ISO 23472-1:2020
(Main)Foundry machinery — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
Foundry machinery — Vocabulary — Part 1: General
This document gives an overview on the terms and definitions of foundry machinery that are commonly and widely used. It applies to standard development in the foundry machinery field, technical documentation, related scientific and technical publications, etc.
Machine de fonderie — Vocabulaire — Partie 1: Généralités
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23472-1
First edition
2020-07
Foundry machinery — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
General
Reference number
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative reference . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .23
Alphabetical index .24
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 306, Foundry machinery.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
Introduction
Documentation gives rise to numerous international exchanges of both intellectual and material
nature. These exchanges often become difficult, either because of the great variety of terms used in
various fields or languages to express the same concept, or because of the absence of, or the imprecision
of, useful concepts.
To avoid misunderstandings due to this situation and to facilitate such exchanges, it is advisable to
select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to express the same concept, and
to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the various terms in different languages.
The objects involved in the ISO 23472 series are foundry machines used in foundry production.
The purpose of the ISO 23472 series is to provide definitions in English that are rigorous, uncomplicated
and which can be understood by all concerned. The scope of each concept defined has been chosen to
provide a definition that is suitable for general application within foundry machinery, which includes
machines and equipment adapted in each stage of the processes within different casting processes.
As a metal thermoforming method that fills molten metal into the mold to produce machine parts or
rough parts after solidification, casting has a long history and various processes, and its technology
remains constantly developing and changing. According to the differences of the molds used, or
different ways of molten metal filling or solidification, casting processes are usually divided into sand
casting, permanent casting and other casting processes. According to different casting processes and
different stages of production, casting equipment covered by foundry machinery is divided into the
following major categories:
— molding and coremaking machines and other equipment related to non-permanent mold casting
process;
— die casting machines and other equipment related to permanent mold casting process;
— abrasive blasting machines and other equipment related to cleaning and finishing for casting;
— cupola furnaces and pouring devices and ladles.
This document only involves general terms and definitions of foundry machinery, including basic
concepts concerning foundry machinery and related casting methods and production processes. The
detailed terms of the specific categories are defined in other parts of the ISO 23472 series (see Figure 1).
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
Figure 1 — Structure of foundry machinery vocabulary
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
Foundry machinery — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
General
1 Scope
This document gives an overview on the terms and definitions of foundry machinery that are commonly
and widely used.
It applies to standard development in the foundry machinery field, technical documentation, related
scientific and technical publications, etc.
2 Normative reference
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasive blasting
shot blasting
process in which the workpiece to be cleaned or surface to be treated is subjected to continuous attack
by abrasive media (3.3) to achieve a desired result
3.2
abrasive blasting machinery
shot blasting machinery
machine used for shot blasting (3.1) process by either centrifugal force or compressed air to accelerate
abrasive media (3.3)
3.3
abrasive media
shot blasting media
granular metallic or non-metallic material to be forcibly applied to a surface to achieve a desired result
Note 1 to entry: For the classification of metallic abrasives, see ISO 11124-1. For the classification of non-metallic
abrasives, see ISO 11126-1.
3.4
adding and compacting sand device
device for sand adding and compacting by vibration in molding process in expendable pattern casting
(3.58), for example, shower adding sand machine and vibrating table (3.176)
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.5
automatic mode
full-automatic mode
operating mode where the completion of a casting cycle initiates the next casting cycle
EXAMPLE To continuously produce castings (3.11) with any external process steps being automatically
carried out by ancillary device.
3.6
batch sand mixer
batch sand mill
machine for batch mixing (blending, coating, kneading) of molding or core sand with bonding agents,
water and complementary mold material additions
Note 1 to entry: The machines are provided with rotating paddles and/or milling rollers and fast rotating paddles
for the aeration of the material. Typically, machines consist of a circular container in which rotating ploughs and/
or mill wheels (mullers) are mounted.
3.7
binder
bonding substance
material with bonding property, mainly used to prepare molding (core) sand, coating and core adhesive
in foundry production
Note 1 to entry: Foundry binders are usually divided into two categories: inorganic and organic binders, or clay
binders and non-clay binders.
3.8
burdening
process in which the proportion of various metallic charge is determined according to the
requirement of the chemical composition of casting alloy (3.10), the actual situation of burden and the
changing law of elements in melting (3.98)
3.9
burdening
process in which the mixing proportion of various molding materials (3.108) is determined
according to the requirement of molding sand (3.111) properties in molding sand preparation (3.112)
3.10
cast metal
cast alloy
metal with proper castability which is used to produce castings (3.11), including cast iron, cast steel
and non-ferrous cast alloys (such as cast aluminium alloy, magnesium alloy, copper alloy, zinc alloy and
titanium alloy)
3.11
casting
metal part or rough part that has been given its shape in a mold (3.101) by solidification
(3.160) of molten metal (3.95)
3.12
casting
process in which molten metal (3.95) is poured, injected or suctioned into the mold cavity
and solidified to obtain metal parts or rough parts with certain shapes, sizes and properties
3.13
casting cooling
process in which the temperature of a casting (3.11) drops gradually after it is formed
Note 1 to entry: It includes the cooling of the casting in the mold (3.101), as well as the secondary cooling of the
casting after removal from the mold.
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.14
casting cooling and transferring system
system used for recooling of casting (3.11) after demolding
Note 1 to entry: It uses continuous conveyor (3.23), such as vibrating conveyor or overhead chain conveyor, and
can be equipped with ventilating and spray cooling system.
3.15
centrifugal casting
process in which molten metal (3.95) is filled into a mold (3.101) that rotates around a horizontal or
vertical axis and solidifies under the action of centrifugal force to produce castings (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: The molten metal is evenly distributed to the surface of the mold cavity under the centrifugal
force produced by the rotation of the mold, forming cylindrical cylinder sleeve, pipe and other ringlike castings.
3.16
centrifugal casting machine
machine that uses centrifugal casting (3.15) process to produce castings (3.11), such as horizontal
centrifugal casting machine and centrifugal casting-pipe machine
3.17
ceramic mold casting
process in which the ceramic mold is used to pour castings (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Ceramic mold casting is a kind of precision casting (3.127) method, which is mainly used for single
piece and small batch manufacturing of metal molds, as well as turbine blades, impellers and other precision
castings.
Note 2 to entry: Ceramic mold is made by casting ceramic slurry, then spraying and firing, and then ceramic solid
mold or thin shell mold is made.
3.18
clay bonded sand
molding sand (3.111) that uses clay as binder and is made of foundry sand, clay, water and additives
(such as seacoal, etc.) mixed in a certain proportion
Note 1 to entry: Clay is a commonly used binder in sand mold casting production, which can be divided into
kaolin or bentonite.
Note 2 to entry: Clay bonded sand can be divided into wet sand and dry sand according to different conditions of
use, in which wet sand is also called green sand (3.79).
3.19
cleaning
process of removing contaminant and unwanted material (for example, sand core (3.140) and residual
sand on the surface from casting, gate and riser, flash, burr, oxide scale, etc.) from casting (3.11)
3.20
compacting
process of compacting loose molding sand (3.111) by jolting, squeezing, shooting, air flowing and other
ways during the molding process to obtain the strength required for sand mold (3.146)
3.21
continuous casting
process of continuously casting metal ingots, pipes or fixed section long castings (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Process in which molten metal (3.95) is poured into a cooled mold open on both sides via tundish.
The shaping element of the strand is the mold (3.101). On the short way through the mold, so much heat is
extracted from the molten metal that it solidifies completely or with the formation of a load-bearing edge shell.
The strand is pulled out of the mold on the opposite side with the aid of a drawing device. In this way, different
strand formats with a constant cross-section can be produced.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.22
continuous casting machine
machine that uses continuous casting (3.21) process to produce castings (3.11)
3.23
continuous conveyor
machine and device used for long distance continuous conveying of loose material (such as sand (3.69))
or items (such as castings (3.11)) in foundry shop
Note 1 to entry: The types of machines include belt conveyor, pan conveyor, vibrating conveyor, overhead chain
conveyor, etc., excluding pneumatic conveyor for conveying clay, dry sand, seacoal and other powder materials.
3.24
continuous sand mixer
machine in which the sand with bonding agents are continuously mixed and conveyed to the
discharge gate
Note 1 to entry: Typically, the mixing takes place by screw-type mixing principles.
3.25
core
component of a mold used to form the inner cavity within a casting (3.11), a protruding part on the side
or a deep groove in case of pronounced undercuts and/or negative (back) drafts
Note 1 to entry: According to different uses or requirements, there are sand core (3.140), metal core, soluble core,
ceramic core and so on.
3.26
core assembly molding
molding process in which the core box (3.28) is used instead of the pattern (3.117) and the produced
sand cores (3.140) are assembled directly into the mold (3.101)
Note 1 to entry: It is mainly used for batch production of complex castings (3.11) or repeated production of large
castings.
3.27
core blower
machine where the sand is transported by means of compressed air into the core box (3.28)
Note 1 to entry: The sand is conveyed along in front of the compressed air. Typically used for resin-coated dry sand.
3.28
core box
mold for sand core making, whose inner cavity has the shape and size required for the sand core (3.140)
Note 1 to entry: It is usually made of metal, wood or plastic.
Note 2 to entry: It can be divided into integral type and bisection type according to its structure and can be
divided into hot core box and cold core box according to its use temperature.
3.29
core sand
coremaking mixture
mixture of raw sand, various binders and additives mixed in a certain proportion, which meets a certain
property requirement of making sand core (3.140)
3.30
core shooter
machine where compressed air is rapidly expanded via the sand reservoir into the sand
Note 1 to entry: After expanding, the sand is then fluidized by the airstream and the sand-air-mix is transported
into the core box. Typically used for cold box, hot box and inorganic binder systems.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.31
core storehouse and conveying system
system used for automatic conveying, storing and distributing of sand core (3.140), for example, core
three-dimensional storehouse
3.32
coremaking
process in sand casting process that uses core sand (3.29), core box (3.28) and other toolings to make
sand core, including hand coremaking and machine coremaking
3.33
coremaking line
equipment used to make ready-to-use single cores and/or core assemblies
Note 1 to entry: A line may consist of, e.g., a sand preparation equipment, core making machine, equipment for
handling, deflashing, assembling, coating and drying of cores.
3.34
coremaking machinery
machines used to make solid and/or hollow cores
3.35
counter pressure casting
differential pressure casting
pressure casting process in which molten metal (3.95) is filled up the mold (3.101) and solidified under
counter pressure of compressed air
Note 1 to entry: The actual casting process is carried out in a similar way to low pressure casting (3.89), also with
the help of a riser tube. The cast metal (3.10) is conveyed up into the die (3.45) by the riser tube. However, the
pressurization of the metal bath in the furnace in order to convey the melt up into the die is caused by a pressure
difference up by lowering the gas pressure in the pressurized die a little. This causes an overpressure in the
furnace which causes the metal to rise into the die.
Note 2 to entry: Its working pressure levels are usually higher than ones in low pressure casting.
3.36
crystallizer
special die (3.45) with water-cooled structure for rapid solidification of molten metal and used for
continuous or semi-continuous casting (3.150), suction casting (3.163) and electroslag melting and
casting (3.54)
3.37
cupola furnace
cylindrical vertical melting furnace (3.99) with pig iron, foundry returns and/or steel scrap as metallic
charge for melting cast iron
Note 1 to entry: Cupola furnace melting (3.98) is a process that produces heat through the reaction (combustion)
of fuel (for example, coke) and oxygen, so that the metallic charge melts and overheats, and finally obtains the
required molten iron. In this process, the metallic charge is in direct contact with fuel and is blast-assisted from
the tuyere for continuous melting.
3.38
decoring
core knock-out
process in which sand core (3.140) is removed from the inner cavity of the casting by hammering or any
other way
3.39
decoring cell
complete set of decoring (3.38) equipment that consists of a decoring machine (3.40), a robot for loading
and unloading workpieces, and an exhaust system (3.56), etc.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.40
decoring machine
machine that removes the sand core (3.140) from the inner cavity of the casting (3.11) by pneumatic or
hydraulic impact hammer
Note 1 to entry: It is usually composed of hammering mechanism, conveying mechanism for workpiece and a
chamber which prevents dust from escaping. Among them, the conveying of the workpiece can adopt motorized
roller, mobile car, turntable, manipulator or robot.
3.41
decorticating
process of removing the shell mold (3.154) after casting (3.11) is formed in the investment casting (3.83)
3.42
degating
process of removing the gate and riser from casting (3.11)
Note 1 to entry: Commonly used methods are striking, grinding wheel or machine cutting, flame cutting, etc.
3.43
degating device
device used to remove gate and riser of castings, such as gate hydraulic cutting machine and riser
impacting hammer
3.44
dewaxing
process of removing wax pattern assembly from shell mold and forming cavity by melting, dissolving or
burning in investment casting (3.83)
Note 1 to entry: Commonly used methods are hot water dewaxing, steam dewaxing, etc.
3.45
die
permanent mold
mold (3.101) made of metal materials
Note 1 to entry: It is not destroyed after the casting (3.11) has been removed and can be used repeatedly.
3.46
die casting
high pressure die casting
process in which molten metal (3.95) is injected into a die (3.45) and held under pressure until complete
solidification
3.47
die casting cell
die casting machine (3.48), together with auxiliary and ancillary equipment, which form a complete
production unit
3.48
die casting machine
machine with the purpose to inject molten metal (3.95) under pressure into a parted die which is
connected to the platens of the machine
3.49
disposable mold
mold (3.101) that is destroyed to remove the casting (3.11)
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.50
drying machine and plant for sand mold
drying machine and plant for sand core
machine and related equipment used for sand mold (3.146) or sand core (3.140) drying in foundry
production, such as passing type drying chamber, hot blast drying furnace and electric far infrared
drying furnace
3.51
duplex melting
duplexing
method of producing molten metal (3.95) with two kinds of furnaces
Note 1 to entry: Usually melting in a furnace with high thermal efficiency (e.g. cupola furnace (3.37)), refining and
heating in a furnace which can easily control the composition and temperature of the alloy (e.g. electric furnace).
3.52
dust separator
air cleaning device to remove contaminated particulates prior to discharge to the atmosphere
3.53
electromagnetic pump
device for raising, conveying, proportioning and pouring molten metal (3.95) by electromagnetic force
3.54
electroslag melting and casting
process of melting and refining metal by the resistance heat produced by the current passing through
slag and casting molten metal (3.95) into castings or ingots
Note 1 to entry: Under the action of gravity, the molten metal passes through slag directly into the bottom
crystallizer (3.36) by means of separate droplets and solidifies, thus obtaining castings or ingots.
3.55
environmental protection and waste disposal equipment
machine, device and system used to dispose foundry wastes (3.71), such as foundry duster and dust
extraction system, plants for preparation of dusts and slurries and swarf recycling plants
3.56
exhaust system
extraction device which collects contaminated air under a slight negative pressure and transports it via
appropriate ducting to a dust collector
3.57
expendable pattern
lost foam pattern
pattern (3.117) made of polystyrene foam and other flammable materials which disappears because of
combustion and gasification under the high temperature of molten metal (3.95)
3.58
expendable pattern casting
lost foam casting
EPC
casting method which uses expendable pattern (3.57) for molding (3.104)
Note 1 to entry: It is not necessary to strip after molding. When pouring (3.125), high temperature molten metal
(3.95) causes the pattern to burn, gasify and disappear, and fills up the cavity occupied by the pattern at the
same time
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 7
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.59
expendable pattern making device
machine and device used to make expendable pattern (3.57) and store pattern materials in expendable
pattern casting (3.58), such as bead storage equipment, pre-foaming machine, forming machine and
adhesive machine
3.60
feeder
machine and device used for continuous and uniform control of loose material flow and short distance
conveying in foundry production, which have gate valve function when stop feeding, such as vibrating
feeder, belt feeder, disk feeder and pneumatic feeding system
3.61
firing
process in investment casting (3.83) and ceramic mold casting (3.17), in which the shell mold or ceramic
mold should be heated to a high temperature before pouring and held for a period of time at high
temperature in order to increase the strength of the shell and remove the residual material or moisture
3.62
flask
molding box
rigid frame which contains molding sand (3.111) and supports sand mold (3.146) and becomes a part of
the mold (3.101), is a main tooling in sand casting (3.137) production, usually made of metal
Note 1 to entry: A complete flask is usually composed of two or more molding boxes. The upper molding box is
called upper flask or cope, the lower molding box is called lower flask or drag, and the middle molding box is
called middle flask.
Note 2 to entry: The flasks should be attached with alignment and positioning device while closing, as well as
lifting, turning over and clamping devices or to keep closed by weight.
3.63
flask molding
box molding
molding (3.104) method which uses flask (3.62) in sand casting (3.137) production
Note 1 to entry: Fill sand and compact in the flask, and still use the flask to support sand mold (3.146) after
stripping (3.162) for lifting and/or moving mold and pouring (3.125).
3.64
flaskless molding
molding (3.104) method which does not use flask (3.62) in sand casting (3.137) production
3.65
foundry
process in which molten metal (3.95) is poured, injected or suctioned into the mold cavity
and solidified to obtain metal parts or rough parts with certain shapes, sizes and properties
Note 1 to entry: It should also include melting metals, making molds, as well as cleaning and finishing processes
for the obtained parts.
3.66
foundry
professional factory with independent production, management and operation for
foundry (3.65)
3.67
foundry
workshop used to complete one or several processes in foundry (3.65)
production, such as molding (3.104) shop, coremaking (3.32) shop, melting (3.98) shop and casting
fettling shop, final machining and coating shop
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.68
foundry equipment
all kinds of machinery and plant used in foundry production, including various process equipment, such
as molding (3.104), coremaking (3.32), melting (3.98), pouring (3.125), shakeout (3.84), cleaning (3.19)
equipment, etc., as well as a variety of auxiliary and associated equipment for foundry (3.65)
3.69
foundry sand
sand
refractories with a certain particle size, shape and particle distribution requirement used to make sand
mold (core) for foundry (3.65).
3.70
foundry tooling
general terms of the tools used in the processes of molding (3.104) and coremaking (3.32) in sand casting
(3.137) production, such as pattern (3.117), pattern plate (3.119), flask (3.62), core box (3.28), etc.
3.71
foundry waste
waste water, waste gas and solid waste generated in foundry production
Note 1 to entry: Solid waste includes waste sand, waste residue, and dusts and slurries collected by exhaust
system (3.56).
Note 2 to entry: Most foundry waste needs to be recycled or up-to-standard discharged after disposal for
comprehensive utilization and environmental protection.
3.72
furnace charge
charging material
general terms of all raw materials involved in the melting process in the melting furnace (3.99), including
metallic charge, flux and fuel, etc.
3.73
fusible pattern
pattern (3.117) made of fusible materials which can be melted by autoclave, hot water, high temperature
steam, etc.
EXAMPLE Wax pattern used in investment casting (3.83).
3.74
gas cleaning
process of removing dust, aerosol and harmful gas produced in the production
3.75
gassing equipment
central supply systems and equipment used to produce and/or condition reactive gasses and supply
them to the gassing station or into the sand mixture
Note 1 to entry: Typical processes (binder system / reactive gas) are:
— silicate/CO
2
— urethane (coldbox)/amine
— furan resin; peroxide or epoxy resin; peroxide/SO
2
— alkaline resin/methyl-formate
— inorganic binders/hot air (as dehydration assistance).
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 9
---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
ISO 23472-1:2020(E)
3.76
graphite mold casting
process in which graphite mold is used to pouring castings
Note 1 to entry: It is a precision casting (3.127) method, mainly used for active metal casting, such as titanium
alloy casting, also suitable for casting high carbon steel wheels, etc.
Note 2 to entry: Graphite mold is made by processing graphite block, or by pressurized forming, drying and
sintering for graphite molding sand.
Note 3 to entry: Graphite mold is semi-permanent mold (3
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.