CEN/TR 16749:2014

Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Classification of Defects and Imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products

This Technical Report specifies the classification of the defects and imperfections may be present in cast products manufactured by high pressure, low pressure and gravity die casting of aluminium alloys.

Aluminium und Aluminiumlegierungen - Klassifikation von Fehlern und Unvollkommenheiten für Druckguss, Niederdruckguss und Schwerkraftkokillenguss

Aluminium et alliages d'aluminium - Classification des défauts et imperfections des produits moulés par coulée à haute pression, basse pression et gravité

Aluminij in aluminijeve zlitine - Razvrstitev pomanjkljivosti in napake v visokotlačnih, nizkotlačnih in težnostno kokilno ulitih ulitkih

To tehnično poročilo določa razvrstitev napak in pomanjkljivosti, ki so lahko prisotni v visokotlačnih, nizkotlačnih in težnostno kokilno ulitih ulitkih iz aluminijevih zlitin.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Oct-2014
• ICS: 77.120.10 - Aluminium and aluminium alloys
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 132 - Aluminium and aluminium alloys
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 132/WG 7 - Sheets, strips and plates
• Current Stage: 9060 - Closure of 2 Year Review Enquiry - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 03-Mar-2020
• Completion Date: 03-Mar-2020
• Ref Project: SIST-TP CEN/TR 16749:2015 - Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Classification of Defects and Imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2015
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Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Classification of Defects and Imperfections in High
Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die Cast Products
Aluminium und Aluminiumlegierungen - Klassifikation von Fehlern und
Unvollkommenheiten für Druckguss, Niederdruckguss und Schwerkraftkokillenguss
Aluminium et alliages d'aluminium - Classification des défauts et imperfections des
produits moulés par coulée à haute pression, basse pression et gravité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16749:2014
ICS:
77.120.10 Aluminij in aluminijeve zlitine Aluminium and aluminium
alloys
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16749
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
October 2014
ICS 77.120.10
English Version
Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Classification of Defects and
Imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure and Gravity Die
Cast Products
Aluminium et alliages d'aluminium - Classification des Aluminium und Aluminiumlegierungen - Klassifikation von
défauts et imperfections des produits moulés par coulée à Fehlern und Unvollkommenheiten für Druckguss,
haute pression, basse pression et gravité Niederdruckguss und Schwerkraftkokillenguss

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 9 September 2014. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 132.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16749:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Classification of defects and imperfections in high pressure, low pressure and gravity
die cast products . 8
4.1 General . 8
4.2 Classification . 9
5 Definition of defects and imperfections . 10
5.1 General . 10
5.2 Shrinkage defects and imperfections . 11
5.3 Gas-related defects and imperfections . 11
5.4 Filling-related defects and imperfections . 12
5.5 Undesired phases . 12
5.6 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections . 12
5.7 Metal-die interaction defects and imperfections . 13
5.8 Geometrical defects and imperfections . 13
Annex A (informative) Description of defects and imperfections in High Pressure, Low Pressure
and Gravity Die Cast Products . 14
A.1 Internal defects and imperfections . 14
A.1.1 Shrinkage defects and imperfections . 14
A.1.1.1 Macro-shrinkage (Type A1.1) . 14
A.1.1.2 Interdendritic shrinkage (Type A1.2) . 14
A.1.1.3 Layer porosity (Type A1.3) . 15
A.1.2 Gas-related defects and imperfections . 16
A.1.2.1 Air entrapment porosity (Type A2.1) . 16
A.1.2.2 Hydrogen porosity (Type A2.2) . 17
A.1.2.3 Vapor entrapment porosity (Type A2.3) . 18
A.1.2.4 Lubricant/release agent entrapment porosity (Type A2.4). 18
A.1.3 Filling-related defects and imperfections . 19
A.1.3.1 Cold joint (Type A3.1). 19
A.1.3.2 Lamination (Type A3.2) . 20
A.1.3.3 Cold shot (Type A3.3). 20
A.1.4 Undesired phases . 21
A.1.4.1 Inclusion (Type A4.1) . 21
A.1.4.2 Undesired structure (Type A4.2) . 21
A.1.5 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections . 22
A.1.5.1 Cold crack (Type A5.1) . 22
A.1.5.2 Hot tear, hot crack (Type A5.2) . 23
A.2 Surface defects and imperfections . 24
A.2.1 Shrinkage defects and imperfections . 24
A.2.1.1 Sink (Type B1.1) . 24
A.2.2 Gas-related defects and imperfections . 25
A.2.2.1 Blister (Type B2.1) . 25
A.2.2.2 Pinhole (Type B2.2) . 25
A.2.3 Filling-related defects and imperfections . 26
A.2.3.1 Cold joint and vortex (Type B3.1) . 26
A.2.3.2 Lamination (Type B3.2) . 27
A.2.3.3 Cold shot (Type B3.3). 27
A.2.4 Undesired phases . 28
A.2.4.1 Surface deposit (Type B4.1) . 28
A.2.4.2 Contaminant or inclusion (Type B4.2) . 28
A.2.5 Thermal contraction defects and imperfections . 29
A.2.5.1 Cold crack (Type B5.1) . 29
A.2.5.2 Hot tear, hot crack (Type B5.2) . 30
A.2.6 Metal/die interaction defects and imperfections . 30
A.2.6.1 Erosion (Type B6.1) . 30
A.2.6.2 Soldering (Type B6.2). 31
A.2.6.3 Thermal fatigue marks (Type B6.3) . 31
A.2.6.4 Ejection mark (Type B6.4) . 32
A.2.6.5 Corrosion of the die (Type B6.5) . 32
A.3 Geometry defects and imperfections . 33
A.3.1 Lack of material - Incompleteness (Type C1.1) . 33
A.3.2 Excess of material - Flash (Type C2.1) . 33
A.3.3 Out of tolerance - Deformation (Type C3.1) . 34
Annex B (informative) Translations of defects and imperfections terminology . 35
Annex C (informative) Examples of detection techniques and size of defects and imperfections . 37
Bibliography . 39

Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16749:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 132 “Aluminium
and aluminium alloys”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
1 Scope
This Technical Report specifies the classification of the defects and imperfections may be present in cast
products manufactured by high pressure, low pressure and gravity die casting of aluminium alloys.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12258-1:2012, Aluminium and aluminium alloys - Terms and definitions - Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12258-1:2012 and the following
apply.
3.1
casting process
process in which molten metal is introduced into a mould where it solidifies
[SOURCE: EN 12258-1:2012, 3.1.1]
3.2
die casting process
casting process in which molten metal is injected under substantial pressure, typically above 70 bars, into a
metal die and solidifies under this pressure
Note 1 to entry: Die casting process is also referred to as “pressure die casting (process)” or “high pressure die
casting (process)”.
[SOURCE: EN 12258-1:2012, 3.1.10]
3.3
permanent mould casting process
casting process in which molten metal is introduced by gravity or low pressure into a mould constructed of
durable material, typically iron or steel
Note 1 to entry: A permanent mould casting process where the metal solidifies in a metal mould under low pressure
(typica
...