ISO TS 80004-13:2017
(Main)Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 13: Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 13: Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017 lists terms and definitions for graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials, and includes related terms naming production methods, properties and their characterization.
It is intended to facilitate communication between organizations and individuals in research, industry and other interested parties and those who interact with them.
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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 80004-13
First edition
2017-09
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 13:
Graphene and related two-
dimensional (2D) materials
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 13: Graphène et autres matériaux bidimensionnels
Reference number
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms related to materials . 1
3.1.1 General terms related to 2D materials . 1
3.1.2 Terms related to graphene . 3
3.1.3 Terms related to other 2D materials. 5
3.2 Terms related to methods for producing 2D materials . 5
3.2.1 Graphene and related 2D material production . 5
3.2.2 Nanoribbon production . 8
3.3 Terms related to methods for characterizing 2D materials . 8
3.3.1 Structural characterization methods . 8
3.3.2 Chemical characterization methods.10
3.3.3 Electrical characterization methods .12
3.4 Terms related to 2D materials characteristics .13
3.4.1 Characteristics and terms related to structural and dimensional
properties of 2D materials .13
3.4.2 Characteristics and terms related to chemical properties of 2D materials .15
3.4.3 Characteristics and terms related to optical and electrical properties of
2D materials .16
4 Abbreviated terms .16
Bibliography .17
Index .18
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, and IEC/TC 113,
Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems.
A list of all parts in the ISO 80004 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
Introduction
Over the last decade, huge interest has arisen in graphene both scientifically and commercially, due
to the many exceptional properties associated with this material, properties such as the electrical
and thermal conductivity. More recently, other materials with a structure similar to that of graphene
have also shown promising properties including monolayer and few-layer versions of hexagonal boron
nitride (hBN), molybdenum disulphide (MoS ), tungsten diselenide (WSe ), silicene and germanene and
2 2
layered assemblies of mixtures of these materials. These materials have their thickness constrained
within the nanoscale or smaller and consist of between one and several layers. These materials are thus
termed two-dimensional (2D) materials as they have one dimension at the nanoscale or smaller, with
the other two dimensions generally at scales larger than the nanoscale. A layered material consists of
two-dimensional layers weakly stacked or bound to form three-dimensional structures. Examples of
2D materials and the different stacking configurations in graphene are shown in Figure 1. It should
be noted that 2D materials are not necessarily topographically flat in reality and can have a buckled
structure. They can also form aggregates and agglomerates which can have different morphologies.
Two-dimensional materials are an important subset of nanomaterials.
graphene hBN graphane perfluoro- MoS WSe
2 2
graphane
a) Examples of different two-dimensional materials consisting of different elements and
structures, as shown by the different coloured orbs and top-down and side views
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
b) Bernal stacked bilayer graphene (3.1.2.6) c) turbostratic bilayer or twisted bilayer
graphene with relative stacking angle, θ,
(3.1.2.7)
ABA trilayer ABC trilayer
d) Bernal stacked (AB) (3.4.1.10) tri-layer graphene (3.1.2.9) and Rhombohedral (ABC)
(3.4.1.11) stacked tri-layer graphene (3.1.2.9)
Figure 1 — Examples of 2D materials and the different stacking configurations in graphene layers
It is important to standardize the terminology for graphene, graphene-derived and related 2D materials
at the international level, as the number of publications, patents and organizations is increasing
rapidly. Thus, these materials need an associated vocabulary as they become commercialized and sold
throughout the world.
This document belongs to a multi-part vocabulary covering the different aspects of nanotechnologies.
It builds upon ISO/TS 80004-3, ISO/TS 80004-11 and ISO/TS 80004-6 and uses existing definitions
where possible.
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 13:
Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials
1 Scope
This document lists terms and definitions for graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials,
and includes related terms naming production methods, properties and their characterization.
It is intended to facilitate communication between organizations and individuals in research, industry
and other interested parties and those who interact with them.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 Terms related to materials
3.1.1 General terms related to 2D materials
3.1.1.1
two-dimensional material
2D material
material, consisting of one or several layers (3.1.1.5) with the atoms in each layer strongly bonded
to neighbouring atoms in the same layer, which has one dimension, its thickness, in the nanoscale or
smaller and the other two dimensions generally at larger scales
Note 1 to entry: The number of layers when a two-dimensional material becomes a bulk material varies
depending on both the material being measured and its properties. In the case of graphene layers (3.1.2.1), it is
[10]
a two-dimensional material up to 10 layers thick for electrical measurements ,beyond which the electrical
properties of the material are not distinct from those for the bulk [also known as graphite (3.1.2.2)].
Note 2 to entry: Interlayer bonding is distinct from and weaker than intralayer bonding.
Note 3 to entry: Each layer may contain more than one element.
Note 4 to entry: A two-dimensional material can be a nanoplate (3.1.1.2).
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
3.1.1.2
nanoplate
nano-object with one external dimension in the nanoscale and the other two external dimensions
significantly larger
Note 1 to entry: The larger external dimensions are not necessarily in the nanoscale.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.6]
3.1.1.3
nanofoil
nanosheet
nanoplate (3.1.1.2) with extended lateral dimensions
Note 1 to entry: Nanofoil and nanosheet are used synonymously in specific industrial areas.
Note 2 to entry: Nanofoil and nanosheet extend further with respect to their length and width compared to
nanoplate or nanoflake.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-11:2017, 3.2.1.1]
3.1.1.4
nanoribbon
nanotape
nanoplate (3.1.1.2) with the two larger dimensions significantly different from each other
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.10]
3.1.1.5
layer
discrete material restricted in one dimension, within or at the surface of a condensed phase
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-11:2017, 3.1.2]
3.1.1.6
quantum dot
nanoparticle or region which exhibits quantum confinement in all three spatial directions
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-12:2016, 4.1]
3.1.1.7
aggregate
particle comprising strongly bonded or fused particles where the resulting external surface area is
significantly smaller than the sum of surface areas of the individual components
Note 1 to entry: The forces holding an aggregate together are strong forces, for example, covalent or ionic bonds
or those resulting from sintering or complex physical entanglement or otherwise combined former primary
particles.
Note 2 to entry: Aggregates are also termed secondary particles and the original source particles are termed
primary particles.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 3.5, modified – Notes 1 and 2 have been added.]
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-13:2017(E)
3.1.2 Terms related to graphene
3.1.2.1
graphene
graphene layer
single-layer graphene
monolayer graphene
single layer of carbon atoms with each atom bound to three neighbours in a honeycomb structure
Note 1 to entry: It is an important building block of many carbon nano-objects.
Note 2 to entry: As graphene is a single layer (3.1.1.5), it is also sometimes called monolayer graphene or single-
layer graphene and abbreviated as 1LG to distinguish it from bilayer graphene (2LG) (3.1.2.6) and few-layered
graphene (FL
...
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