ISO TS 80004-12:2016

Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 12: Quantum phenomena in nanotechnology

ISO/TS 80004-12:2016 lists terms and definitions relevant to quantum phenomena in nanotechnologies.
All of these terms are important for nanotechnologies, but it is to be noted that many of them are not exclusively relevant to the nanoscale and can also be used to some extent to refer to larger scales.
The list of terms presented does not claim to provide exhaustive coverage of the whole spectrum of quantum concepts and phenomena in nanotechnology. It covers important phenomena as acknowledged by many stakeholders from academia, industry, etc.
ISO/TS 80004-12:2016 is intended to facilitate communication between organizations and individuals in industry and those who interact with them.

Nanotechnologies - Vocabulaire - Partie 12: Phénomènes quantiques dans les nanotechnologies

ISO/TS 80004-12:2016 donne une liste de termes et définitions applicables aux phénomènes quantiques dans le domaine des nanotechnologies.
Tous ces termes sont importants pour les nanotechnologies, mais il faut noter qu'un grand nombre d'entre eux ne s'appliquent pas exclusivement à l'échelle nanométrique et peuvent également être utilisés dans une certaine mesure pour se référer à des échelles plus grandes.
La liste des termes présentés ne prétend pas assurer une couverture exhaustive de l'ensemble des concepts et phénomènes quantiques dans le domaine des nanotechnologies. Elle couvre les phénomènes reconnus comme importants par de nombreuses parties prenantes issues du monde universitaire, de l'industrie, etc.
ISO/TS 80004-12:2016 est destinée à faciliter la communication entre différents organismes et membres de l'industrie, et leurs interlocuteurs.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 16-Mar-2016
• ICS: 01 - GENERALITIES. TERMINOLOGY. STANDARDIZATION. DOCUMENTATION
• ICS: 01.040.07 - Natural and applied sciences (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 07.120 - Nanotechnologies
• Technical Committee: TC 113 - Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Completion Date: 15-Mar-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 80004-12
First edition
2016-03-15
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 12:
Quantum phenomena in
nanotechnology
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 12: Phénomènes quantiques dans les nanotechnologies
Reference number
ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
ISO 2016
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ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior

written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of

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ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Terms describing (or related to) general quantum concepts ................................................................................ 1

3 Terms related to basic quantum effects ....................................................................................................................................... 3

4 Terms describing size-dependent quantum effects ......................................................................................................... 4

5 Terms related to structural organization ................................................................................................................................... 5

6 Terms associated with quantum effects ....................................................................................................................................... 6

Annex A (informative) Some current terms in classical and quantum physics ........................................................8

Annex B (informative) Mapping between terms and some applications and products

in nanotechnologies .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Annex C (informative) Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................11

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................12

© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity

assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical

Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information

ISO/TS 80004-12 was prepared jointly by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, and

Technical Committee IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology standardization for electrical and electronic products

and systems. The draft was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC.

ISO/TS 80004 consists of the following parts, under the general title Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary:

— Part 1: Core terms
— Part 2: Nano-objects
— Part 3: Carbon nano-objects
— Part 4: Nanostructured materials
— Part 5: Nano/bio interface
— Part 6: Nano-object characterization
— Part 7: Diagnostics and therapeutics for healthcare
— Part 8: Nanomanufacturing processes
— Part 12: Quantum phenomena in nanotechnology
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 9: Nano-enabled electrotechnical products and systems
— Part 10: Nano-enabled photonic components and systems
— Part 11: Nanolayer, nanocoating, nanofilm and related terms
— Part 13: Graphene and other two dimensional materials
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ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
Introduction

The unique properties of nano-objects and nanoscale-dependent quantum effects are important

aspects of nanotechnology.

As the size of materials decreases to the nanometre range, quantization effects (quantization of energy,

quantization of angular momentum, etc.) appear mainly due to the confinement of particles in one, two

or three space dimensions (quantum confinement). This leads to the emergence of new size-dependent

properties and functionalities which are completely described by quantum mechanics.

It is to be noted that the term “particle” used in this part of ISO/TS 80004 encompasses both the

classical and quantum standpoints. In its classical sense, a particle is a discrete portion of matter and

is therefore close to the term “particle” as defined in ISO/TS 80004-2 as a “minute piece of matter with

defined physical boundaries”. From the perspective of quantum, particles are objects obeying the laws

of quantum mechanics. The quantum description includes electrons, atoms, molecules, etc., referred

to as particles, and quasi-particles (excitons, phonons, plasmons, magnons, etc.) which are elementary

excitations or quanta of collective excitations in strongly interacting systems of particles.

Although quantum effects do not occur exclusively at the nanoscale, the relationship of nanotechnology

and quantum effects, or combinations thereof, is important for the identification of nano-enabled

products and for the development of nanotechnology.

With regard to the origin of terms, quantum effects terms are often associated with the names of those

who discovered them. As such, they are often the subject of controversy about precedence. In addition,

quantum phenomena and effects might have different names in different countries.

Nanotechnologies are rapidly evolving fields of technologies and advances in these fields are closely

linked to the understanding of quantum effects and phenomena. It is expected that more quantum

phenomena-related terms will be added in future revisions of the present document.

This part of ISO/TS 80004 promotes a common language for use by the nanotechnology industry and

interdisciplinary research in these areas, organizes features of nanotechnology and contributes to

cooperation in the field of nanotechnology and trade in the global market of nano-enabled products.

Some established terms and definitions of quantum mechanics have been gathered in Annex A in order

to facilitate the reading of this part of ISO/TS 80004.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 12:
Quantum phenomena in nanotechnology
1 Scope

This part of ISO/TS 80004 lists terms and definitions relevant to quantum phenomena in

nanotechnologies.

All of these terms are important for nanotechnologies, but it is to be noted that many of them are not

exclusively relevant to the nanoscale and can also be used to some extent to refer to larger scales.

The list of terms presented does not claim to provide exhaustive coverage of the whole spectrum of

quantum concepts and phenomena in nanotechnology. It covers important phenomena as acknowledged

by many stakeholders from academia, industry, etc.

This part of ISO/TS 80004 is intended to facilitate communication between organizations and

individuals in industry and those who interact with them.
2 Terms describing (or related to) general quantum concepts
2.1
de Broglie wavelength

wavelength of the wave associated with any particle which reflects its wave nature according to de

Broglie’s formula

Note 1 to entry: de Broglie’s formula is λ = h/p, where λ is the wavelength, h is the Planck’s constant and p is the

particle momentum.
2.2
quantization
process resulting in quantized physical quantities
2.3
quantized
having discrete values which are multiples of an elementary quantity

Note 1 to entry: The elementary quantity mentioned above is usually called a quantum of the physical quantity

in consideration.
2.4
quantum coherence

correlated evolution of wave function phase of a system in a quantum superposition (2.9)

Note 1 to entry: Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence.
2.5
quantum confinement

restriction of a particle’s motion in one, two or three space dimensions when the size of a physical

system is of the same order of magnitude as the particle’s de Broglie’s wavelength (2.1)

Note 1 to entry: The main characteristic lengths leading to quantum confinement may be their de Broglie

wavelength, their Fermi wavelength, their mean free path, their Bohr radius (for excitons) or their coherence length.

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ISO/TS 80004-12:2016(E)
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [2].
2.6
quantum entanglement

quantum mechanics phenomenon in which the quantum states of two or more particles are

interdependent

Note 1 to entry: Quantum states of entangled particles may be described as a whole and not in terms of individual

particles’ states.
Note 2 to entry: See References [3] and [5].
2.7
quantum interference

coherent superposition of wave functions (2.14) (quantum states) of a physical system

2.8
quantum number

number specifying one of the possible discrete values of physical quantities that characterize

quantum systems

Note 1 to entry: Some of the quantum numbers may characterize the spatial distribution of the particle wave

function.

Note 2 to entry: Some quantum numbers characterize only the “internal” state of the particle. For example, the

magnitude and direction of the spin, etc.

Note 3 to entry: A quantum state of an electron in an atom is usually described by the following four quantum

numbers: the principal quantum number, the azimuthal quantum number, the magnetic quantum number and

the spin quantum number.
Note 4 to entry: See References [3], [5], [6] and [7].
2.9
quantum superposition
linear superposition (or linear combination) of wave functions (2.14)

Note 1 to entry: The superposition principle states that any linear superposition (or linear combination) of wave

functions is also a possible wave function of a physical system.

Note 2 to entry: The state of a physical system is defined (or described) at any time by a wave function.

2.10
quantum tunnelling

phenomenon of a particle passing through a potential barrier when its total energy is less than the

height of the barrier

Note 1 to entry: Quantum tunnelling is a purely quantum phenomenon (3.8) because a classical particle with

energy, E, cannot pass through a potential barrier of height, V, if E < V, since in such case, the kinetic energy of the

particle would be negative.

Note 2 to entry: Due to quantum uncertainty principle, any subatomic particle has some probability to pass

through a potential energy barrier.
Note 3 to entry: See References [1], [3] and [4].
2.11
quasi-particle

elementary excitation (a quantum of collective oscillations) in strongly interacting systems of particles

Note 1 to entry: Quasi-particles may include excitons, phonons, plasmons, magnons, polaritons, etc.

Note 2 to entry: See References [1], [2], [3] and [5].
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2.12
qubit
quantum bit

basic unit of quantum information (6.8) based on two-state quantum system which can be in one of its

states or in a superposition of both
Note 1 to entry: See References [1], [2], [3], [5] and [8].
2.13
surface plasmon

quasi-particle (2.11) corresponding to the quantization (2.2) of surface plasma oscillations

2.14
wave function
wavefunction

mathematical function that completely describes the state of a quantum system and which contains all

the information regarding the measurable physical quantities of the system

Note 1 to entry: The wave function, also called “the state vector”, has the significance of a probability amplitude

and is not directly measurable.

Note 2 to entry: The state of a quantum system is also referred to as a quantum state.

3 Terms related to basic quantum effects
3.1
Aharonov-Bohm effect

influence of electromagnetic potentials on a particle lying in a space region where both electric and

magnetic fields are zero
3.2
ballistic transport

particle motion regime without scattering occurring when the characteristic lengths of a physical

system accommodating the transport path are smaller than the mean free path (momentum relaxation

length) of the particles
3.3
Casimir effect
mutual attraction of uncharged conductive bod
...