ASTM D6286-12
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization
Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The selection of particular method(s) for drilling monitoring wells (see Table 1) requires that specific characteristics of each site be considered. These characteristics would include, but are not limited to, the ambient hydrogeologic parameters and conditions existing at the site. This guide is intended to make the user aware of some of the various drilling methods available and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of each with respect to determining groundwater chemistry and other hydrogeologic properties data.TABLE 1 Well-Drilling Selection Guide
Drilling Method
Drilling
Fluid
Casing
Advance
Type of
Material
Drilled
Typical
Drilling
Depth,
in m (ft)A
Typical
Range of
Borehole
Sizes, in
cm (in.)
Samples
ObtainableB
Coring
Possible
Reference
Section
Power auger
(Hollow-stem)
none, water, mud
yes
soil, weathered rock
12.7–55 (5–22)
S, F
yes
6.2
Power auger
(Solid-stem)
water, mud
no
soil, weathered rock
5–25 (2–10)
s
yes
6.3
Power bucket auger
none, water (below water table)
no
soil, weathered rock
45–120 (18–48)
S
yes
6.4
Hand auger
none
no
soil
5–15 (2–6)
S
yes
6.5
Direct fluid rotary
water, mud
yes
soil, rock
>300 (1000)
5–90 (2–36)
S, R
yes
7.3
Direct air rotary
air, water, foam
yes
soil, rock
>460 (1500)
5–90 (2–36)
S, R, F
yes
7.4
DTH hammer
air, water, foam
yes
rock, boulders
10–40 (4–16)
R
yes
7.5.1
Wireline
air, water, foam
yes
soil, rock
>300 (1000)
...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various drilling methods for environmental site characterization along with advantages and disadvantages associated with each method discussed. A comprehensive description of these drilling methods can be found in individual ASTM standards, see Section 2. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method(s) for environmental soil and rock borings and the installation of monitoring wells and other water-quality monitoring devices.
1.2 This guide does not address methods of well construction, well development, or well completion. These topics are covered in other ASTM documents, see Section 2.
1.3 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface conditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic, or anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Because dimensions of materials used in the drilling industry are given in inch-pound units by convention, rationalized inch-pound units also are used in this guide. Each system of units is to be regarded separately as standard.
1.5 This guide does not specifically address methods of lithologic sample collection, such as coring, that may require the use of a specific drilling method. Other ASTM guides should be consulted for sampling methods (see Guide D6169) and equipment necessary for specific projects.
1.6 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and the issues associated with drilling for environmental purposes. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would be most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for drilling and qualified professionals should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this gu...
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Designation: D6286 − 12
Standard Guide for
Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site
1
Characterization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* alternatives not covered in this guide. The guide is current at
the time of issue, but new alternative methods may become
1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various drilling
available prior to revisions; therefore, users should consult
methods for environmental site characterization along with
with manufacturers or producers prior to specifying program
advantages and disadvantages associated with each method
requirements.
discussed.Acomprehensive description of these drilling meth-
ods can be found in individualASTM standards, see Section 2.
1.7 Pertinent guides addressing specific drilling methods,
This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling equipment and procedures are listed in 2.1. A comprehensive
method(s) for environmental soil and rock borings and the
list of guides, methods, practices, and terminology for drilling
installation of monitoring wells and other water-quality moni- is contained in Guide D5730. Other documents covering
toring devices.
procedures for environmental site investigations with specific
objectives or in particular geographic settings may be available
1.2 This guide does not address methods of well
from federal, state, and other agencies or organizations. The
construction, well development, or well completion. These
appropriate agency or organization should be contacted to
topics are covered in other ASTM documents, see Section 2.
determine the availability and most current edition of such
1.3 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface con-
documents.
ditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic,
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
or anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
standard. Because dimensions of materials used in the drilling
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
industry are given in inch-pound units by convention, rational-
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information
ized inch-pound units also are used in this guide. Each system
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
of units is to be regarded separately as standard.
course of action. This document cannot replace education and
1.5 This guide does not specifically address methods of
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
lithologic sample collection, such as coring, that may require judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
the use of a specific drilling method. Other ASTM guides
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
should be consulted for sampling methods (see Guide D6169) sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
and equipment necessary for specific projects.
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
1.6 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
all of the methods and the issues associated with drilling for
document means only that the document has been approved
environmental purposes. Users should seek qualified profes-
through the ASTM consensus process.
sionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods
thatwouldbemostsuccessfulfortheirsiteinvestigation.Other
2. Referenced Documents
methods may be available for drilling and qualified profession-
2
als should have flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D6286 – 98(2006). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6286 − 98 (Reapproved 2006) D6286 − 12
Standard Guide for
Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site
1
Characterization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6286; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide provides descriptions of various drilling methods for environmental site characterization along with advantages
and disadvantages associated with each method discussed. A comprehensive description of these drilling methods can be found in
individual ASTM standards, see Section 2. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method(s) for environmental
soil and rock borings and the installation of monitoring wells and other water-quality monitoring devices.
1.2 This guide does not address methods of well construction, well development, or well completion. These topics are covered
in other ASTM documents, see Section 2.
1.3 This guide cannot address all possible subsurface conditions that may occur such as, geologic, topographic, climatic, or
anthropogenic. Site evaluation for engineering, design, and construction purposes is addressed in Guide D420.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Because dimensions of materials used in the drilling industry
are given in inch-pound units by convention, rationalized inch-pound units also are used in this guide. Each system of units is to
be regarded separately as standard.
1.5 This guide does not specifically address methods of lithologic sample collection, such as coring, that may require the use
of a specific drilling method. Other ASTM guides should be consulted for sampling methods (see Guide D6169) and equipment
necessary for specific projects.
1.6 This guide does not purport to comprehensively address all of the methods and the issues associated with drilling for
environmental purposes. Users should seek qualified professionals for decisions as to the proper equipment and methods that would
be most successful for their site investigation. Other methods may be available for drilling and qualified professionals should have
flexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives not covered in this guide. The guide is current at the time of issue, but
new alternative methods may become available prior to revisions; therefore, users should consult with manufacturers or producers
prior to specifying program requirements.
1.7 Pertinent guides addressing specific drilling methods, equipment and procedures are listed in 2.1. A comprehensive list of
guides, methods, practices, and terminology for drilling is contained in Guide D5730. Other documents covering procedures for
environmental site investigations with specific objectives or in particular geographic settings may be available from federal, state,
and other agencies or organizations. The appropriate agency or organization should be contacted to determine the availability and
most current edition of such documents.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education and experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
judgement.judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to
represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document
means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and Vadose
Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved July 1, 2006Sept. 1, 2012. Published July 2006November 2012. OriginalyOriginally approved in 1998. Last previous edition appro
...
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