SIST EN 45552:2020
(Main)General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
The standard will cover a set of parameters for assessing durability of energy-related products (ErP) and a general method to describe and assess the durability of ErP, i.e. both electrotechnical and non-electro technical products, respectively it shall be applicable to all energy-related products, that is, all products covered by the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC.
Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der Lebensdauer energieverbrauchsrelevanter Produkte
Dieses Dokument definiert Parameter und Verfahren in Form eines Rahmenwerks, um die Lebensdauer von ErP zu bewerten. Es ist für die Verwendung bei der Vorbereitung produktspezifischer Normungsergebnisse zur Bewertung der Lebensdauer vorgesehen.
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité des produits liés à l'énergie
Le présent document définit les paramètres et les méthodes en tant que cadre permettant d'évaluer la durabilité d’un ErP. Il est destiné à être utilisé lors de la préparation des livrables de normalisation pour l’évaluation de la durabilité d’un produit spécifique.
Splošna metoda za oceno trajnosti izdelkov, povezanih z energijo
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 45552:2020
01-junij-2020
Splošna metoda za oceno trajnosti izdelkov, povezanih z energijo
General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der Lebensdauer energieverbrauchsrelevanter
Produkte
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité des produits liés à l'énergie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 45552:2020
ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
SIST EN 45552:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 45552
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2020
ICS 13.020.20
English version
General method for the assessment of the durability of
energy-related products
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der
des produits liés à l'énergie Funktionsbeständigkeit energieverbrauchsrelevanter
Produkte
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 February 2020.
CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for
giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical
references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to
any CEN and CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. EN 45552:2020 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
3.1 General definitions . 6
3.1.1 Terms related to reliability and durability . 6
3.1.2 Terms related to functions . 7
3.1.3 Activities related to use . 8
3.1.4 Other terms . 9
3.2 Abbreviations . 9
4 Concept and process overview . 10
4.1 Concept . 10
4.1.1 General . 10
4.1.2 Difference between reliability and durability . 11
4.1.3 Concepts of functional analysis, primary, secondary and tertiary functions . 11
4.1.4 Concepts of limiting event and limiting state . 12
4.2 Process overview and guidance . 12
5 Definition of the Product . 13
5.1 Functional analysis . 13
5.2 Environmental and operating conditions . 14
5.3 Additional information . 14
6 Reliability . 14
6.1 General considerations . 14
6.2 Reliability analysis . 15
6.3 Reliability assessment methods . 15
7 Durability . 16
7.1 General considerations . 16
7.2 Durability analysis . 16
7.3 Durability assessment methods. 17
8 Documenting the assessment of reliability and durability . 17
8.1 General . 17
8.2 Elements of the assessment . 17
8.3 Documentation . 18
Annex A (informative) Additional details on durability and reliability analysis . 19
A.1 Environmental and operating conditions . 19
A.2 Stress analysis . 20
A.3 Damage modelling . 21
A.4 Acceleration factors (AF) . 21
Annex B (informative) Additional details on testing development . 25
B.1 Stress modelling . 25
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
B.2 Accelerated tests . 25
Annex C (informative) Maintenance and repair considerations for an increased reliability
and durability . 28
C.1 General . 28
C.2 Wear-out parts and spare parts considerations . 29
Annex D (informative) Additional details on limiting event and limiting state . 31
Bibliography . 32
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 45552:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN-CENELEC/JTC 10
“Energy-related products – Material Efficiency Aspects for Ecodesign”, the secretariat of which is held
by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2020, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive (2009/125/EC).
The dual logo CEN-CENELEC standardization deliverables, in the numerical range of 45550 – 45559,
have been developed under standardization request M/543 of the European Commission and are
intended to potentially apply to any product within the scope of the energy-related products (ErP)
Directive (2009/125/EC).
Topics covered in the above standardization request are linked to the following material efficiency
aspects:
a) Extending product lifetime;
b) Ability to re-use components or recycle materials from products at end-of-life;
c) Use of re-used components and/or recycled materials in products
These standards are general in nature and describe or define fundamental principles, concepts,
terminology or technical characteristics. They can be cited together with other product-specific or
product-group standards, e.g. developed by product technical committees.
This document is intended to be used by technical committees when producing horizontal, generic, and
product, or product-group, standards.
NOTE CEN/CENELEC/JTC 10 is a joint TC, and uses either CEN or CENELEC foreword templates, as
appropriate. The template for the current document is correct at the time of publication.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
Introduction
As energy-related products (ErP) can often not be completely recycled, and the benefits associated with
material recovery cannot fully compensate the energy (and material) demand of the whole production
chain, each disposed ErP also means losses in energy and materials. Therefore, increasing the durability
of ErPs can contribute to a reduction in the quantity of raw materials used and energy required for the
production/disposal of ErPs and consequently reduces adverse environmental impacts.
When considering durability, the trade-off between longer lifetime (reducing impacts related to the
manufacturing and disposal of the product) and reduced environmental impacts of new products
(compared to worse/decreasing energy efficiency of older products) needs to be considered. In
addition, consumer behaviour and advances in technology have to be taken into account.
Considerations such as these are addressed in the preparatory studies commissioned under
Directive 2009/125/EC. Whilst such aspects establish a relevant context for this standard, they are not
addressed in this document.
This document covers a general method for the assessment of the reliability and the durability of ErPs.
Reliability represents the assessment of a probability of duration from first use to first failure or in-
between failures. Durability is the whole expected time for this same period and not a probability. To
cover other material efficiency aspects of a product, the generic standards on “General methods for the
assessment of the ability to repair, reuse and upgrade energy-related products – EN 45554:2020”,
“General method for assessing the ability of an energy-related product to be remanufactured –
1
EN 45553:-” , or equivalent standards can be taken into consideration.
This document describes a general assessment method that is intended to be adapted for application at
a product or product-group level, in order to assess the reliability/the durability of ErPs.
1
Under preparation. Stage at time of publication: FprEN 45553:2020.
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
1 Scope
This document defines a framework comprising of parameters and methods for assessing the reliability
and durability of ErPs. It is intended to be used in the preparation of product or product-group
standardization deliverables.
NOTE 1 This document has been developed under standardization request M/543 of the European
Commission to support Directive 2009/125/EC.
NOTE 2 Throughout this document, reference to ‘user of this document’ refers to those members of technical
committees that are developing horizontal, generic, and product, or product-group standards. This document is
not intended to be applied to generate product-specific information.
NOTE 3 Product-group, as used in this document, is an umbrella term used to refer to a group of products with
similar properties and primary function(s).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12973:2000, Value management
EN 45559, Methods for providing information relating to material efficiency aspects of energy-related
products
EN 62308:2006, Equipment reliability - Reliability assessment methods
EN 62506:2013, Methods for product accelerated testing
EN 60812, Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
Note 1 to entry: See CLC/prTR 45550 for additional definitions.
3.1 General definitions
3.1.1 Terms related to reliability and durability
3.1.1.1
durability
< of a part or a product >
ability to function as required, under defined conditions of use, maintenance and repair, until a limiting
state is reached
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
Note 1 to entry: The degree to which maintenance and repair are within the scope of durability will vary by
product or product-group.
Note 2 to entry: The user of this document has to define the criteria for the transition from limiting state to end-
of-life (EoL). For more information see Figure D.1.
Note 3 to entry: Durability can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g. calendar
time, operating cycles, distance run, etc. The units should always be clearly stated.
3.1.1.2
reliability
probability that a product functions as required under given conditions, including maintenance, for a
given duration without limiting event
Note 1 to entry: The intended function(s) and given conditions are described in the information for use
provided with the product.
Note 2 to entry: Duration can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g. calendar
time, operating cycles, distance run, etc. The units should always be clearly stated.
3.1.1.3
limiting event
occurrence which results in a primary or secondary function no longer being delivered
Note 1 to entry: Examples of limiting events are failure, wear-out failure or deviation of any analogue signal.
3.1.1.4
limiting state
condition after one or more limiting event(s)
Note 1 to entry: A limiting state can be changed to a functional state by maintenance or repair of the ErP.
Note 2 to entry: A limiting state can change to EoL-status if maintenance or repair is no longer viable due to
socio-economic or technical reasons.
3.1.1.5
wear-out failure
failure due to cumulative deterioration caused by the stresses imposed in normal use
Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence of a wear-out failure typically increases with the accumulated
operating time, number of operations, and/or stress applications.
Note 2 to entry: In some instances, it can be difficult to distinguish between wear-out and ageing phenomena.
[SOURCE: IEV 192-03-15]
3.1.2 Terms related to functions
3.1.2.1
primary function
function fulfilling the intended use
Note 1 to entry: There can be more than one primary function.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
3.1.2.2
secondary function
function that enables, supplements or enhances the primary function(s)
[SOURCE: EN 62542:2017; 5.14]
3.1.2.3
tertiary function
function other than a primary or a secondary function
[SOURCE: EN 62542:2017; 5.16, modified examples deleted]
3.1.2.4
functional analysis
process that describes the functions of a product and their relationships, which are systematically
characterized, classified and evaluated
3.1.3 Activities related to use
3.1.3.1
normal use
use of a product, including its transport and storage, or a process, in accordance with the provided
information for use or, in the absence of such, in accordance with generally understood patterns of
usage
Note 1 to entry: Normal use should not be confused with intended use. While both include the concept of use as
intended by the manufacturer, intended use focuses on the purpose while normal use incorporates not only the
purpose, but transport and storage as well.
[SOURCE: IEV 871-04-22]
3.1.3.2
intended use
use in accordance with information provided with a product or system, or, in absence of such
information, by generally understood patterns of usage
Note 1 to entry: Intended use should not be confused with normal use. While both include the concept of use as
intended by the manufacturer, intended use focuses on the purpose while normal use incorporates not only the
purpose, but transport and storage as well.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014; 3.6, modified Note 1 to entry added]
3.1.3.3
normal operating conditions
characteristic in operation which may affect performance of the product during intended use
Note 1 to entry: Examples of operating conditions are modified environmental conditions when the product
operates (self-heating, condensation), characteristics of the power supply, duty cycle, load factor, vibration due to
operation.
Note 2 to entry: Given normal operating conditions and defined operating conditions of use, maintenance and
repair, refer to a specified subset of normal operating conditions which are used for the assessments.
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
3.1.3.4
maintenance
action carried out to retain a product in a condition where it is able to function as required
NOTE 1 to entry Examples of such actions include inspection, adjustments, cleaning, lubrication, testing,
software update and replacement of a wear-out part. Such actions could be performed by users in accordance with
instructions provided with the equipment (e.g. replacement or recharging of batteries); or the actions could be
performed by service personnel in order to ensure that parts with a known time to failure are replaced in order to
keep the product functioning.
3.1.3.5
repair
process of restoring a faulty product to a condition where it can fulfil its intended use
3.1.4 Other terms
3.1.4.1
part
hardware, firmware or software constituent of a product
[SOURCE: EN 45554:2020; 3.2]
3.1.4.2
normal environmental conditions
characteristics of the environment in the immediate vicinity of the product during transport, storage,
use, maintenance and repair, which may affect its performance during normal use
Note 1 to entry: Examples of environmental conditions are pressure, temperature, humidity, radiation,
vibration.
Note 2 to entry: Given normal environmental conditions and defined environmental conditions of transport,
storage, use, maintenance and repair, refer to specified subsets of normal environmental conditions which are
used for the assessments.
3.2 Abbreviations
AF Acceleration Factor
ALT Accelerated Life Test
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMF Electromagnetic Fields
ErP energy-related product
EoL end-of-life
FAST Function Analysis System Technique
FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
FMECA Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis
FTA Fault Tree Analysis
HASA Highly Accelerated Stress Audit
HALT Highly Accelerated Life Test
HASS Highly Accelerated Stress Screen
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
MTBF Mean Operating Time Between Failures
MTTF Mean Operating Time To Failure
MTTFF Mean Operating Time To First Failure
PCB Printed Circuit Board
TTF Time to Failure
4 Concept and process overview
4.1 Concept
4.1.1 General
This subclause explains the concepts relevant to both reliability and durability. Reliability is defined in
3.1.1.2 and durability in 3.1.1.1. The relation between reliability and durability is also depicted in
Figure D.1 of Annex D.
There are some key concepts to consider when addressing durability. Durability can be limited by the
fatigue/ageing of a part, which can cause a limiting event. A limiting event occurs when a primary or
secondary function is no longer delivered. This results in the product being in a limiting state.
There are also some key concepts to consider when addressing reliability. To assess reliability, the time
at which a certain percentage of products has reached a limiting state is used (e.g. the time by which an
accumulated X % of a population will fail (B), where X is expressed in orders of magnitude of 10 such as
0,1, 1, 10 for respectively B0,1, B1 or B10). However, other reliability assessments such as mean
operating time to failure (MTTF), mean operating time to first failure (MTTFF) and mean operating time
between failures (MTBF) are also used. The reliability assessment between the first use of the product
and the first limiting event does not take repair into account. Whilst the reliability assessment between
two consecutive limiting events takes into account the effects of a previous repair action, such cases are
not covered in this document.
NOTE 1 MTTF, MTTFF and MTBF are measures of constant risk and therefore, they do not give the expected
time to failure. In the case of a non-repairable product, MTTFF equals MTTF. For products with an exponential
distribution of operating times to failure (i.e. a constant failure rate), MTTF is numerically equal to the reciprocal (
1
) of the failure rate. Mean operating time between failures can only be applied to repairable products.
failure rate
NOTE 2 Reliability and durability are defined in standardization and are relevant methods to estimate the
technical lifetime of a product. Whilst “Minimum Lifetime” can be specified, this requires a wider consideration
than reliability and durability assessment, as it could include additional aspects such as economic, social or
regulatory requirements.
Durability can be expressed in units like calendar time, the number of operating cycles, distance, etc.
Reliability can be expressed as a unit combined with a probability (see example below). The user of this
document shall specify the most appropriate units for expressing reliability and durability.
EXAMPLE Durability could be 7 years for which a car is able to operate under defined environmental
conditions and operating conditions (20 000 km/year). If the car is used under different operating conditions
(28 000 km/year), the expected durability could be 5 years. This assumes that all parts are able to withstand the
defined conditions. A car operates with a reliability R(t1, t2) > 0,9 (90 %) where t1 and t2 could be respectively
0 km and 100 000 km, under defined environmental and operating conditions.
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
SIST EN 45552:2020
EN 45552:2020 (E)
NOTE 3 A car, although not falling under the definition of an ErP, has been chosen as the example product for
ease of understanding.
4.1.2 Difference between reliability and durability
The user of this document shall specify requirements for the assessment procedures for reliability,
durability, or both.
The terms reliability and durability convey similar concepts but have distinct and separate meanings,
which are described in this section. At the simplest level, reliability and durability are both concerned
with the ability to function as required under certain conditions until a limiting state (see 4.1.4) is
reached. Both reliability and durability expect that maintenance will be undertaken as applicable to the
product (by the user/a professional service provider), to retain the product in a condition where it is
able to function as required. If appropriate, the user of this document should set parameters concerning
maintenance and expected conditions of use, for example by requiring information to be provided by
the manufacturer in the information of use.
Durability can be considered to be the most likely maximum normal use of a product until the transition
from a limiting state to EoL. It considers the ability to function as required, under defined conditions of
use, maintenance and repair. When the ErPs are repairable, durability includes the possibility of
extending the use-phase by one or multiple repairs, potentially involving different parts, to return the
ErPs to a functional state. In this case, the number of repair actions to be considered for the durability
assessment method shall be defined. Requirements for assessing durability are given in Clause 7.
NOTE In terms of circular economy, the lifetime of the materials, parts, or ErPs could be further extended by
reuse, update, upgrade, refurbishing, remanufacturing and recycling.
In the context of this document, reliability does not include repair actions, as considering these can lead
to a complex and non-comparable assessment of similar products. The reliability of a product is directly
related to its probability of failure under given normal environmental and operating conditions
(examples are available in EN 61703:2016). Requirements for assessing reliability are given in Clause 6.
A durability assessment and a reliability assessment can be applied to both ErPs as a whole and parts of
those ErPs.
EXAMPLE A representative samp
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
01-januar-2019
Splošna metoda za oceno trajnosti izdelkov, povezanih z energijo
General method for the assessment of the durability of energy-related products
Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der Lebensdauer energieverbrauchsrelevanter
Produkte
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité des produits liés à l'énergie
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 45552
ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
oSIST prEN 45552:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 45552
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2018
ICS 13.020.20
English version
General method for the assessment of the durability of
energy-related products
Méthode générale pour l'évaluation de la durabilité Allgemeines Verfahren zur Bewertung der
des produits liés à l'énergie Lebensdauer energieverbrauchsrelevanter Produkte
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 10.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal
Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any
alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN and CENELEC in three official versions (English, French, German). A
version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own
language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification
of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. prEN 45552:2018 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
1 Contents Page
2 European foreword . 4
3 Introduction . 5
4 1 Scope . 6
5 2 Normative references . 6
6 3 Terms and definitions . 6
7 4 Concept and process overview . 9
8 4.1 Concept . 9
9 4.2 Process overview and guidance . 9
10 5 Definition of the Product . 10
11 5.1 Functional analysis . 10
12 5.2 Environmental and operating conditions . 11
13 5.3 Additional information . 11
14 6 Reliability . 12
15 6.1 General considerations . 12
16 6.2 Reliability analysis . 12
17 6.3 Validation method . 12
18 6.4 Summary of outputs of the reliability analysis . 13
19 7 Durability . 13
20 7.1 General considerations . 13
21 7.2 Durability analysis . 14
22 7.3 Validation method . 14
23 7.4 Summary of outputs of the durability analysis . 15
24 8 Reporting reliability and durability aspects . 15
25 8.1 General . 15
26 8.2 Elements of the assessment report . 15
27 Annex A (informative) Additional details on durability and reliability analysis . 17
28 A.1 Environmental and operating conditions . 17
29 A.2 Stress analysis . 18
30 A.3 Damage modelling . 19
31 A.4 Acceleration factors (AF) . 19
32 Annex B (informative) Additional details on test development . 23
33 B.1 Stress modelling . 23
34 B.2 Accelerated tests . 23
35 Annex C (informative) Maintanance and repair considerations for an increased reliability
36 and durability . 25
37 C.1 General . 25
38 C.2 Wear-out parts and spare parts considerations . 26
39 Annex D (informative) Additional details on limiting event and limiting state . 27
2
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
40 Bibliography . 28
41
3
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
42 European foreword
43 This document (prEN 45552:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 10
44 “Energy-related products - Material Efficiency Aspects for Ecodesign”, the secretariat of which is held by
45 NEN/NEC.
46 This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
47 The dual logo CEN-CENELEC standardization deliverables, in the numerical range of 45550 – 45559,
48 have been developed under standardization request M/543 of the European Commission and are
49 intended to potentially apply to any product within the scope of the Energy-related Products (ErP)
50 Directive (2009/125/EC).
51 Topics covered in the above standardization request are linked to the following material efficiency
52 aspects:
53 a) Extending product lifetime;
54 b) Ability to re-use components or recycle materials from products at end-of-life;
55 c) Use of re-used components and/or recycled materials in products
56 These standards are general in nature and describe or define fundamental principles, concepts,
57 terminology or technical characteristics. They can be cited together with other product-specific or
58 product group standards, e.g. developed by product technical committees.
59 The present standard is intended to be used by product technical committees when producing product
60 specific or product group standards.
4
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
61 Introduction
62 As Energy-related Products (ErP) can often not be completely recycled and the benefits associated with
63 material recovery cannot fully compensate the energy (and material) demand of the whole production
64 chain, each disposed ErP also means losses in energy and materials. Therefore, increasing durability of
65 ErPs can contribute to reduce the material and energy demand and related environmental impacts.
66 When considering durability, the trade-off between longer lifetime (reducing impacts related to the
67 manufacturing and disposal of the product) and reduced environmental impacts of new products
68 compared to worse and/or decreasing energy efficiency of older products needs to be considered.
69 Considerations such as these are addressed in the preparatory studies commissioned under Directive
70 2009/125/EC. Whilst such aspects establish a relevant context for this standard, they are not addressed
71 in this document.
72 This standard covers a general method for the assessment of the durability of ErPs. To cover the whole
73 lifetime of a product, the generic standards on “Ability to repair, reuse and upgrade –
74 CLC/prEN 45554:2019”, “Ability to re-manufacture – CLC/prEN 45553:2019”, (bothcurrently under
75 preparation) or similar standards can be taken into consideration.
76 This document describes general assessment approaches that can be adapted for application at a
77 product-specific level In order to assess the durability of ErP. Reliability is an element of durability,
78 representing the assessment of the time from first use to first failure or in-between failures, whilst
79 durability is the whole assessment from production to end of life.
5
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
80 1 Scope
81 This document defines parameters and methods as a framework in order to assess the durability of ErP.
82 It is intended to be used in preparation of product-specific standardization deliverables on durability
83 assessment.
84 2 Normative references
85 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
86 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
87 undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
88 EN 12973:2000, Value management
89 CLC/prEN 45559, Methods for providing information relating to material efficiency aspects of energy-
90 related products
91 EN 62308:2006, Equipment reliability - Reliability assessment methods
92 EN 62506:2013, Methods for product accelerated testing
93 EN 60812, Analysis techniques for system reliability - Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis
94 (FMEA)
95 3 Terms and definitions
96 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
97 ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
98 • IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
99
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
100 Note 1 to entry: See CLC/prTR 45550 for additional definitions.
101 3.1
102 durability
103 durability
104 ability to function as required, under defined conditions of use, maintenance and repair, until a final
105 limiting state is reached
106 Note 1 to entry: The degree to which maintenance and repair are within scope of durability will vary by product
107 or product group.
108 Note 2 to entry: The final limiting state has to be defined by the user of this document. For more information
109 see Figure D.1.
110 3.2
111 limiting event
112 event which results in a primary or secondary function no longer being delivered
113 Note 1 to entry: Examples of limiting events are failure, wear-out failure or deviation of any analogue signal.
6
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
114 3.3
115 limiting state
116 condition after one or more limiting event
117 3.4
118 maintenance
119 action carried out to retain a product in a condition where it is able to function as required
120 Note 1 to entry: Examples of such actions include inspection, adjustments, cleaning, lubrication, testing, and
121 replacement of wear-out part. Such actions could be performed by users in accordance with instructions provided
122 with the equipment (e.g. replacement or recharging of batteries); or the actions could be performed by service
123 personnel in order to ensure that parts with a known time to failure are replaced in order to keep the product
124 functioning.
125 3.5
126 reliability
127 probability that a product functions as required under given conditions, including maintenance, for a
128 given duration without failure
129 Note 1 to entry: The intended function(s) and given conditions are described in the user instructions provided
130 with the product.
131 Note 2 to entry: Duration can be expressed in units appropriate to the part or product concerned, e.g. calendar
132 time, operating cycles, distance run, etc., and the units should always be clearly stated
133 3.6
134 primary function
135 function fulfilling the intended use
136 Note 1 to entry: There can be more than one primary function.
137 3.7
138 secondary function
139 function that enables, supplements or enhances the primary function(s)
140 [SOURCE: EN 62542:2017; 5.14,]
141 3.8
142 tertiary function
143 function other than a primary or a secondary function
144 [SOURCE: EN 62542:2017; 5.16, modified examples deleted]
145 3.9
146 functional analysis
147 process that describes the functions of a product and their relationships, which are systematically
148 characterised, classified and evaluated
149 3.10
150 normal environmental conditions
151 characteristics of the environment in the immediate vicinity of the product during transport, storage,
152 use, maintenance and repair life phases, which may affect its performance during normal use
153 Note 1 to entry: Examples of environmental conditions are pressure, temperature, humidity, radiation,
154 vibration.
7
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
155 Note 2 to entry: Given normal environmental conditions and defined environmental conditions of transport,
156 storage, use, maintenance and repair, refer to a specified subset of normal environmental conditions which are
157 used for the assessments.
158 3.11
159 normal use
160 use of a product, including its transport and storage, or a process, in accordance with the provided
161 information for use or, in the absence of such, in accordance with generally understood patterns of
162 usage
163 Note 1 to entry: Normal use should not be confused with intended use. While both include the concept of use as
164 intended by the manufacturer, intended use focuses on the purpose while normal use incorporates not only the
165 purpose, but transport and storage as well
166 [SOURCE: IEV 871-04-22]
167 3.12
168 normal operating conditions
169 characteristic in operation which may affect performance of the product during intended use
170 Note 1 to entry: Examples of operating conditions are, modified environmental conditions when the product
171 operates (Self-heating, condensation), characteristics of the power supply, duty cycle, load factor, vibration due to
172 operation.
173 Note 2 to entry: Given normal operating conditions and defined operating conditions of use, maintenance and
174 repair, refer to a specified subset of normal operating conditions which are used for the assessments.
175 3.13
176 intended use
177 use in accordance with information provided with a product or system, or, in absence of such
178 information, by generally understood patterns of usage
179 Note 1 to entry: Intended use should not be confused with normal use. While both include the concept of use as
180 intended by the manufacturer, intended use focuses on the purpose while normal use incorporates not only the
181 purpose, but transport and storage as well.
182 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014; 3.6, modified Note 1 to entry added]
183 3.14
184 wear-out failure
185 failure due to cumulative deterioration caused by the stresses imposed in use
186 Note 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence of a wear-out failure typically increases with the accumulated
187 operating time, number of operations, and/or stress applications.
188 Note 2 to entry: In some instances, it may be difficult to distinguish between wear-out and ageing phenomena.
189 [SOURCE: IEV 192-03-15]
190 3.15
191 repair
192 process of returning a faulty product to a condition where it can fulfil its intended use (3.13)
8
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
193 3.16
194 part
195 hardware or software constituent of a product
196 [SOURCE: CLC/prEN 45554; 3.2]
197 4 Concept and process overview
198 4.1 Concept
199 There are some key concepts to consider when addressing durability. The durability can be limited by
200 fatigue/ageing of a part, which can cause a limiting event. A limiting event occurs when a primary or
201 secondary function is no longer delivered. This results in the product being in a limiting state. The
202 durability assessment can take into account a number of maintenance and repair actions. The
203 maintenance and repair actions shall be included in the given normal environmental and operating
204 conditions. Durability is usually expressed as time, number of cycles or distance.
205 The reliability of a product is directly related to its probability of failure or its failure rate (examples are
206 available in EN 61703:2016) under given normal environmental and operating conditions. When
207 carrying out a reliability assessment, the statistical distribution of limiting events is considered.
208 The time at which a certain percentage of products have reached a limiting state (e.g. time by which
209 10 % will fail) is used to assess and compare the time to a limiting event. However, other reliability
210 assessments such as mean time to failure (MTTF), mean time to first failure (MTTFF) and mean time
211 between failures (MTBF) are also used. The reliability assessment between the first use of the product
212 and the first limiting event does not take repair into account. However, the reliability assessment
213 between two consecutive limiting events takes into account the effects of a previous repair.
214 NOTE Reliability and durability are defined in the standardization framework and are relevant methods to
215 estimate the technical lifetime of a product. Whilst “Minimum Lifetime” can be specified this requires a wider
216 consideration than reliability and durability assessment, as it could include additional aspects such as economic,
217 social or regulatory requirements.
218 4.2 Process overview and guidance
219 The users of this document shall specify the product group in terms of functions and, if applicable, in
220 accordance with relevant product group standards (see subclause 5.1).
221 The users of this document shall use the results of the functional analysis (see subclause 5.1),
222 environmental and operating conditions (see subclause 5.2) and additional input data (see subclause
223 subclause 5.3) in order to conduct a product group specific reliability analysis developed for a product
224 group (see subclause 6.2). The result is a rank-ordered list of functions and parts providing the
225 functions linked to
226 — failure modes,
227 — failure sites, and
228 — failure frequencies.
229 Consecutively, the reliability of the functions/parts should be validated by either existing methods or
230 methods which have to be developed (see subclause 6.3). In succession, the reliability of the product
231 should be validated (see subclause 6.4). These can then be used for conformity assessment of individual
232 products in the respective product group.
233 NOTE 1 Product group, as used in this document, refers as an umbrella term to a group of products with similar
234 properties and main function(s).
9
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
235 NOTE 2 Software and/or firmware are also considered as part.
236 For the durability analysis of a product group (see subclause 7.3), the user of this document shall take
237 into account among others, repair considerations, special environmental conditions and misuse (see
238 subclause 7.2). Consecutively, the durability of the product should be validated (see subclause 7.4).
239 Results of the reliability and durability analysis may be reported according to Clause 8.
240 Figure 1 illustrates the key stages and the information required for an assessment of the reliability and
241 durability. The user of this document shall use the standard in accordance to it.
242
243 Figure 1 — General reliability and durability assessment procedure
244 5 Definition of the Product
245 5.1 Functional analysis
246 The product group being addressed shall be defined in terms of functions. Functional analysis is a
247 process that results in a comprehensive description of the functions and their relationships, which are
248 systematically characterized and classified. Any complete functional analysis enables a detailed
249 understanding regarding the product characteristics, how the functionality can be achieved embedding
250 constraints coming from regulatory framework (such as EMC). Functional analysis in accordance with
251 EN 12973:2000 A.1.2 or equivalent should be applied to determine all functions of the product group
252 during its lifecycle. Functional analysis is a restricted data in accordance with CLC/prEN 45559.
253 NOTE However focusing to the assessment method of durability the scope of the functional analysis might
254 cover only transportation, storage, use, maintenance and repair phases. As example of functional analysis, the
255 FAST methodology could be applied (EN 12973:2000; A.1.2.2.3.c) to assess an existing product or to design a
256 product.
257 There are three types of functions:
258 — primary function(s);
259 — secondary function(s);
260 — tertiary function(s).
10
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
261 The user of this document shall select functions which are representative for the majority of the
262 products of a product group as input to the reliability analysis described in subclause 6.2 and durability
263 analysis described in subclause 7.2. The user of this document shall identify those parts of the products
264 that are involved in providing a specific secondary function. If a specific function can be achieved by
265 different technologies, each technology shall be assessed individually.
266 5.2 Environmental and operating conditions
267 The given normal environmental and operating conditions are a set of parameters reflecting the
268 expected application and use patterns. The user of this document shall define these parameters for the
269 respective product group. Examples of environmental and operational conditions are given in
270 Annex A.1.
271 5.3 Additional information
272 Apart from the selected functions (see subclause 5.1) and the given normal environmental and
273 operating conditions (see subclause 5.2), additional information is needed to conduct a reliability and
274 durability analysis. Information shall be representative in terms of geographical, time-related and
275 technological coverage.
276 The following sources of information related to failures can be considered as input for the reliability
277 and durability analysis:
278 — Experience from past or current products;
279 — Field data;
280 — Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA), see A.3, and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), see EN 61025;
281 — Manufacturers constraints;
282 — Regulations;
283 — Stress analysis (see Annex A.2) and Damage modelling (see A.4);
284 — Test results already available;
285 — Consumers expectations;
286 — Risk assessment.
287 FMEA shall be in accordance with EN 60812. It shall include any foreseeable misuse and limiting events.
288 NOTE 1 Information on limiting events and states can be found in Annex D.
289 In order to evaluate the product in relation to all input parameters, data collection and analysis is
290 necessary. Existing testing data may include parts level tests under several conditions and with several
291 samples. This data may also include information on misuses and failures from past or current
292 operations experience, field experience, consumer expectations, manufacturer’s constraints and
293 regulations, as well as risk assessments.
294 Additional considerations affecting the reliability (e.g. MTBF) and durability assessments are as follows:
295 — Repair, reuse and upgrade considerations (see CLC/prEN 45554 or similar standard and C.1);
296 — Refurbishment considerations.
11
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 45552:2019
prEN 45552:2018 (E)
297 NOTE 2 Reliability data on electronic parts contained within the product can be available within published
298 reliability handbooks (See IEC/TR 62380 or similar standard).
299 6 Reliability
300 6.1 General considerations
301 For the purpose of conducting reliability analysis, given normal environmental and operating
302 conditions shall be considered. The analysis links functions to failure modes and failure sites. The result
303 of the analysis may be expressed as failure rate, probability of failure or survival, or time to failure
304 (TTF). The failure mechanisms likely to be experienced by the product will determine which of the
305 reliability criteria is appropriate and relevant. These shall be followed by an analysis of parts
306 responsible for causing the respective failures as described in subclause 6.2, leading to a ranked list.
307 The results of subclause 6.2 shall be used to identify or develop a validation method according to
308 subclause 6.3. The procedure described in this paragraph shall be repeated if design or input data have
309 been modified.
310 6.2 Reliability analysis
311 The reliability method shall take into account each function selected in subclause 5.1 according to
312 EN 62308:2006 or similar standards. This analysis should consider additional information (see
313 subclause 5.3). The user of this document shall specify what constitutes a failure within
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.