ISO 14400:2021
(Main)Road vehicles — Wheels and rims — Use, general maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service conditions
Road vehicles — Wheels and rims — Use, general maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service conditions
This document specifies requirements for the use, general maintenance and safety of wheels and rims including multi-piece wheels and rims. This document defines their out-of-service conditions, such as cracked, worn and bent wheels and rim components. It is applicable to wheels intended for use on road as defined in ISO 3833 and off road vehicles. This document does not include mopeds and motorcycles.
Véhicules routiers — Roues et jantes — Exigences en matière d'utilisation, de maintenance générale et de sécurité, et conditions de mise hors service
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14400
Second edition
2021-10
Road vehicles — Wheels and rims —
Use, general maintenance and safety
requirements and out-of-service
conditions
Véhicules routiers — Roues et jantes — Exigences en matière
d'utilisation, de maintenance générale et de sécurité, et conditions de
mise hors service
Reference number
ISO 14400:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Use and general maintenance requirements . 1
4.1 Wheel and wheel components . 1
4.2 Wheel mounting and removal . . 2
4.3 Studs and nuts . 2
5 General safety requirements . 3
6 Out-of-service conditions.3
Bibliography .18
iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 33,
Vehicle dynamics and chassis components.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14400:2005), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— added off-road vehicles to the scope since the sections apply equally to that as well as road vehicles.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to ensure the safe operation of vehicles. The wheel is a highly stressed
component of the vehicle that in service may be subject to extreme forces. Therefore, it is absolutely
necessary to handle these parts with care and to pay particular attention to their mounting, removal
and maintenance in order to ensure safe operations and to prevent servicing accidents.
v
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14400:2021(E)
Road vehicles — Wheels and rims — Use, general
maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service
conditions
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the use, general maintenance and safety of wheels and rims
including multi-piece wheels and rims. This document defines their out-of-service conditions, such as
cracked, worn and bent wheels and rim components. It is applicable to wheels intended for use on road
as defined in ISO 3833 and off road vehicles. This document does not include mopeds and motorcycles.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3911, Wheels and rims for pneumatic tyres — Vocabulary, designation and marking
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3911 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Use and general maintenance requirements
WARNING — On multi-piece rims, the use of the wrong ring components can result in catastrophic
wheel failure.
4.1 Wheel and wheel components
Wheels or parts of wheels which cannot be identified shall not be used even if they seem to have the
correct functions and the identical dimensions. The characteristics of the wheel centre shall correspond
exactly to vehicle parts, especially the axle hub and the brake, in order to guarantee a proper fitting and
an effective load transmission.
A neutral non-aggressive mounting paste or liquid shall be used to lubricate the tyre beads. The hub,
studs, nuts and the wheel attachment face shall be carefully cleaned. In the case of multi-piece wheels,
all contact surfaces shall be cleaned.
Inspect parts for out-of-service conditions, see Clause 6. If cleaning does not restore the original
condition for the mating surfaces or if the parts have any of the conditions described in Clause 6, the
parts shall be replaced.
1
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
4.2 Wheel mounting and removal
Mounting and removal of wheels shall be carried out by trained personnel only. Only the correct tools
shall be used to carry out the various operations.
On multi-piece rims, prior to inflation of the tyre, the correct positioning of the lock ring, the loose
flange ring and rubber O-rings, or sealing rings if applicable, shall be carefully checked, always avoiding
any correction by means of a hammer. In the case of incorrect positioning, all the air shall be let out of
tyre and the whole mounting procedure repeated.
When inflating tyres, the wheel shall be placed in a safety cage or else safety chains shall be put round
the wheel. The operator shall not stay in the near dangerous areas or trajectories. Trajectory means
any potential path or route that a rim wheel component can travel during an explosive separation, or
the
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14400
Second edition
Road vehicles — Wheels and rims —
Use, general maintenance and safety
requirements and out-of-service
conditions
Véhicules routiers — Roues et jantes — Exigences en matière
d'utilisation, de maintenance générale et de sécurité, et conditions de
mise hors service
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 14400:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Use and general maintenance requirements . 1
4.1 Wheel and wheel components . 1
4.2 Wheel mounting and removal . 2
4.3 Studs and nuts . 2
5 General safety requirements . 3
6 Out-of-service conditions . 3
Bibliography .18
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 33,
Vehicle dynamics and chassis components.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 14400:2005), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— added off-road vehicles to the scope since the sections apply equally to that as well as road vehicles.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
Introduction
The purpose of this document is to ensure the safe operation of vehicles. The wheel is a highly stressed
component of the vehicle that in service may be subject to extreme forces. Therefore, it is absolutely
necessary to handle these parts with care and to pay particular attention to their mounting, removal
and maintenance in order to ensure safe operations and to prevent servicing accidents.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14400:2021(E)
Road vehicles — Wheels and rims — Use, general
maintenance and safety requirements and out-of-service
conditions
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the use, general maintenance and safety of wheels and rims
including multi-piece wheels and rims. This document defines their out-of-service conditions, such as
cracked, worn and bent wheels and rim components. It is applicable to wheels intended for use on road
as defined in ISO 3833 and off road vehicles. This document does not include mopeds and motorcycles.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3911, Wheels and rims for pneumatic tyres — Vocabulary, designation and marking
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3911 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Use and general maintenance requirements
WARNING — On multi-piece rims, the use of the wrong ring components can result in catastrophic
wheel failure.
4.1 Wheel and wheel components
Wheels or parts of wheels which cannot be identified shall not be used even if they seem to have the
correct functions and the identical dimensions. The characteristics of the wheel centre shall correspond
exactly to vehicle parts, especially the axle hub and the brake, in order to guarantee a proper fitting and
an effective load transmission.
A neutral non-aggressive mounting paste or liquid shall be used to lubricate the tyre beads. The hub,
studs, nuts and the wheel attachment face shall be carefully cleaned. In the case of multi-piece wheels,
all contact surfaces shall be cleaned.
Inspect parts for out-of-service conditions, see Clause 6. If cleaning does not restore the original
condition for the mating surfaces or if the parts have any of the conditions described in Clause 6, the
parts shall be replaced.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 14400:2021(E)
4.2 Wheel mounting and removal
Mounting and removal of wheels shall be carried out by trained personnel only. Only the correct tools
shall be used to carry out the various operations.
On multi-piece rims, prior to inflation of the tyre, the correct positioning of the lock ring, the loose
flange ring and rubber O-rings, or sealing rings if applicable, shall be carefully checked, always avoiding
any correction by means of a hammer. In the case of incorrect positioning, all the air shall be let out of
tyre and the whole mounting procedure repeated.
When inflating tyres, the wheel shall be placed in a safety cage or else safety chains shall be put round
the wheel. The operator shall not stay in the near dangerous areas or trajectories. Trajectory means
any potential path or route that a rim wheel component can travel during an explosive separation, or
the sudden release of the pressurized air, or an area at which an
...
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