EN 45552:2020
(Main)General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
The standard will cover a set of parameters for assessing durability of energy-related products (ErP) and a general method to describe and assess the durability of ErP, i.e. both electrotechnical and non-electro technical products, respectively it shall be applicable to all energy-related products, that is, all products covered by the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC.
Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der Funktionsbeständigkeit energieverbrauchsrelevanter Produkte
Dieses Dokument definiert einen Rahmen, der Parameter und Verfahren zur Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit und der Funktionsbeständigkeit von ErP umfasst. Es ist für die Verwendung bei der Vorbereitung produkt oder produktgruppenspezifischer Normungsergebnisse vorgesehen.
ANMERKUNG 1 Dieses Dokument wurde unter dem Normungsauftrag M/543 der Europäischen Kommission zur Unterstützung der Richtlinie 2009/125/EG entwickelt.
ANMERKUNG 2 In diesem Dokument bezieht sich ‚Anwender dieses Dokuments‘ auf diejenigen Mitglieder Technischer Komitees, die horizontale, generische und produktspezifische oder produktgruppenspezifische Normen entwickeln. Dieses Dokument ist nicht dazu bestimmt, produktspezifische Angaben zu erstellen.
ANMERKUNG 3 Produktgruppe, wie in diesem Dokument verwendet, ist ein Oberbegriff, der sich auf eine Gruppe von Produkten mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften und Primärfunktion(en) bezieht.
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité des produits liés à l'énergie
Le présent document définit les paramètres et les méthodes en tant que cadre permettant d'évaluer la durabilité d’un ErP. Il est destiné à être utilisé lors de la préparation des livrables de normalisation pour l’évaluation de la durabilité d’un produit spécifique.
Splošna metoda za oceno trajnosti izdelkov, povezanih z energijo
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 45552:2020
01-junij-2020
Splošna metoda za oceno trajnosti izdelkov, povezanih z energijo
General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der Lebensdauer energieverbrauchsrelevanter
Produkte
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité des produits liés à l'énergie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 45552:2020ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
SIST EN 45552:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 45552:2020
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 45552
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2020
ICS 13.020.20
English version
General method for the assessment of the durability of
energy-related products
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der
des produits liés à l'énergie Funktionsbeständigkeit energieverbrauchsrelevanterProdukte
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 February 2020.
CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for
giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to
any CEN and CENELEC member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. EN 45552:2020 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and forCENELEC Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 6
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1 General definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1.1 Terms related to reliability and durability ........................................................................................... 6
3.1.2 Terms related to functions .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1.3 Activities related to use ................................................................................................................................ 8
3.1.4 Other terms ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................... 9
4 Concept and process overview ................................................................................................................ 10
4.1 Concept ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
4.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.1.2 Difference between reliability and durability ................................................................................... 11
4.1.3 Concepts of functional analysis, primary, secondary and tertiary functions ......................... 11
4.1.4 Concepts of limiting event and limiting state .................................................................................... 12
4.2 Process overview and guidance .............................................................................................................. 12
5 Definition of the Product ........................................................................................................................... 13
5.1 Functional analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 13
5.2 Environmental and operating conditions ........................................................................................... 14
5.3 Additional information .............................................................................................................................. 14
6 Reliability ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
6.1 General considerations .............................................................................................................................. 14
6.2 Reliability analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 Reliability assessment methods ............................................................................................................. 15
7 Durability ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.1 General considerations .............................................................................................................................. 16
7.2 Durability analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 16
7.3 Durability assessment methods.............................................................................................................. 17
8 Documenting the assessment of reliability and durability ........................................................... 17
8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17
8.2 Elements of the assessment ...................................................................................................................... 17
8.3 Documentation .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Annex A (informative) Additional details on durability and reliability analysis .............................. 19
A.1 Environmental and operating conditions ........................................................................................... 19
A.2 Stress analysis ............................................................................................................................................... 20
A.3 Damage modelling ....................................................................................................................................... 21
A.4 Acceleration factors (AF) ........................................................................................................................... 21
Annex B (informative) Additional details on testing development ........................................................ 25
B.1 Stress modelling ........................................................................................................................................... 25
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B.2 Accelerated tests ........................................................................................................................................... 25
Annex C (informative) Maintenance and repair considerations for an increased reliability
and durability ................................................................................................................................................ 28
C.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
C.2 Wear-out parts and spare parts considerations ............................................................................... 29
Annex D (informative) Additional details on limiting event and limiting state .................................. 31
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
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EN 45552:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 45552:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN-CENELEC/JTC 10
“Energy-related products – Material Efficiency Aspects for Ecodesign”, the secretariat of which is held
by NEN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2020, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2020.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive (2009/125/EC).The dual logo CEN-CENELEC standardization deliverables, in the numerical range of 45550 – 45559,
have been developed under standardization request M/543 of the European Commission and are
intended to potentially apply to any product within the scope of the energy-related products (ErP)
Directive (2009/125/EC).Topics covered in the above standardization request are linked to the following material efficiency
aspects:a) Extending product lifetime;
b) Ability to re-use components or recycle materials from products at end-of-life;
c) Use of re-used components and/or recycled materials in productsThese standards are general in nature and describe or define fundamental principles, concepts,
terminology or technical characteristics. They can be cited together with other product-specific or
product-group standards, e.g. developed by product technical committees.This document is intended to be used by technical committees when producing horizontal, generic, and
product, or product-group, standards.NOTE CEN/CENELEC/JTC 10 is a joint TC, and uses either CEN or CENELEC foreword templates, as
appropriate. The template for the current document is correct at the time of publication.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
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Introduction
As energy-related products (ErP) can often not be completely recycled, and the benefits associated with
material recovery cannot fully compensate the energy (and material) demand of the whole production
chain, each disposed ErP also means losses in energy and materials. Therefore, increasing the durability
of ErPs can contribute to a reduction in the quantity of raw materials used and energy required for the
production/disposal of ErPs and consequently reduces adverse environmental impacts.
When considering durability, the trade-off between longer lifetime (reducing impacts related to the
manufacturing and disposal of the product) and reduced environmental impacts of new products
(compared to worse/decreasing energy efficiency of older products) needs to be considered. In
addition, consumer behaviour and advances in technology have to be taken into account.
Considerations such as these are addressed in the preparatory studies commissioned under
Directive 2009/125/EC. Whilst such aspects establish a relevant context for this standard, they are not
addressed in this document.This document covers a general method for the assessment of the reliability and the durability of ErPs.
Reliability represents the assessment of a probability of duration from first use to first failure or in-
between failures. Durability is the whole expected time for this same period and not a probability. To
cover other material efficiency aspects of a product, the generic standards on “General methods for the
assessment of the ability to repair, reuse and upgrade energy-related products – EN 45554:2020”,
“General method for assessing the ability of an energy-related product to be remanufactured –
EN 45553:-” , or equivalent standards can be taken into consideration.This document describes a general assessment method that is intended to be adapted for application at
a product or product-group level, in order to assess the reliability/the durability of ErPs.
Under preparation. Stage at time of publication: FprEN 45553:2020.---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
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1 Scope
This document defines a framework comprising of parameters and methods for assessing the reliability
and durability of ErPs. It is intended to be used in the preparation of product or product-group
standardization deliverables.NOTE 1 This document has been developed under standardization request M/543 of the European
Commission to support Directive 2009/125/EC.NOTE 2 Throughout this document, reference to ‘user of this document’ refers to those members of technical
committees that are developing horizontal, generic, and product, or product-group standards. This document is
not intended to be applied to generate product-specific information.NOTE 3 Product-group, as used in this document, is an umbrella term used to refer to a group of products with
similar properties and primary function(s).2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12973:2000, Value managementEN 45559, Methods for providing information relating to material efficiency aspects of energy-related
productsEN 62308:2006, Equipment reliability - Reliability assessment methods
EN 62506:2013, Methods for product accelerated testing
EN 60812, Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA)3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
Note 1 to entry: See CLC/prTR 45550 for additional definitions.
3.1 General definitions
3.1.1 Terms related to reliability and durability
3.1.1.1
durability
< of a part or a product >
ability to function as required, under defined conditions of use, maintenance and repair, until a limiting
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Note 1 to entry: The degree to which maintenance and repair are within the scope of durability will vary by
product or product-group.Note 2 to entry: The user of this document has to define the criteria for the transition from limiting state to end-
of-life (EoL). For more information see Figure D.1.Note 3 to entry: Durability can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g. calendar
time, operating cycles, distance run, etc. The units should always be clearly stated.
3.1.1.2reliability
probability that a product functions as required under given conditions, including maintenance, for a
given duration without limiting eventNote 1 to entry: The intended function(s) and given conditions are described in the information for use
provided with the product.Note 2 to entry: Duration can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g. calendar
time, operating cycles, distance run, etc. The units should always be clearly stated.
3.1.1.3limiting event
occurrence which results in a primary or secondary function no longer being delivered
Note 1 to entry: Examples of limiting events are failure, wear-out failure or deviation of any analogue signal.
3.1.1.4limiting state
condition after one or more limiting event(s)
Note 1 to entry: A limiting state can be changed to a functional state by maintenance or repair of the ErP.
Note 2 to entry: A limiting state can change to EoL-status if maintenance or repair is no longer viable due to
socio-economic or technical reasons.3.1.1.5
wear-out failure
failure due to cumulative deterioration caused by the stresses imposed in normal use
Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence of a wear-out failure typically increases with the accumulated
operating time, number of operations, and/or stress applications.Note 2 to entry: In some instances, it can be difficult to distinguish between wear-out and ageing phenomena.
[SOURCE: IEV 192-03-15]3.1.2 Terms related to functions
3.1.2.1
primary function
function fulfilling the intended use
Note 1 to entry: There can be more than one primary function.
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3.1.2.2
secondary function
function that enables, supplements or enhances the primary function(s)
[SOURCE: EN 62542:2017; 5.14]
3.1.2.3
tertiary function
function other than a primary or a secondary function
[SOURCE: EN 62542:2017; 5.16, modified examples deleted]
3.1.2.4
functional analysis
process that describes the functions of a product and their relationships, which are systematically
characterized, classified and evaluated3.1.3 Activities related to use
3.1.3.1
normal use
use of a product, including its transport and storage, or a process, in accordance with the provided
information for use or, in the absence of such, in accordance with generally understood patterns of
usageNote 1 to entry: Normal use should not be confused with intended use. While both include the concept of use as
intended by the manufacturer, intended use focuses on the purpose while normal use incorporates not only the
purpose, but transport and storage as well.[SOURCE: IEV 871-04-22]
3.1.3.2
intended use
use in accordance with information provided with a product or system, or, in absence of such
information, by generally understood patterns of usageNote 1 to entry: Intended use should not be confused with normal use. While both include the concept of use as
intended by the manufacturer, intended use focuses on the purpose while normal use incorporates not only the
purpose, but transport and storage as well.[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014; 3.6, modified Note 1 to entry added]
3.1.3.3
normal operating conditions
characteristic in operation which may affect performance of the product during intended use
Note 1 to entry: Examples of operating conditions are modified environmental conditions when the product
operates (self-heating, condensation), characteristics of the power supply, duty cycle, load factor, vibration due to
operation.Note 2 to entry: Given normal operating conditions and defined operating conditions of use, maintenance and
repair, refer to a specified subset of normal operating conditions which are used for the assessments.
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3.1.3.4
maintenance
action carried out to retain a product in a condition where it is able to function as required
NOTE 1 to entry Examples of such actions include inspection, adjustments, cleaning, lubrication, testing,
software update and replacement of a wear-out part. Such actions could be performed by users in accordance with
instructions provided with the equipment (e.g. replacement or recharging of batteries); or the actions could be
performed by service personnel in order to ensure that parts with a known time to failure are replaced in order to
keep the product functioning.3.1.3.5
repair
process of restoring a faulty product to a condition where it can fulfil its intended use
3.1.4 Other terms3.1.4.1
part
hardware, firmware or software constituent of a product
[SOURCE: EN 45554:2020; 3.2]
3.1.4.2
normal environmental conditions
characteristics of the environment in the immediate vicinity of the product during transport, storage,
use, maintenance and repair, which may affect its performance during normal useNote 1 to entry: Examples of environmental conditions are pressure, temperature, humidity, radiation,
vibration.Note 2 to entry: Given normal environmental conditions and defined environmental conditions of transport,
storage, use, maintenance and repair, refer to specified subsets of normal environmental conditions which are
used for the assessments.3.2 Abbreviations
AF Acceleration Factor
ALT Accelerated Life Test
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMF Electromagnetic Fields
ErP energy-related product
EoL end-of-life
FAST Function Analysis System Technique
FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
FMECA Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis
FTA Fault Tree Analysis
HASA Highly Accelerated Stress Audit
HALT Highly Accelerated Life Test
HASS Highly Accelerated Stress Screen
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LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
MTBF Mean Operating Time Between Failures
MTTF Mean Operating Time To Failure
MTTFF Mean Operating Time To First Failure
PCB Printed Circuit Board
TTF Time to Failure
4 Concept and process overview
4.1 Concept
4.1.1 General
This subclause explains the concepts relevant to both reliability and durability. Reliability is defined in
3.1.1.2 and durability in 3.1.1.1. The relation between reliability and durability is also depicted in
Figure D.1 of Annex D.There are some key concepts to consider when addressing durability. Durability can be limited by the
fatigue/ageing of a part, which can cause a limiting event. A limiting event occurs when a primary or
secondary function is no longer delivered. This results in the product being in a limiting state.
There are also some key concepts to consider when addressing reliability. To assess reliability, the time
at which a certain percentage of products has reached a limiting state is used (e.g. the time by which an
accumulated X % of a population will fail (B), where X is expressed in orders of magnitude of 10 such as
0,1, 1, 10 for respectively B0,1, B1 or B10). However, other reliability assessments such as mean
operating time to failure (MTTF), mean operating time to first failure (MTTFF) and mean operating time
between failures (MTBF) are also used. The reliability assessment between the first use of the product
and the first limiting event does not take repair into account. Whilst the reliability assessment between
two consecutive limiting events takes into account the effects of a previous repair action, such cases are
not covered in this document.NOTE 1 MTTF, MTTFF and MTBF are measures of constant risk and therefore, they do not give the expected
time to failure. In the case of a non-repairable product, MTTFF equals MTTF. For products with an exponential
distribution of operating times to failure (i.e. a constant failure rate), MTTF is numerically equal to the reciprocal (
) of the failure rate. Mean operating time between failures can only be applied to repairable products.
failure rateNOTE 2 Reliability and durability are defined in standardization and are relevant methods to estimate the
technical lifetime of a product. Whilst “Minimum Lifetime” can be specified, this requires a wider consideration
than reliability and durability assessment, as it could include additional aspects such as economic, social or
regulatory requirements.Durability can be expressed in units like calendar time, the number of operating cycles, distance, etc.
Reliability can be expressed as a unit combined with a probability (see example below). The user of this
document shall specify the most appropriate units for expressing reliability and durability.
EXAMPLE Durability could be 7 years for which a car is able to operate under defined environmental
conditions and operating conditions (20 000 km/year). If the car is used under different operating conditions
(28 000 km/year), the expected durability could be 5 years. This assumes that all parts are able to withstand the
defined conditions. A car operates with a reliability R(t1, t2) > 0,9 (90 %) where t1 and t2 could be respectively
0 km and 100 000 km, under defined environmental and operating conditions.---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
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NOTE 3 A car, although not falling under the definition of an ErP, has been chosen as the example product for
ease of understanding.4.1.2 Difference between reliability and durability
The user of this document shall specify requirements for the assessment procedures for reliability,
durability, or both.The terms reliability and durability convey similar concepts but have distinct and separate meanings,
which are described in this section. At the simplest level, reliability and durability are both concerned
with the ability to function as required under certain conditions until a limiting state (see 4.1.4) is
reached. Both reliability and durability expect that maintenance will be undertaken as applicable to the
product (by the user/a professional service provider), to retain the product in a condition where it is
able to function as required. If appropriate, the user of this document should set parameters concerning
maintenance and expected conditions of use, for example by requiring information to be provided by
the manufacturer in the information of use.Durability can be considered to be the most likely maximum normal use of a product until the transition
from a limiting state to EoL. It considers the ability to function as required, under defined conditions of
use, maintenance and repair. When the ErPs are repairable, durability includes the possibility of
extending the use-phase by one or multiple repairs, potentially involving different parts, to return the
ErPs to a functional state. In this case, the number of repair actions to be considered for the durability
assessment method shall be defined. Requirements for assessing durability are given in Clause 7.
NOTE In terms of circular economy, the lifetime of the materials, parts, or ErPs could be further extended by
reuse, update, upgrade, refurbishing, remanufacturing and recycling.In the context of this document, reliability does not include repair actions, as considering these can lead
to a complex and non-comparable assessment of similar products. The reliability of a product is directly
related to its probability of failure under given normal environmental and operating conditions
(examples are available in EN 61703:2016). Requirements for assessing reliability are given in Clause 6.
A durability assessment and a reliability assessment can be applied to both ErPs as a whole and parts of
those ErPs.EXAMPLE A representative samp
...
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