromagnetic
Method.
Current edition approved July 15, 2019July 1, 2020. Published August 2019August 2020. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 20132019 as
E2905/E2905M – 13.19. DOI: 10.1520/E2905_E2905M-19.10.1520/E2905_E2905M-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2905/E2905M − 20
FIG. 1 Schematic Image Labeling the Regions of the Gear Teeth and the Area (Shown in Green Shading) That is Scanned in One Pass
With the Eddy Current Array Probe
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.8 This standard does not purport to add
...
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