IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023
(Main)Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 2-15: Description of the characteristics of networks with high penetration of power electronic converters
Electromagnetic compatibility - Part 2-15: Description of the characteristics of networks with high penetration of power electronic converters
IEC TR 61000-2-15: 2023 which is a Technical Report, addresses in particular the following main phenomena, which affect the power quality in modern distribution systems with high penetration of power electronics converters. As some aspects of the subject have already been addressed in the past, considering the evolution of the LV and MV networks, this document focuses on the following aspects:
resonances in the network, modelling and on-site validation;
supraharmonics and measurements issues;
impact of increased number of power electronic converters;
stability and instability issues for the equipment to be connected
The target phenomena and conditions of this document are the following:
frequency: ≤ 2 kHz, 2 kHz to 9 kHz, ≥ 9 kHz;
voltage levels: LV, MV;
harmonic sources: all types of converters (EV battery chargers, appliances, etc.…).
Some of these frequency ranges have already been standardized in some countries (Japan, Germany, Switzerland, etc.), but the resulting phenomena developed will benefit being described in more details, with a focus on the interaction between the converters and the electrical networks. The case of the presence of a large number of converters is also at stake. Some complex phenomena can also arise when the full system is not stable anymore. NOTE Whereas it is expected that the models and derived calculations form this document can be applied to the Americas electrical systems its formal validation studies are still pending.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
IEC TR 61000-2-15 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility –
Part 2-15: Description of the characteristics of networks with high penetration of
power electronic converters
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IEC TR 61000-2-15 ®
Edition 1.0 2023-02
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Electromagnetic compatibility –
Part 2-15: Description of the characteristics of networks with high penetration of
power electronic converters
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.240.01; 33.100.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-6550-5
– 2 – IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023 IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
INTRODUCTION . 10
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
3 Terms and definitions . 11
4 Resonance phenomena with network and power electronics equipment based on
actual cases . 12
4.1 Operation of overvoltage protection of earth leakage circuit breaker in
Japanese LV systems . 12
4.1.1 General . 12
4.1.2 Circuit modelling . 13
4.1.3 Measurements on site. 14
4.1.4 Technical or regulatory aspects . 16
4.2 Analysis and modelling of an EV charging hub with PV production . 17
4.3 Impact of power electronic household equipment on the impedance
characteristics in residential networks . 21
4.4 Harmonic resonance in an urban, residential low voltage grid . 25
4.5 Harmonic distortion and impedance characteristics in an islanded microgrid . 28
5 Impact of modern power electronics on the propagation and amplification of
voltage distortion . 31
5.1 Harmonic propagation in a residential LV network . 31
5.1.1 General . 31
5.1.2 Measurements . 31
5.1.3 Modelling issues . 33
5.2 Supraharmonic amplification in a residential LV network with a fast charging
station . 34
5.2.1 Measurement procedures . 34
5.2.2 Measurement results . 36
5.2.3 Simulation results . 39
5.3 Supraharmonic amplification in a residential low voltage network with PV
converters . 41
5.4 Generic supraharmonic emission models for PWM based converters . 42
5.5 Assessment of optimal impedance angles for power electronic devices to
minimize risk of amplification . 43
6 Cases of a large amount of converters . 47
6.1 General . 47
6.2 Large PV installations . 48
6.3 Industrial grids . 53
6.4 Multiple EV chargers in a central charging infrastructure . 57
6.4.1 General . 57
6.4.2 Measurements . 58
6.4.3 Modelling of interactions between N similar single-phase power
converters . 59
7 Impact of grid conditions on the operation of converters . 66
7.1 Analysis of a single-phase inverter model with an LCL filter using the
Nyquist criterion . 66
7.2 Probabilistic stability analysis for commercial low power inverters based on
measured grid impedances . 74
7.3 Description of electric vehicles connected to a weak network . 77
7.3.1 General . 77
7.3.2 Modeling of the equipment involved . 77
7.3.3 Determination of the voltage at the entrance of the charger, for different
impedance values of the upstream network . 79
7.3.4 Measurements performed at the manufacturer’s laboratory . 81
7.4 Other interactions between the grid and power converters . 82
7.4.1 PV connected to a weak network . 82
7.4.2 Windfarms connected to a grid . 88
7.4.3 Microgrid during the islanding phase. 89
7.4.4 Impact of the operating conditions . 93
8 Harmonic emission characteristics of power electronic equipment for the mass-
market . 94
9 Conclusion and perspectives . 97
9.1 General . 97
9.2 Challenges . 97
9.3 Main findings . 98
9.4 Consequences . 98
9.5 Recommendations . 99
9.6 Future work . 99
Bibliography . 100
Figure 1 – Schematic illustration of a harmonic resonance issue in a LV system . 12
Figure 2 – Waveform of the overvoltage at the neighbour side . 13
Figure 3 – Description of an equivalent circuit modelling for harmonic resonances. 13
Figure 4 – Electrical circuit used in simulations, and results of resonance magnification
factors (RMFs) . 14
Figure 5 – Description of the experimental test configuration . 14
Figure 6 – Measurement performed during the experimental tests . 15
Figure 7 – Resonance magnification factors (RMFs) using measurement and
simulation . 15
Figure 8 – Flowchart to assess an appliance’s compliance with JIS TS C 0058 [2] . 16
Figure 9 – Harmonic current limits for measurement assessment . 17
Figure 10 – Trends of the number of inquiries regarding current emission limits in
Japan . 17
Figure 11 – Bloc scheme of the measured EV charging hub with PV production . 18
Figure 12 – Power line impedance magnitude (top) and phase (bottom) measured at
the point of common connecting (PCC) of an EV charger hub with PV production . 19
Figure 13 – Resulting simplified model of the charging hub with distribution lines and
feeder . 19
Figure 14 – Impact of a super-fast EV charger on grid impedance . 20
Figure 15 – Impedance characteristics of an urban LV network, . 24
Figure 16 – Schema of the network . 25
Figure 17 – Network harmonic impedance measured at different locations (L1-N) . 26
Figure 18 – Simulated network harmonic impedance at different locations (L1-N) using
default element representations . 26
Figure 19 – Equivalent impedance model of a domestic customer . 27
– 4 – IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023 IEC 2023
Figure 20 – Measured and simulated network harmonic impedance at different
locations (L1-N) using the developed customer impedance model. 27
Figure 21 – Schematic representation of system under test . 28
Figure 22 – Impedance characteristics (magnitude and phase angle) . 29
Figure 23 – Voltage harmonic levels in ICM (a) and ISM (b) . 30
Figure 24 – Simplified line diagram of the grid with marked measuring points . 31
Figure 25 – Connection of a PQ measuring device . 32
th
Figure 26 – Measured 15 current and voltage harmonic on phase L1 during operation
of the heat pumps at the heat pumps’ point of connection without active filter . 32
th
Figure 27 – Measured voltage amplitudes of the 15 harmonic for each phase L1 to L3
during three different operating states without active filter . 33
th
Figure 28 – Comparison of measured and simulated voltage levels (15 harmonic
voltage) at each measuring point . 33
th
Figure 29 – Modelled voltage vectors of the 15 harmonic at on- and off-state of the
large heat pump without active filtering . 34
Figure 30 – Spectrogram of the voltage at the point of injection of supraharmonic
currents in a residential low voltage network . 35
Figure 31 – Single-line diagram of relevant parts of the low voltage network . 36
Figure 32 – Transfer ratio of supraharmonic voltage along the low voltage cable for
phase L1 in case of single-phase injection at the transformer busbar BB . 37
Figure 33 – Crosstalk ratio of supraharmonic voltage between phase L1 (phase of
injection) and phase L2 at the junction box JB . 38
Figure 34 – Measured impedance (magnitude and phase) of the DC charger in idle
mode . 38
Figure 35 – Transfer ratio along the cable for all three phases in case of three-phase
injection at the transformer busbar BB . 39
Figure 36 – Fully coupled three-phase simulation model . 39
Figure 37 – Simplified simulation model for supraharmonic transmission along a low
voltage cable . 40
Figure 38 – Comparison of measured and simulated transfer ratios along a low voltage
cable. 40
Figure 39 – Transfer ratio of supraharmonic voltages along a low voltage cable of
varying length . 41
Figure 40 – Single-line diagram of the analysed low voltage network, two routes, and
measurement locations on each route in red, green and blue . 41
Figure 41 – Transfer ratios along two routes in a low voltage network with residential
customers, upstream direction as circles, downstream direction as crosses . 42
Figure 42 – Equivalent circuit (model) for the supraharmonic emission of single-phase
th
voltage-source power converters for the m emission band . 43
Figure 43 – RMS voltage spectrum U at the output terminals of a single-phase power
S
converter H-bridge using unipolar PWM . 43
Figure 44 – Amplification and damping of supraharmonic emission at the POC
relatively to the source voltage depending on the network to source impedance . 45
Figure 45 – Circles of constant POC voltage in the dominant emission band of two
photovoltaic inverters [29] . 46
Figure 46 – Prevailing phase angle of 187 measured network loop impedances
[34]between 2 kHz and 150 kHz, phase angle of the line impedance stabilization
network from CISPR 16-1-2 . 46
Figure 47 – Cumulative distribution function (CDF) of non-intentional emissions due to
distributed energy sources at two different frequencies (45,7 kHz and 118,4 kHz) and
noise present in the electrical grid (122,9 kHz) . 47
Figure 48 – Identification of the frequencies in the frequency response. 47
Figure 49 – Identification of the frequencies in the spectrogram of the measurements
(see case study [23]) . 48
Figure 50 – Parallel-connect configuration in large photovoltaic (PV) farm . 49
Figure 51 – Simplified parallel of two converters featuring LCL filter and capacitor on
common bus for reactive compensation in the grid (see Table 7) . 49
Figure 52 – Frequency domain results of parallel LCL filter system with reactive power
compensation capacitor represented in two frequency ranges . 50
Figure 53 – N parallel connected equivalent inverter models equipped with LCL filter
interfaces connected to common grid impedance 𝐙𝐙 as parallel connection of
g
Thévenin’s equivalent voltage sources and equivalent impedances . 51
Figure 54 – Change in Bode plot of i /i (ratio of grid and inverter side currents
sg s11
respectively) or LCL-filter topology when the number of parallel connected inverters n
increases from 2 to 8 with increments of 2 . 51
Figure 55 – Time domain simulations of parallel LCL system without reactive power
compensation capacitor dependent on (in dependency of) a small sinusoidal
disturbance term added in the control loop – Duty cycle . 51
Figure 56 – Power line impedance in lower frequency range measured with 0 to 59
inverters activated in a 2,1 MW PV plant . 52
Figure 57 – Power line impedance measured with 0 to 59 inverters activated in a 2,1
MW PV plant . 53
Figure 58 – Configuration of an industrial grid . 54
Figure 59 – Interaction between two converters, which can lead to resonances and
generate non-intentional emissions in the 2 kHz to 150 kHz frequency range. 54
Figure 60 – Modeling of a simple configuration of noise source and noise sink, where
nd rd th
the EMI filter of the sink converter can be of 2 , 3 or 4 order [25] . 55
Figure 61 – Impedance into the noise sink converter Z with different EMI filter
sink
types with simple choke interface only and different EMI filter configurations . 55
Figure 62 – Impedance into the noise sink converter Z with different EMI filter
sink
types with LCL interface and different EMI filter configurations . 56
Figure 63 – Ratio of voltage and current in phase 1 with a third-order EMI filter and
different cables with: a) DM excitation and b) CM excitation . 57
Figure 64 – Voltage at 10 kHz of one to four BEVs charging at a common POC, time
varying values as solid line (20 ms measurement windows), overall RMS as dotted line . 58
Figure 65 – Supraharmonic voltages and currents at the POC of multiple AC charging
points, first emission band (800 Hz) centred around 10 kHz . 59
Figure 66 – Single-line diagram of an arbitrary number N of power converters operating
in parallel on a single network phase . 60
Figure 67 – Supraharmonic emission model for an arbitrary number N of power
converters operating in parallel . 60
Figure 68 – Simulation of supraharmonic beating using summation of rotating phasors,
for one up to three sources with different frequencies and magnitudes of contribution,
first emission band . 61
Figure 69 – Exemplary assessment of the supraharmonic emission of two photovoltaic
inverters using the criteria in Formula (19) to Formula (21), and photovoltaic inverters
from [15] . 64
– 6 – IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023 IEC 2023
Figure 70 – Dependency of the POC voltage on the number of sources N for different
magnitude ratios of source impedance to network impedance assuming phase angles
of source impedance and network impedance are equal . 65
Figure 71 – Single phase inverter with an LCL filter and corresponding state variables . 66
Figure 72 – Block scheme equivalent to the formula system of Figure 71 . 67
Figure 73 – Linearized control loop for the in-feed converter and transfer functions for
feed forward and current measurement filter . 68
Figure 74 – Norton equivalent circuit of the single-phase inverter . 69
Figure 75 – Nyquist stability analysis of the control loop with parameters listed in Table 8 . 70
Figure 76 – PLECS model of the single-phase inverter with LCL filter . 71
Figure 77 – PLECS model of the single-phase inverter controller with Feedforward of
the connecting point voltage . 71
Figure 78 – Simulation result of a current reference step of 0 A to 10 A for the
converter . 72
Figure 79 – Impedance magnitude (a) and phase angle characteristic (b) of
commercially available single-phase inverter (black), network impedance with
inductance of 2,3 mH (blue) and 3,2 mH (red) . 73
Figure 80 – Grid-side current measurements for LR-equivalent network impedance with
inductance values of 2,3 mH (a) and 3,2 mH (b) . 74
Figure 81 – Small signal model of an inverter and the low voltage network . 74
Figure 82 – Magnitude (a) and phase angle of low voltage network impedance
measurements at 120 measurement sites . 75
Figure 83 – Magnitude (a) and phase angle of the impedance of six commercially
available inverters . 75
Figure 84 – Critical frequency regions of commercially available inverters (a) and
measurement sites in LV networks (b) . 76
Figure 85 – Electrical network including the network and four electrical vehicles
connected (described in the EMTP program) . 77
Figure 86 – Description of the different elements considered . 78
Figure 87 – Description of the filter connecting the boost to the electrical network . 78
Figure 88 – Description of the low frequency filter . 78
Figure 89 – Description of the converter of the boost PFC converter, including its
AC/DC rectifier. 79
Figure 90 – Current i flowing in the electronic components (diodes, IGBTs) versus
d
positive values of the applied voltage V . 79
d
Figure 91 – Voltage V at the entrance of the charger, obtained by simulations, for
c
different values of the upstream network . 80
Figure 92 – Description of the phase-space diagram corresponding to the main state-
variables of the system . 80
Figure 93 – Current crossing an IGBT obtained by simulations, with an inductance
value of 600 µH for the upstream network . 81
Figure 94 – Voltage V at the entrance of the charger, measured at the
cmeas
manufacturer’s laboratory, for a value of 750 μH for the inductance of the upstream
network . 81
Figure 95 – Description of the circuit including a solar PV–micro turbine based power
system with battery backup . 83
Figure 96 – PCC (grid) voltage with linear and non-linear loads in the absence of any
VSI (voltage source inverter). 83
Figure 97 – Grid working and VSI switched on at t = 0,5 s . 84
Figure 98 – Grid working and VSI switched on at t = 0,5 s . 85
Figure 99 – Frequency characteristic of the 3 kW PV system with L-C-L filter in the
following grid conditions: A) 0,1 mH, B) 3 mH, C) 0,1 mH, 100 μF and D) 3 mH, 100 μF . 85
Figure 100 – Resonance frequency variation in per cent of the rated resonance
frequency as a function of grid inductance in per cent . 86
Figure 101 – Illustration of a quasi-periodic route to chaos in a buck-boost converter,
with the input voltage as a bifurcation parameter . 87
Figure 102 – Experimental illustration of period doubling route to chaos in buck-boost
converter . 87
Figure 103 – Grid-connected DFIG WT system . 88
Figure 104 – DFIG PQ limitation due to SCR and X/R variation . 88
Figure 105 – System response to different network strength . 89
Figure 106 – Structure of a hybrid system proposed for a microgrid application . 90
Figure 107 – Control for a hybrid PV-battery system . 90
Figure 108 – Variation of the voltage at the PV terminals and current in the battery . 90
Figure 109 – Regulation of the voltage when the load is changing . 91
Figure 110 – Current in the battery during variation of the voltage at the PV terminals
during the change of load . 91
Figure 111 – Microgrid system configuration and main features . 92
Figure 112 – Designed PV microgrid system (left) and control set up of the PV
microgrid at the Griffith University, Australia (right) . 92
Figure 113 – Disturbance rejection response comparison in the intentional islanding
scenario . 93
Figure 114 – Description of a “test bench” at the laboratory . 93
Figure 115 – Evolution of the measured current as a function of the charging setpoint . 94
Figure 116 – Normalized input AC current waveforms of typical electronic appliances
for sinusoidal (left) and flat-top (right) supply voltage waveforms . 95
Figure 117 – Impact of voltage magnitude on harmonic current emission for different
topology categories (sinusoidal waveform) . 96
Figure 118 – Impact of flat top voltage waveform on harmonic current emission for
different topology categories (nominal RMS voltage). 96
Table 1 – Relation between measured current and respective impedance for each
feeder . 21
Table 2 – Devices and topologies used in the different evolution stages . 22
Table 3 – Load scenarios depending on the evolution stages and loading conditions . 22
Table 4 – Equivalent R L ||R L C parameter values . 23
L1 1 L2 2 2
Table 5 – Ratio between network harmonic impedance and extrapolated impedance
for various cases . 24
Table 6 – Load scenarios . 29
Table 7 – Values of the system parameters [23] . 49
Table 8 – Example of system parameters and components for the Nyquist stability
analysis . 71
Table 9 – Grid-compatibility index of commercially available single-phase inverters . 76
– 8 – IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023 IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY –
Part 2-15: Description of the characteristics of networks
with high penetration of power electronic converters
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TR 61000-2-15 has been prepared by subcommittee 77A: EMC – Low frequency
phenomena, of IEC technical committee 77: Electromagnetic compatibility. It is a Technical
Report.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
77A/1153A/DTR 77A/1159/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Report is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 61000 series, published under the general title Electromagnetic
compatibility, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.
– 10 – IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023 IEC 2023
INTRODUCTION
IEC 61000 is published in separate parts according to the following structure:
Part 1: General
General considerations (introduction, fundamental principles)
Definitions, terminology
Part 2: Environment
Description of the environment
Classification of the environment
Compatibility levels
Part 3: Limits
Emission limits
Immunity limits (insofar as these limits do not fall under the responsibility of the product
committees)
Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques
Measurement techniques
Testing techniques
Part 5: Installation and mitigation guidelines
Installation guidelines
Mitigation methods and devices
Part 6: Generic standards
Part 9: Miscellaneous
Each part is further subdivided into several parts, published either as international standards
or as technical specifications or technical reports, some of which have already been published
as sections. Others will be published with the part number followed by a dash and a second
number identifying the subdivision (example: IEC 61000-6-1).
This part of IEC 61000-2 describes the main phenomena which affect the power quality of
modern distribution systems with high penetration of power electronics converters.
It focuses on the following main aspects: resonances in LV network, impact of increased number
of power electronic converters, instability issues for the equipment to be connected to the LV
networks.
Those new aspects, organized and described in this document, can lead to new IEC
specifications; that is why a state of the art on this topic is necessary.
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY –
Part 2-15: Description of the characteristics of networks
with high penetration of power electronic converters
1 Scope
This part of IEC 61000, which is a Technical Report, addresses in particular the following main
phenomena, which affect the power quality in modern distribution systems with high penetration
of power electronics converters. As some aspects of the subject have already been addressed
in the past, considering the evolution of the LV and MV networks, this document focuses on the
following aspects:
• resonances in the network, modelling and on-site validation;
• supraharmonics and measurements issues;
• impact of increased number of power electronic converters;
• stability and instability issues for the equipment to be connected
The target phenomena and conditions of this document are the following:
• frequency: ≤ 2 kHz, 2 kHz to 9 kHz, ≥ 9 kHz;
• voltage levels: LV, MV;
• harmonic sources: all types of converters (EV battery chargers, appliances, etc.…).
Some of these frequency ranges have already been standardized in some countries (Japan,
Germany, Switzerland, etc.), but the resulting phenomena developed will benefit being
described in more details, with a focus on the interaction between the converters and the
electrical networks. The case of the presence of a large number of converters is also at stake.
Some complex phenomena can also arise when the full system is not stable anymore.
NOTE Whereas it is expected that the models and derived calculations form this document can be applied to the
Americas electrical systems its formal validation studies are still pending.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
– 12 – IEC TR 61000-2-15:2023 IEC 2023
4 Resonance phenomena with network and power electronics equipment
based on actual cases
4.1 Operation of overvoltage protection of earth leakage circuit breaker in Japanese
LV systems
4.1.1 General
• Overview
In Japanese LV systems, power outages due to the operation of the earth leakage circuit
breaker (ELCB) with an overvoltage protection function, and due to the abnormal acoustic
noises generated by peripheral appliances can occur when particular appliances with power
electronics technologies are operating [1] .
In some cases, the overvoltages exceed the rated voltage in the same LV system, caused
by harmonics within the frequency band of 2 kHz to 9 kHz in the LV line.
As a result of investigating these phenomena through verification tests and simulations, the
overvoltage was confirmed as attributable to a harmonic resonance between the harmonic
current produced by the power electronics appliance and the network circuit including the
MV/LV transformer inductance, the LV line inductance and the-line capacitances with
peripheral appliances. These resonance phenomena are also addressed in [7] [27].
The case is addressed in detail in the following paragraphs, and other cases are mentioned
in 4.2.
• Description of the conditions and their verification
In Figure 1, when a particular power electronics appliance in a home (source) connected to
a public LV system is in operation [1], an ELCB in another home (neighbour) connected to
the same LV system acted and trips or acoustic noise from appliances occurred. The ELCB
has functions not only to detect the earth leakage current but also to protect against
overvoltages. That overvoltage protection operates when its amplitude exceeds 130 % of
the nominal voltage.
Figure 1 – Schematic illustration of a ha
...
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