EN ISO 1974:2012

Paper - Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method (ISO 1974:2012)

ISO 1974:2012 specifies a method for determining the (out-of-plane) tearing resistance of paper. It can also be used for boards having a low grammage if the tearing resistance is within the range of the instrument.
ISO 1974:2012 does not apply to corrugated fibreboard, but it may be applied to the components of such boards. It is not suitable for determining the cross-direction tearing resistance of highly directional paper (or board).

Papier - Bestimmung des Durchreißwiderstandes - Elmendorf Methode (ISO 1974:2012)

Diese Internationale Norm beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Durchreißfestigkeit von Papier. Es kann auch für Pappen mit einer niedrigen flächenbezogenen Masse angewendet werden, sofern die Durch-reißfestigkeit innerhalb des Messbereiches des Gerätes liegt.
Diese Internationale Norm ist nicht auf Wellpappe anwendbar. Sie kann jedoch bei einzelnen Lagen von Wellpappe angewendet werden. Dieses Verfahren ist für die Bestimmung der Durchreißfestigkeit von stark-richtungsabhängigen Papieren (oder Pappen) in Querrichtung ungeeignet.

Papier - Détermination de la résistance au déchirement - Méthode Elmendorf (ISO 1974:2012)

Papir - Ugotavljanje raztržne odpornosti - Elmendorfova metoda (ISO 1974:2012)

Ta mednarodni standard določa metodo za ugotavljanje (prečne) raztržne odpornosti papirja. Uporablja se lahko tudi za karton in lepenko z nizko gramaturo, če je njegova raztržna odpornost v razponu instrumenta. Ta mednarodni standard se ne uporablja za valoviti karton, lahko pa se porablja za sestavine takega kartona in lepenke. Ni primeren za ugotavljanje vzdolžne raztržne odpornosti zelo usmerjenega papirja (ali kartona in lepenke).

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2012
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Nov-2012
• ICS: 85.060 - Paper and board
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 172 - Pulp, paper and board
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 172 - Pulp, paper and board
• Current Stage: 6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
• Start Date: 01-May-2012
• Completion Date: 01-May-2012
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO 1974:2012 - Paper - Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method (ISO 1974:2012)

Relations

• Replaces: EN 21974:1994 - Paper - Determination of tearing resistance (Elmendorf method) (ISO 1974:1990)
• Effective Date: 16-May-2012

Overview

EN ISO 1974:2012 - Paper: Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method specifies a standardized laboratory method for measuring the out-of-plane tearing resistance of paper using the Elmendorf pendulum tear tester. The standard covers test principle, apparatus requirements, sampling, conditioning, preparation of test pieces, calibration, procedure, calculation of tearing resistance and tear index, and reporting. It applies to paper and low‑grammage boards (within instrument range), but not to corrugated fibreboard (components may be tested). It is not suitable for measuring cross‑direction tearing on highly directional papers.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Test principle: An initial cut is made in a pack of four superimposed sheets; a pendulum tears the pack out-of-plane and the energy loss of the pendulum is used to calculate mean tearing force per sheet.
• Apparatus: Elmendorf‑type tear tester with:
  • Pendulum(s) of suitable capacity (recommended capacities include 2 000, 4 000, 8 000, 16 000 mN).
  • Catch, stationary frame, and two clamping jaws (clamping widths typically 25 mm or 36 mm).
  • Optional cutting knife adjusted to give a tearing length of (43.0 ± 0.5) mm.
  • Means for registering pendulum swing or direct force reading.
• Test pieces and dimensions: Four rectangular sheets cut from conditioned sample; sheet width depends on clamp size (≈50 mm or 76 mm).
• Sampling and conditioning: Follow ISO 186 for sampling and ISO 187 for standard atmosphere and conditioning. Tests are sensitive to moisture - handle and store samples carefully.
• Results:
  • Tearing resistance reported in millinewtons (mN).
  • Tear index = tearing resistance / grammage (expressed in mN·m²/g).
• Calibration and precision: The standard includes requirements for adjustment, calibration, and informative precision data (repeatability and reproducibility).

Applications and users

• Practical uses:
  • Quality control and acceptance testing in paper mills and converting plants.
  • R&D for paper product development where tear resistance is a critical property (e.g., printing papers, packaging papers, label stock).
  • Supplier and buyer specification verification, comparative material evaluation, and process troubleshooting.
• Typical users:
  • Laboratory technicians, QC managers, test laboratories, product engineers, and standards specialists in the pulp and paper industry.

Related standards

• ISO 186 - Paper and board: Sampling to determine average quality
• ISO 187 - Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing
• ISO 536 - Determination of grammage

Keywords: EN ISO 1974:2012, Elmendorf method, tearing resistance, tear index, Elmendorf tear tester, paper testing, tear test, paper standards, sampling, conditioning.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2012
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 21974:2000
Papir - Ugotavljanje raztržne odpornosti - Elmendorfova metoda (ISO 1974:2012)
Paper - Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method (ISO 1974:2012)
Papier - Bestimmung des Durchreißwiderstandes - Elmendorf Methode (ISO 1974:2012)
Papier - Détermination de la résistance au déchirement - Méthode Elmendorf (ISO
1974:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 1974:2012
ICS:
85.060 Papir, karton in lepenka Paper and board
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 1974
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2012
ICS 85.060 Supersedes EN 21974:1994
English Version
Paper - Determination of tearing resistance - Elmendorf method
(ISO 1974:2012)
Papier - Détermination de la résistance au déchirement - Papier - Bestimmung des Durchreißwiderstandes -
Méthode Elmendorf (ISO 1974:2012) Elmendorf Methode (ISO 1974:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 May 2012.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 1974:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 1974:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6 “Paper, board and
pulps” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 172 “Pulp, paper and board” the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 21974:1994.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 1974:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 1974:2012 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1974
Fourth edition
2012-05-01
Paper — Determination of tearing
resistance — Elmendorf method
Papier — Détermination de la résistance au déchirement —
Méthode Elmendorf
Reference number
ISO 1974:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
ISO 1974:2012(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO 1974:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Apparatus . 2
6 Sampling . 4
7 Conditioning . 4
8 Preparation of test pieces . 4
9 Adjustment and calibration of apparatus . 5
10 Procedure . 5
11 Calculation and expression of results . 6
11.1 Tearing resistance . 6
11.2 Tear index . 6
11.3 Coefficient of variation . 7
12 Test report . 7
Annex A (normative) Adjustment and maintenance of Elmendorf-type tear testers . 8
Annex B (normative) Calibration of Elmendorf-type tear testers .10
Annex C (informative) Precision .12
Bibliography .14
ISO 1974:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 1974 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2, Test
methods and quality specifications for paper and board.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 1974:1990), which has been technically revised.
The specification for the tester has been moved from Annex A to Clause 5 and is given in more general terms
so that this International Standard is applicable to a wider range of designs. In addition, new precision data
have been inserted in Annex C.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1974:2012(E)
Paper — Determination of tearing resistance — Elmendorf method
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for determining the (out-of-plane) tearing resistance of paper. It
can also be used for boards having a low grammage if the tearing resistance is within the range of the instrument.
This International Standard does not apply to corrugated fibreboard, but it may be applied to the components of such
boards. It is not suitable for determining the cross-direction tearing resistance of highly directional paper (or board).
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 186, Paper and board — Sampling to determine average quality
ISO 187, Paper, board and pulps — Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of samples
ISO 536, Paper and board — Determination of grammage
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
tearing resistance
mean force per sheet required to continue the tearing started by an initial cut in the test piece
NOTE 1 If the initial cut is in the machine direction, the result is given as the machine-direction tearing resistance;
similarly, if the initial cut is in the cross-direction, the result is given as the cross-direction tearing resistance.
NOTE 2 The tearing resistance is expressed in millinewtons (mN).
3.2
tear index
tearing resistance of the paper (or board) divided by its grammage
NOTE The tear index is expressed in millinewton square metres per gram (mN·m /g).
3.3
test piece
pack of four rectangular sheets of the same size
NOTE The dimensions depend on the design of the apparatus clamp used (see Clause 8).
4 Principle
An initial cut is made in a test piece (of four superimposed sheets), which is then torn out-of-plane through a
given distance along one single tear line using a pendulum. The work done in tearing the test piece is measured
as the loss in energy of the pendulum.
The mean tearing force of a single sheet is calculated by dividing the work done by the distance torn and the
number of sheets in a test piece.
ISO 1974:2012(E)
a
Tearing force.
Figure 1 — Principle of the Elmendorf method
5 Apparatus
5.1 Elmendorf-type tear tester, of suitable capacity, consisting of the following parts.
5.1.1 Stationary frame, mounted on a rigid base and provided with a levelling device. The frame shall be
held stationary during the measurement by its mass or by attaching the tear tester to a stable stand.
5.1.2 Pendulum, carried by the frame. The pendulum is formed, in principal, by a sector of a circle and is free
to swing about a horizontal axis on low-frictional bearings.
To enable a wide range of tearing resistance to be measured, a set of interchangeable pendulums having
different capacities (see Table 1), or one pendulum having interchangeable weights, may be used. The result
shall fall within approximately 20 % to 80 % of the maximum reading.
Table 1 — Recommended pendulum capacities
Capacity
mN
2 000
4 000
8 000
16 000
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO 1974:2012(E)
Pendulums that have other capacities, e.g. 32 000 mN, may exist. High-capacity pendulums may be used for
testing very strong papers such as asphalt paper.
NOTE 1 High-capacity pendulums are, in many cases, used when more than one test piece, i.e. more than four sheets,
are torn together. This is, however, not in compliance with this International Standard.
The pendulums shall have an arrangement for attaching calibration weights.
NOTE 2 The total work done by the pendulum includes the work done in tearing the test piece and also the work done in
lifting and bending the test piece and overcoming friction between the torn edges of the test piece. With some instruments,
the total work done also includes overcoming frictional forces due to the test piece rubbing on the pendulum during the test.
This is a major source of error on such apparatus, and apparatus on which this occurs is not considered suitable for testing
in accordance with this International Standard. Instruments modified by a suitable cut-out to avoid this problem are available.
5.1.3 Catch, which holds the pendulum when it is raised from its equilibrium position to the starting position
and which can instantaneously be released.
5.1.4 Two clamping jaws, one stationary jaw attached to the frame, and one movable jaw attached to the
pendulum. The jaws shall be mounted in such a way that the test piece does not touch the pendulum or the
frame when bent due to the tearing force.
With the pendulum in its raised position, the jaws shall be separated by a distance of (2,8 ± 0,3) mm and so
aligned that the test piece clamped in them lies in a vertical plane parallel to the axis of the pendulum. The
clamping surface in each jaw shall be 25 mm ± 1 mm or 36 mm ± 1 mm wide and 15 mm ± 1 mm deep and the
clamping surfaces shall be flat and parallel. The distance between the axis of the pendulum and the top edges
−05,
of the jaws, which are in a horizontal line, shall be 102,7 mm . The line between the axis and the top edges
+33,
of the jaws shall make an angle of (27,5 ± 0,5)° with the vertical.
NOTE The asymmetric tolerance for the distance between the axis of the pendulum and the top edges of the jaws
results from keeping a value consistent with the original Elmendorf, e.g. 102,7 mm, taking into account the different types
of apparatus existing on the market while at the same time maintaining the value within the desired range.
The jaws shall clamp the test piece with a force large enough to prevent the test piece from slipping during the test.
5.1.5 Cutting knife (see Figure 2), if applicable, centred between the clamping jaws and mounted on the
frame so that, when a test piece is clamped with the pendulum in the raised starting position, an initial cut can
be made in the lower part of the test piece.
The knife shall be adjusted so that the tearing length after cutting is (43,0 ± 0,5) mm when the lower edges of
the test piece rest against the bottom of the jaws.
5.1.6 Means for registering the maximum arc [scale reading A in Equation (2)] through which the pendulum
swings when released, e.g. a pointer assembly, or a means for direct reading of the tearing resistance [reading
F in Equation (1)], e.g. transducer outputs.
5.2 Device for preparing the test piece, e.g. a suitable die, guillotine or template and knife, if applicable,
with the required dimensions (see Figure 2).
ISO 1974:2012(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
A test piece
B knife
C clamp
D distance between clamps
Figure 2 — Important dimensions of the test piece, the knife and the clamps
6 Sampling
If the tests are made to evaluate a lot, select the sample in accordance with ISO 186. If the tests are made on
another type of sample, make sure that the test specimens taken are representative of the sample received.
7 Conditioning
Condition the sample as specified in ISO 187. Keep the sample in the prescribed atmosphere throughout the test.
This test, like other mechanical tests, is very sensitive to changes in moisture content of the test piece. Handle
the test pieces carefully and never touch with a bare hand the region of the test piece to be tested. Keep the
test pieces away from moisture, heat and other influences that may change their moisture content.
8 Preparation of test pieces
Prepare the test pieces in the same conditioning atmosphere used to condition the samples. If the tear index is
to be calculated, determine the grammage of the sample in accordance with ISO 536.
The sample shall be free from folds, creases or other visible defects
...