ASTM D7188-05(2010)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink makers, paper makers, and printers.
Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced sources are indicated by giving the acronym of the organization or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing processes.
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7188 − 05 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Terminology for
Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester
D5383 Practice for Visual Determination of the Lightfast-
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms used in the
ness of Art Materials by Art Technologists
description of printing inks, printing materials, and printing
D5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of Radiation Cur-
processes.
able Materials
1.2 This terminology standard does not include definitions
D5909 Test Method for Drying Time of Oxidative-Drying
related to Print Problems (see Terminology D6488).
Printing Inks by Squalene Resistance
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the D6488 Terminology Relating to Print Problems
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6493 Test Methods for Softening Point of Hydrocarbon
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Resins and Rosin Based Resins by Automated Ring-and-
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
Ball Apparatus
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. D6687 Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Compo-
nents Thereof
2. Referenced Documents
E430 TestMethodsforMeasurementofGlossofHigh-Gloss
Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2.2 Other Documents:
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
NAPIM: National Association of Printing Ink
Applications
th 3
Manufacturers, 5 ed. 1988
D1316 Test Method for Fineness of Grind of Printing Inks
Kipphan: Handbook of Print Media Technologies and Pro-
By the NPIRI Grindometer
duction Methods, Kipphan, Helmut: Springer 2001
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D2066 Test Methods for Relative Tinting Strength of Paste-
3. Significance and Use
Type Printing Ink Dispersions
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
D3732 Practice for Reporting Cure Times of Ultraviolet-
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink
Cured Coatings
makers, paper makers, and printers.
D4040 Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste
Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
3.2 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
D4302 Specification for Artists’ Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
Paints
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
D4361 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter 4. Terminology
D4449 Test Method for Visual Evaluation of Gloss Differ-
4.1 Definitions:
ences Between Surfaces of Similar Appearance
abrasion resistance, n—(1) the ability of a coating to resist
D5010 GuideforTestingPrintingInksandRelatedMaterials
being worn away and to maintain its original appearance and
D5181 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed
structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. D16
(2) resistance against the act of scraping, smudging, or
rubbing off. D5181
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
(3) ability to withstand the effects of repeated rubbing and
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
scuffing. NAPIM
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved
abrasiveness, n—(1) the degree to which a product tends to
in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D7188 – 05. DOI: 10.1520/
cause abrasion by the act of rubbing or scraping. D5181
D7188-05R10.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, 581 Main
the ASTM website. St., 5th Fl., Woodbridge, NJ 07095, http://www.napim.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7188 − 05 (2010)
(2) the tendency of a substance to wear or scratch other antiskinning agents, n—chemical substances that retard the
surfaces with which it is in contact. NAPIM skin formation on the surface of an oxidizable oil or ink
(frequently antioxidants). NAPIM
absorbency, n—the tendency of a porous material, such as
paper, to take up liquids or vapors. NAPIM
apparent tack, n—a measure of the force required to split an
ink film at the out-running nip of a pair of rollers under a
absorption, n—soaking in or penetration of liquid components
specific set of conditions.
of the ink into the pores of an absorbent substrate (a type of
physical drying, like evaporation). Kipphan
ball mill, n—a dispersion device comprised of a rotating
cylinder containing balls which cascade; used to disperse a
‘across-machine’ direction, n—the perpendicular to ‘with-
pigment in a vehicle by impact and attrition as the cylinder
machine’ direction, referring to a substrate and its passage
revolves. NAPIM
through printing machinery.
barrier coating, n—the coating applied to a substrate to make
additive, n—a substance added in small quantities to another
it resistant to the permeation of moisture vapor, gases, water,
substance, usually to improve properties; sometimes called a
or other liquids including oils. NAPIM
modifier (for example, a drier, mildewcide, etc.). D16
base, n—in ink manufacture, a dispersion of very high
additive primary colors, n—red, green, and blue. NAPIM
pigment-to-binder ratio containing usually only one pigment
DISCUSSION—Mixing lights of these colors together can produce a
large gamut of colors. When mixed in equal amounts, they produce the (or dye) dispersed in a vehicle and subsequently mixed with
sensation of white light.
polymers,solvents,andadditivestoproducethefinishedink.
NAPIM
adhesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to another
material, as in the bonding of a printing ink to a substrate.
basis weight, n—the weight in pounds of a ream (500 sheets)
of paper cut to a given standard size for that grade. NAPIM
adhesion promoter, n—a material built into the binder or
DISCUSSION—For example, 500 sheets 25 by 38 of 80-lb. coated for
addedtotheinktoformprimarybondstoeitherthesubstrate
book papers will weigh eighty pounds.
or the previously applied coating, with the specific aim of
improving the dry or wet adhesion, or both.
batch, n—a discrete quantity of manufactured ink or coating
produced by following a formula to completion.
adsorption, n—the adhesion of an extremely thin layer of
material to the surface with which it is in contact. NAPIM
bimetal plate, n—in lithography , a plate in which the image
area is copper or brass and the non-image area is aluminum,
after-tack, n—the tendency of a printed surface to remain
stainless steel, or chromium. NAPIM
sticky to the touch even when the ink has completed its
drying process.
binder, n—the components in an ink film which hold the
pigment to the printed surface. NAPIM
agglomerate, n—a cluster of pigment aggregates that can be
broken down by appropriate dispersion and milling opera-
blanc fixe, n—precipitated barium sulphate used as a semi-
tions during ink manufacture.
transparent extender in printing inks. NAPIM
aggregate, n—a cluster of primary pigment particles that
blanket, n—(1)in offset lithography, a fabric coated with
cannot be broken down by dispersion and milling operations
natural or synthetic rubber which is clamped around the
during ink manufacture.
blanket cylinder and which transfers the ink from the press
alkyd, n—a group of synthetic resins formed by condensations
plate to the paper. NAPIM
of polybasic acids with polyhydric alcohols, and modified
(2) the sheet of elastomer-coated fabric or equivalent placed
with drying oils for printing ink use. NAPIM
on the blanket cylinder to receive ink from the plate and offset
it to the sheet or web on the impression cylinder.
aluminum ink, n—see silver ink.
blanket cylinder, n—a rigid roller to which a rubber coating
aniline ink, n—early name for rubber plate printing fluid
fabric is attached.
(flexographic) ink. NAPIM
blanket wash, n—the solvent used to clean the blanket.
aniline point, n—the minimum temperature at which a hydro-
carbon solvent is completely soluble in an equal volume of
bleach, n—the method of measuring the tinctorial strength of
freshly distilled aniline. NAPIM
an ink or toner, usually accomplished by mixing a small
DISCUSSION—Below this point, the mixture is cloudy and separates
portion of the ink (or toner) with a large amount of white
intotwolayers.Itisusedasameasureofsolventpowerofhydrocarbon
base and evaluating the tinctorial strength of the ink versus
solvents.
a control standard. NAPIM
aniline printing, n—an earlier name for flexography, based on
blind, n—an image area on a plate that will not take ink (not to
the use of the aniline inks that were initially used. Kipphan
be used where no image is present.
anilox roller, n—an engraved metering cylinder used in flexo
presses to transfer a controlled film of ink to the printing blinding of lithographic plate, n—loss of ink-receptivity in
plate. the image areas of the plate.
D7188 − 05 (2010)
bloom, (see also blushing), n—(1) material migrating to the cast-coated paper, n—apaperorboardhavingacoatingwhich
surface of a film. NAPIM is allowed to harden or set while in contact with a finished
(2) coating that forms on rubber blankets when they are left casting surface (usually a steam heated drum). NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Cast-coated papers have a high-gloss finish.
standing.
(3)v—migration over time of an incompatible component of
catalytic coating, n—coatings formulated as two-part systems,
a dried printing ink to the surface (for example, wax), often
available in both water and solvent reducible formulas,
resulting in a reduction in surface gloss.
which use reactive resins that cure to form a thermoset film.
NAPIM
blown oil, n—a product obtained by forcing air through heated
DISCUSSION—These coatings have good heat and abrasion resistance,
drying or semi drying oils, which changes the oil by
high gloss, solvent resistance, and adhere to a wide variety of
oxidizing the double bonds.
substrates.
bodied oil, n—a drying or semi-drying oil whose viscosity has
cell, n—a small etched or engraved depression in a gravure
been increased (usually by heating). NAPIM
cylinder or flexo anilox roller that carries the ink.
body, n—(1) a general term referring to viscosity, consistency
cellophane, n—transparent flexible film consisting of regener-
and flow of a vehicle or an ink.
ated cellulose and plasticizers. NAPIM
(2) used to describe the increase in viscosity by polymer-
centipoise, n—a unit measure of viscosity. NAPIM
ization of drying oils at high temperatures. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—One hundred centipoises equal one poise. At room
body gum, n—linseed oil that has been heat polymerized to a temperature, water has a viscosity of approximately one centipoise,
gravure inks of approximately 100 centipoise, and offset inks of
heavy, gummy state, commonly used as a bodying agent.
approximately 50,000 centipoise.
NAPIM
chalking, n—aconditionofaprintinginkinwhichthepigment
bodying agent, n—a material added to an ink to increase its
is not properly bound to the substrate by the vehicle and can
viscosity. NAPIM
be easily rubbed off as a powder. NAPIM
boiled oil, n—a linseed oil which has been heated to a high
channel black, n—carbon black produced by impinging a
temperature for a short time, which increases the viscosity
natural gas flame against a metal surface. NAPIM
and drying rate. NAPIM
DISCUSSION—Because of air pollution control requirements, this type
DISCUSSION—Boiled oil usually contains a small amount of drier.
of black has been almost completely replaced by Furnace Black in the
U.S.
brightness, n—the intensity of whiteness perceived by a
viewer. NAPIM
china clay, n—natural, white, inorganic mineral pigment used
in paper coatings and as an ink extender, also known as
brilliance, n—the combined effect of brightness and apparent
kaolin or Pigment White 19. NAPIM
color strength. NAPIM
chroma, n—(1) one of the attributes of color, characterized by
bronze, n—metallic appearance of a color caused by a change
its purity or saturation (strength). NAPIM
in the angles of viewing and illumination. NAPIM
(2) the attribute of color used to indicate the degree of
departure of the color from a neutral color of the same
bronze powder, n—a metallic pigment for printing ink, con-
lightness. D1535
sisting mainly of copper alloys in fine flakes. NAPIM
cleaner sheet, n—asheetofblotter-likestockthatissometimes
bronzing, v—(bronze busting) applying finely powdered metal
used as an aid in washing up the inked rollers.
particlesorflakestogivetheappearanceofmetallicprinting.
NAPIM
coating, n—a liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition that is
n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes appears at
converted to a solid protective, decorative, or functional
the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
adherent film after application as a thin layer. D16
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
cobalt drier, n—a material containing chemically combined
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
cobalt used to accelerate oxidation and polymerization of a
by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the
color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
lithographic ink film. NAPIM
generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
cohesion, n—the tendency of a material to bond to itself rather
pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
film surface. than another material. NAPIM
calender, n—a set or stack of horizontal rollers at the end of a
coldset ink, n—ink which dries and forms a printed image by
paper machine. NAPIM absorption into the substrate, without the use of heat or other
DISCUSSION—The paper is passed between the rollers to increase the energy.
smoothness and gloss of its surface.
DISCUSSION—News inks are often referred to as coldset inks.
caliper, n—the thickness of a sheet or material, usually colorant, n—the color-generating component of an ink, typi-
expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils). NAPIM cally a pigment or a dye or combination of the two.
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.