CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023

Additive manufacturing of metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation - Defect detection in parts (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)

This document categorises additive manufacturing (AM) defects in DED and PBF laser and electron beam category of processes, provides a review of relevant current NDT standards, details NDT methods that are specific to AM and complex 3D geometries and outlines existing non‑destructive testing techniques that are applicable to some AM types of defects.
This document is aimed at users and producers of AM processes and it applies, in particular, to the following:
—    safety critical AM applications;
—    assured confidence in AM;
—    reverse engineered products manufactured by AM;
—    test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.

Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und Bewertung - Erkennung von Fehlstellen in Bauteilen (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)

Fabrication additive de métaux - Essais et évaluation non destructifs - Détection de défauts dans les pièces (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)

Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Neporušitveno preskušanje in vrednotenje - Detekcija napak v delih (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)

To vodilo bo vključevalo neporušitveno preskušanje po postopku za aditivno proizvodnjo (AM) kovinskih delov s celovitim pristopom. Obravnavalo bo več panog, podoben okvir pa je mogoče uporabiti tudi za druge materiale (npr. keramiko, polimere itd.). Pri tem se bo sklicevalo na standarde za neporušitveno preskušanje (NDT) v procesu in metrologijo, ker so še v fazi priprave. V tem vodilu bodo predstavljene zmogljivosti trenutnih standardov za detekcijo vrste napake aditivne proizvodnje (AM) in napak, za katere so potrebni novi standardi, in sicer z uporabo orodja za izbiro standardov. Zmožnost metod neporušitvenega preskušanja za detekcijo napak aditivne proizvodnje, ki niso obravnavane v trenutno veljavnih standardih, bo priporočena, in ko bodo pripravljeni novi standardi za napake, ki niso obravnavane v trenutno veljavnih standardih, bodo v tem standardu navedeni sklici s posodabljanjem dokumenta.
Ta del mednarodnega standarda:
⎯ kategorizira napake aditivne proizvodnje;
⎯ nudi pregled ustreznih trenutno veljavnih standardov;
⎯ omogoča uporabo ustrezne trenutno veljavne standardne metode/metod neporušitvenega preskušanja;
⎯ podrobno opisuje metodo, značilno za aditivno proizvodnjo in kompleksne 3D geometrije;
⎯ na kratko opisuje obstoječe tehnike neporušitvenega preskušanja, ki se uporabljajo za nekatere vrste napak aditivne proizvodnje.
Ta del mednarodnega standarda je namenjen uporabnikom in proizvajalcem postopkov
aditivne proizvodnje. Velja povsod, kjer se uporabljajo postopki aditivne proizvodnje, predvsem pa na naslednjih področjih:
⎯ načini uporabe, pri katerih je ključna varnost;
⎯ zagotovljeno zaupanje v aditivno proizvodnjo;
⎯ obratno inženirstvo izdelkov, izdelanih z aditivno proizvodnjo;
⎯ izvajalci preskusov, ki želijo primerjati zahtevane in dejanske geometrije.
OPOMBA: Večina metod za pregledovanje kovin pri neporušitvenem preskušanju uporablja ultrazvok ali rentgensko sevanje, vendar te tehnike vedno ne zadostujejo pri zapletenih oblikah, ki se običajno proizvajajo z aditivno proizvodnjo. V večini primerov je rentgenska računalniška tomografija (CT) primernejša metoda, ki pa ima tudi omejitve in se lahko izboljša ali prilagodi aditivni proizvodnji, poleg tega pa ta metoda terja veliko časa in denarja.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 27-Jun-2023
• ICS: 25.030 - Additive manufacturing
• ICS: 77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 438 - Additive Manufacturing
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 28-Jun-2023
• Completion Date: 28-Jun-2023
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023 - Additive manufacturing of metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation - Defect detection in parts (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2023
Aditivna proizvodnja kovin - Neporušitveno preskušanje in vrednotenje - Detekcija
napak v delih (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)
Additive manufacturing of metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation - Defect
detection in parts (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)
Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und Bewertung - Erkennung
von Fehlstellen in Bauteilen (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Essais et évaluation non destructifs - Détection de
défauts dans les pièces (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
77.040.20 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing of
kovin metals
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905
TECHNICAL REPORT
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
June 2023
TECHNISCHER REPORT
ICS 77.040.20; 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing of metals - Non-destructive testing
and evaluation - Defect detection in parts (ISO/ASTM TR
52905:2023)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Essais et évaluation Additive Fertigung von Metallen - Zerstörungsfreie
non destructifs - Détection de défauts dans les pièces Prüfung und Bewertung - Erkennung von Fehlstellen in
(ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023) Bauteilen (ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023)

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 28 May 2023. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 438.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
261 "Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023
without any modification.
TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM TR
REPORT 52905
First edition
2023-06
Additive manufacturing of metals —
Non-destructive testing and evaluation
— Defect detection in parts
Fabrication additive de métaux — Essais et évaluation non destructifs
— Détection de défauts dans les pièces
Reference number
ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
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Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved

ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 NDT potential for authentication and/or identification . 2
5 List of abbreviated terms . 3
6 Typical flaws/defects in AM .4
6.1 Flaw origins/causes . 4
6.2 Flaw/defects classification . 4
6.3 Defect classification strategies for AM .12
7 NDT standards review .13
7.1 Post-process NDT standards . 13
7.1.1 ISO review . 13
7.2 In-process NDT review .15
8 Standard selection structure for AM .18
9 NDT techniques potential for AM only defects .19
10 AM artefacts .28
10.1 Design .28
10.1.1 Star artefact .28
10.1.2 À la carte artefact .34
10.2 Manufacturing .36
10.2.1 Star artefact . 36
10.2.2 À la carte artefact . 37
11 NDT method trials and validation using star artefact .38
11.1 Experimental trials .38
11.1.1 X-ray Computed Tomography – XCT (MTC & GE & EWI) .39
11.1.2 Neutron Imaging — NI and Synchrotron radiation — SX (HZB & ESRF) . 43
11.1.3 Thermography Testing — TT (University of Bath) .50
11.1.4 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy methods — RUS . 59
11.1.5 Ultrasonic testing — UT and Phase Array UT — PAUT (EWI and NIST and
LNE) . 75
11.1.6 Residual stress — RS (ILL) .80
12 Defect built validation star artefact (Cut-off MTC) .85
12.1 Summary of procedure by XCT .85
12.1.1 Apparatus .86
12.1.2 Significance of data/interpretation of results .87
12.2 Summary of procedure by metallography .90
12.2.1 Apparatus . 91
12.2.2 Significance of data/Interpretation of results . 91
12.3 Comments/observations .93
13 NDT trials for à la carte artefact .94
13.1 Summary of procedure .94
13.2 Apparatus .94
13.3 Significance of data/interpretation of results.94
13.4 Comments/observations .97
14 Summary of the trials findings by material .97
15 Main conclusions. 101
iii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved

ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023(E)
Annex A (informative) Causes and effects of defects in wire DED and PBF process . 104
Annex B (informative) Review of existing NDT standards for welding or casting for
application of post build AM flaws . 106
Annex C (informative) Star artefacts using during the trials . 111
Annex D (informative) Summ
...