ISO 28560-1:2014

Information and documentation - RFID in libraries - Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation

ISO 28560-1:2014 specifies a model for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries, including academic, public, corporate, special, and school. ISO 28560-1:2014 provides the framework to ensure interoperability between libraries that exchange library items with RFID tags, the freedom of the library to acquire or renew equipment or library items from different vendors, and interoperability of a single RFID application from the vendor's perspective. ISO 28560-1:2014 specifies a set of data elements and general guidelines for implementation, to meet the needs for: circulation of library items; acquisition of library items; interlibrary loan processes; data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers of library items; inventory and stock checking of items. ISO 28560-1:2014 gives guidelines for item security, profiles, privacy, implementation, migration, label design, and location of the RFID label. ISO 28560-1:2014 specifies the data model, system data elements, and user data elements to be used in conjunction with ISO 28560‑2, ISO 28560‑3, and any future parts of ISO 28560.

Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques — Partie 1: Éléments de données et lignes directrices générales pour la mise en oeuvre

Informatika in dokumentacija - RFID v knjižnicah - 1. del: Podatkovni elementi in splošne smernice za izvedbo

Ta del standarda ISO 28560 določa model za uporabo oznak za radiofrekvenčno prepoznavo (RFID) za elemente, ustrezne za potrebe vseh vrst knjižnic, vključno z nacionalnimi, akademskimi, javnimi, poslovnimi, posebnimi in šolskimi.
Ta del standarda ISO 28560 določa okvir za zagotavljanje interoperabilnosti med knjižnicami, ki si izmenjavajo knjižnične elemente z oznakami RFID, svobode knjižnice pri pridobivanju ali obnovi opreme ali knjižničnih elementov od različnih prodajalcev in interoperabilnosti ene same uporabe RFID z vidika prodajalca.
Ta del standarda ISO 28560 določa niz podatkovnih elementov in splošne smernice za izvedbo, da se izpolnijo potrebe po:
– kroženju knjižničnih elementov;
– pridobivanju knjižničnih elementov;
– postopkih izposoje med knjižnicami;
– zahtevah glede podatkov s strani izdajateljev, tiskarjev in drugih dobaviteljev knjižničnih elementov;
– preverjanju seznama in zaloge elementov.
Ta del standarda ISO 28560 določa zahteve za varnost elementov, profile, zasebnost, izvajanje, seljenje, oblikovanje oznake in lokacijo etikete RFID.
Ta del standarda ISO 28560 določa podatkovni model, sistemske podatkovne elemente in uporabniške podatkovne elemente, ki se uporabljajo v povezavi s standardi ISO 28560-2, ISO28560-3 ter katerimi koli prihodnjimi deli standarda ISO 28560.
Vir dodatnih informacij o vprašanjih glede izvajanja je zagotovljen v dodatku A.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 17-Aug-2014
• ICS: 35.040 - Information coding
• ICS: 35.040.50 - Automatic identification and data capture techniques
• ICS: 35.240.30 - IT applications in information, documentation and publishing
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 46/SC 4 - Technical interoperability
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 46/SC 4 - Technical interoperability
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 09-Jun-2023
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025
• Ref Project: SIST ISO 28560-1:2014 - Information and documentation -- RFID in libraries -- Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation

Relations

• Revised: ISO 28560-1:2023 - Information and documentation - RFID in libraries - Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022
• Revises: ISO 28560-1:2011 - Information and documentation - RFID in libraries - Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation
• Effective Date: 02-Nov-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2014
Informatika in dokumentacija - RFID v knjižnicah - 1. del: Podatkovni elementi in
splošne smernice za izvedbo
Information and documentation -- RFID in libraries -- Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
Information et documentation -- RFID dans les bibliothèques -- Partie 1: Éléments de
données et lignes directrices générales pour la mise en oeuvre
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 28560-1:2014
ICS:
35.040 Nabori znakov in kodiranje Character sets and
informacij information coding
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28560-1
Second edition
2014-08-15
Information and documentation —
RFID in libraries —
Part 1:
Data elements and general guidelines
for implementation
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 1: Éléments de données et lignes directrices générales pour la
mise en oeuvre
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 User data elements . 2
4.1 Overview of user data elements . 2
4.2 Use of user data elements . 4
4.3 Maintenance of the list of data elements used .11
5 System data elements .11
5.1 System data versus user data .11
5.2 System data elements for identification and item security in libraries .11
6 Tools for data security and integrity .13
7 Regional and business profiling .13
7.1 Elements for profiles .13
7.2 Regional profiles .13
7.3 Business profiles .13
8 Privacy issues .14
9 Implementation and migration .15
9.1 New RFID implementations .15
9.2 Migration for regional models .15
9.3 Use of the correct AFI value .15
9.4 Discrimination between ISO 28560-compliant and non-compliant tags .15
9.5 Migrations of ISO/IEC 18000-3 Mode 1 RFID tags .16
9.6 Migrations of other RFID tag technologies .16
9.7 Conversion methodologies .16
9.8 Preservation of business profiles during migration .17
10 Label design and location of the label .17
10.1 Label design .17
10.2 Location of the RFID label .17
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries .18
Annex B (informative) Uniqueness of RFID tags .19
Annex C (normative) Type of usage code values (hexadecimal) .20
Annex D (informative) Country prefixes for supplier identifier .22
Annex E (informative) Interoperability characteristics of security systems .23
Bibliography .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 28560-1:2011), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 28560 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information and documentation — RFID
in libraries:
— Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation
— Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
— Part 3: Fixed length encoding
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 4: Encoding of data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962 in an RFID tag with partitioned
memory [Technical Specification]
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace bar
codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. A standard
data model for encoding information on RFID tags could increase the cost-effectiveness of the technology
within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment, and enhance
support for resource sharing between libraries.
Tags that are currently used in libraries use proprietary rules adopted by vendors or follow the rules
of historic national RFID models. In general, there is interoperability between tags with a data model
compliant with this International Standard and tags that carry a non-ISO 28560-compliant data model.
Several countries have undertaken preliminary work on standardization. The Netherlands developed
a data model for public libraries and in Denmark “RFID Data Model for Libraries” has been published.
Finland has adopted the Danish model, but with a few changes. There is a French data model that differs
from the Danish and Dutch models. Other libraries in different parts of the world have installations
based on various proprietary systems offered by technology and library system suppliers. All of these
constitute the installed base of RFID systems, but only account for a small minority of the total of
libraries globally.
There is an opportunity to develop a standard data model, taking into account the lessons learned from
the national schemes and vendor solutions, and provide migration options for those libraries that have
already invested in the technology. Because new items are continually being purchased, a number of
migration options can be adopted based on factors relevant to each library.
This part of ISO 28560 deals with data elements and provides general guidelines for implementation.
Other parts of ISO 28560 describe encodings and choice of frequency.
Communication between the RFID reader and the library system (or other applications) is handled by,
for example, SIP-2 and NCIP (see Bibliography).
This International Standard provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries.
Ongoing advice needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology and the
opportunities to migrate between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this
International Standard.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28560-1:2014(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries —
Part 1:
Data elements and general guidelines for implementation
1 Scope
This part of ISO 28560 specifies a model for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for
items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries, including national, academic, public, corporate,
special, and school.
This part of ISO 28560 provides the framework to ensure interoperability between libraries that
exchange library items with RFID tags, the freedom of the library to acquire or renew equipment or
library items from different vendors, and interoperability of a single RFID application from the vendor’s
perspective.
This part of ISO 28560 specifies a set of data elements and general guidelines for implementation, to
meet the needs for:
— circulation of library items;
— acquisition of library items;
— interlibrary loan processes;
— data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers of library items;
— inventory and stock checking of items.
This part of ISO 28560 gives guidelines for item security, profiles, privacy, implementation, migration,
label design, and location of the RFID label.
This part of ISO 28560 specifies the data model, system data elements, and user data elements to be
used in conjunction with ISO 28560-2, ISO 28560-3, and any future parts of ISO 28560.
A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 3: RFID data constructs
ISO 28560-2, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements
based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
ISO 28560-3, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 3: Fixed length encoding
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
distributor
wholesaler that purchases products from manufacturers and sells them to retailers or other wholesalers
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this International Standard, a distributor is a wholesaler that purchases library
materials such as books or audiovisual materials from publishers and sells them to libraries or retailers.
3.2
interlibrary loan
ILL
service where a library borrows an item from another library
3.3
item
unit tracked in a library system
Note 1 to entry: An item, which can be a set (3.7), can be loanable or non-circulating, but is always loaned in its
entirety.
3.4
jobber
specialized distributor of library items that provides services such as the attachment of labelling
and electronic information to items to make them ready for immediate shelving upon arrival at the
destination library
3.5
library management system
enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, items loaned, orders made,
bills paid, and patrons
Note 1 to entry: In some countries, this is known as an integrated library system.
3.6
part
individual physical entity included in an item
Note 1 to entry: A part can be a library material or a container for the library materials in a set (3.7).
3.7
set
item consisting of a number of parts, all identified by the same item identifier and loaned in one
transaction as a unit
3.8
supply chain
series of entities, typically beginning with a publisher and ending with a library, through which library
materials flow as they are acquired by that library
4 User data elements
4.1 Overview of user data elements
Libraries can choose which data elements they want to store on the tag. It is unlikely that a library places
all the listed data elements on the tag. A number of data elements are reserved for local use. They should
be ignored where the processing institution is not the owner of the item (as in ILL).
Table 1 lists the user data elements that are defined in this International Standard.
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — User data elements
Name of the ISO 8459
a c d f g
N Description Ref Status Relationship
b e
data element mapping
1 Primary item iden- Unique identification 4.2.1 Piece identifier Mandatory for cir- None
tifier of an item at least culated items
inside the library
2 Content parameter Specifies the struc- 4.2.2 None Can be mandatory None
ture of the tag data as specified in other
parts of ISO 28560
3 Owner institution The ISIL code for the 4.2.3 Party identifier; Strongly recom- Elements 3 and
(ISIL) institution that owns Participant’s func- mended to create 23 are mutually
the item tion interoperability exclusive
4 Set information Number of parts in 4.2.4 Number of volumes; Optional None
item and ordinal part Component
number
5 Type of usage Additional qualifying 4.2.5 None Optional None
information about
the item or part of
a set
6 Shelf location Code for location of 4.2.6 Copy shelf locator Optional None
the item
7 ONIX media format ONIX media descrip- 4.2.7 Record content type Optional Data elements 7, 8,
tor and 19 should be
consistent
8 MARC media format MARC 21 category of 4.2.8 Record content type Optional Data elements 7, 8,
material descriptor and 19 should be
consistent
9 Supplier identifier Code for identifica- 4.2.9 Party identifier; Optional None
tion of supplier of the Participant’s func-
item tion
10 Order number Number meaningful 4.2.10 Request identifier Optional None
to the library and to
the supplier of the
item
11 ILL borrowing insti- ISIL code for the 4.2.11 Party identifier; Optional Data elements 11
tution (ISIL) institution borrow- Participant’s func- and 25 are mutually
ing the item tion exclusive
12 ILL borrowing Number identifying 4.2.12 None Optional None
transaction number an interlibrary loan
transaction
13 GS1 product identi- GTIN-13 code of GS1 4.2.13 Resource identifier Optional Data elements 13
fier code and 18 should be
consistent
14 Alternative unique Possibly encoding in 4.2.14 None Reserved for future
item identifier new tag architectures use
15 Local data A Any locally defined 4.2.15 None Optional None
purpose
16 Local data B Any locally defined 4.2.16 None Optional None
purpose
17 Title The title/titles of the 4.2.17 Title Optional None
library item
Table 1 — (continued)
Name of the ISO 8459
a c d f g
N Description Ref Status Relationship
b e
data element mapping
18 Product identifier Product identifier not 4.2.18 Resource identifier Optional Data elements 13
local based on GTIN-13 code and 18 should be
consistent
19 Media format Media descriptor 4.2.19 Record content type Optional Data elements 7, 8,
(other) other than ONIX or and 19 should be
MARC consistent
20 Supply chain stage The stage of the sup- 4.2.20 None Optional None
ply chain in which
the item currently
resides
21 Supplier invoice Invoice number 4.2.21 Invoice identifier Optional None
number meaningful to the
library and to the
supplier of the item
22 Alternative item Optional identifier 4.2.22 Piece identifier Optional None
identifier for an item
23 Alternative owner Code for the library 4.2.23 Party identifier; Optional Data elements 3
institution institution other than Participant’s func- and 23 are mutually
ISIL tion exclusive
24 Subsidiary of an Internal code defined 4.2.24 Party identifier; Optional None
owner institution within a library insti- Participant’s func-
tution tion
25 Alternative ILL bor- Code for the ILL bor- 4.2.25 Party identifier; Optional Data elements 11
rowing institution rowing institution Participant’s func- and 25 are mutually
other than ISIL tion exclusive
26 Local data C Any locally defined 4.2.26 None Optional None
purpose
27 Not defined 4.2.27 Reserved for future
use
28 Not defined 4.2.28 Reserved for future
use
29 Not defined 4.2.29 Reserved for future
use
30 Not defined 4.2.30 Reserved for future
use
31 Not defined 4.2.31 Reserved for future
use
a
This column specifies the data element number (N), i.e. the number identifying the data element.
b
This column specifies the data element name (name of data element), i.e. the name identifying the data element.
c
This column specifies the data element description, i.e. a brief description about the purpose of the data element.
d
This column contains a reference to the clause where the data element is described.
e
This column contains the mapping to the corresponding data elements in ISO 8459. The mapping is for information.
f
This column classifies the data elements into categories (status).
g
This column specifies possible relationships to other data elements (relationship).
4.2 Use of user data elements
4.2.1 Primary item identifier
The library’s unique identification of an item shall be used as the primary item identifier. This data
element is required for circulation. It can be absent in the acquisition process.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

The primary item identifier can be, but need not be, equivalent to the (former) bar code. It can be decided
at a local or national level if the identifier should be unique outside the library and how this is to be
achieved.
Annex B illustrates how the primary item identifier can be combined with other data to achieve
increasing levels of uniqueness, ultimately global uniqueness.
4.2.2 Content parameter
The content parameter data element specifies the structure of the tag data. The parameter can have
different forms for the various possible encoding methodologies specified in other parts of ISO 28560.
4.2.3 Owner institution (ISIL)
The owner institution (ISIL) data element is used for the ISIL code for the institution that owns the item.
The ISIL code shall be as defined in ISO 15511.
The list of ISIL agencies that are responsible for the issuing process of ISIL codes can be found at http://
biblstandard.dk/isil/.
In exceptional cases, the ISIL code, or parts of the ISIL code, can be stored in data element 23 (alternative
owner institution).
4.2.4 Set information
4.2.4.1 General
If the set information data element is encoded, it shall consist of two components, which are
a) the “number of parts in item”, followed by
b) the “ordinal part number”,
as specified in 4.2.4.2 and 4.2.4.3. These two component parameters are used to identify various
permutations relating to sets.
A single part item is the default case. A system reading a tag that does not contain the set information
data element can assume that the item has only a single part.
4.2.4.2 Numbers of parts in item
For sets with only a single part, the “numbers of parts in item” component shall take the value “1”.
For sets with more than a single part, the “numbers of parts in item” component shall take a value in the
range 0 to 255, where a positive number indicates the total number of parts in the set, and 0 that the
total number is not known.
4.2.4.3 Ordinal part number
For sets with only a single part, the “ordinal part number” component shall take the value “1”.
For sets with more than a single part, the “ordinal part number” component shall take a value in the
range 0 to 255, under one of the following two conditions.
— If all parts in the set carry an RFID tag, a positive ordinal part number corresponding to the
placement of the part in the set shall be assigned to each part.
— If only some of the parts in the set carry an RFID tag, the first part shall be assigned the ordinal part
number 0, and the following parts an ordinal part number corresponding to the placement of the
part in the set. As a consequence, no part shall be assigned the ordinal part number 1.
4.2.4.4 Examples
EXAMPLE 1 A set with three parts, all with their own RFID tags:
— Number of this part = 1 (first RFID tag): code = 31
— Number of this part = 2 (second RFID tag): code = 32
— Number of this part = 3 (third RFID tag): code = 33
EXAMPLE 2 A set consisting of a single part with one RFID tag:
— Number of this part = 1:  code = 11 (if present)
EXAMPLE 3 A set consists of 12 parts, and this is the fourth part:
— Number of this part = 4 (fourth RFID tag): code = 1204
EXAMPLE 4 A set having four parts but one part does not carry an RFID tag:
— Number of this part = 1 (first RFID tag): code = 40
— Number of this part = 2 (second RFID tag): code = 42
— Number of this part = 3 (third RFID tag): code = 43
— Number of this part = 4 (no RFID tag)
NOTE 1 The “0” of the first part serves two functions:
a) it indicates that not all parts have an RFID tag;
b) it indicates that this is the first part.
EXAMPLE 5 A set having an unknown number of parts or increasing in number of parts over time.
— Number of this part = 1 (first RFID tag): code = 01
— Number of this part = 2 (second RFID tag): code = 02
— Number of this part = 3 (third RFID tag): code = 03
— Number of this part = 4 (fourth RFID tag): code = 04
NOTE 2 The initial “0” indicates that the number of parts is not fixed.
4.2.5 Type of usage
4.2.5.1 General
The type of usage data element provides additional qualifying information about the item or part of a
set, for example, the type of material and its use within the library. As synergies between RFID-enabled
devices become more common, this data element can be set dynamically by one RFID device for the
benefit of another. Individual parts of a set can have different values for the type of usage data element.
If this data element is encoded, it shall use the values specified in Annex C.
4.2.5.2 Examples
EXAMPLE 1 An acquisition item that arrives at a library can be processed automatically if it has the following
type of usage parameters:
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

— Main qualifier = 0 (Class = acquisition item)
— Sub-qualifier = 1 (Sub-class = for automated processes)
EXAMPLE 2 If a similar acquisition item is only parameterized by a main qualifier, it can have the following
type of usage parameters:
— Main qualifier = 0 (Class = acquisition item)
— Sub-qualifier is absent means that the sub-class is unspecified (identical to sub-qualifier value zero)
EXAMPLE 3 An item for circulation that has to be handled with care and is not suited for automatic sorting has
the following type of usage parameters:
— Main qualifier = 1 (Class = item for circulation)
— Sub-qualifier = 2 (Sub-class = not for automatic sorting)
EXAMPLE 4 A discarded item that is offered for sale has the following type of usage parameters:
— Main qualifier = 7 (Class = discarded item)
— Sub-qualifier = 1 (Sub-class = for sale)
4.2.6 Shelf location
The shelf location data element holds the location of the item.
The data element can take any value the library decides to use. The values reflect the library’s shelf
location system and are only intended for use in the library owning the item.
Automatic sorting systems can use this data element for sorting purposes.
4.2.7 ONIX media format
The ONIX media format data element shall, if encoded, represent an ONIX media descriptor of two
alphabetic characters.
These media descriptors are based on the ONIX Books Product Form Code List, published and maintained
by EDItEUR. Use the latest product form code from the ONIX Books Code Lists (see http://www.editeur.
org).
NOTE EDItEUR is the international group coordinating development of the standards infrastructure for
electronic commerce in the book and serials industries.
4.2.8 MARC media format
The MARC media format data element shall, if encoded, represent a MARC 21 category of material
descriptor.
This media descriptor is a compound of two letters defined by positions 6 and 7 in the leader of a
MARC 21 record. See http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic.
4.2.9 Supplier identifier
The supplier identifier data element is used for identification of the supplier of the item.
If a supplier code is determined by the purchasing library or its owner body (e.g. university, city,
government) there might be structure rules already in place. If not, it is recommended to define a unique
list on a national level. Annex D indicates a method using a country prefix.
4.2.10 Order number
The order number data element is used for an order number meaningful to the library and to the supplier
of the item.
4.2.11 ILL borrowing institution (ISIL)
The ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) data element is used for identification of an institution borrowing
the item.
When using this data element, the borrowing institution shall be represented by the ISIL code according
to ISO 15511. The data element is formatted according to similar rules as defined for the owner institution
(ISIL) data element (4.2.3). The ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) data element and the alternative ILL
borrowing institution data element (4.2.25) are mutually exclusive.
4.2.12 ILL borrowing transaction number
The ILL borrowing transaction number data element is used to identify an ILL transaction.
The ILL borrowing transaction number is assigned by the ILL transaction processing system and
encoded by the lending institution to identify an interlibrary loan transaction. The structure of the
number is locally defined.
4.2.13 GS1 product identifier
The GS1 product identifier data element shall, if encoded, be used to store the GTIN-13 code of GS1.
NOTE 1 GS1 is a global organization for standards and solutions to supply and demand chains globally and
across sectors.
The Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) is a code that identifies the product and not the individual item.
The GTIN-13 has 13 digits and is commonly seen on retail products in a bar code format and is (without
the check digit) also an element of tags used in retail that follow the electronic product code scheme of
GS1/EPC Global. The GTIN-13 code is commonly called the UPC code in the United States, and in other
parts of the world, it is known as the EAN-13 code.
NOTE 2 The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a specific type of bar code used for tracking trade items.
NOTE 3 The EAN-13 code is the European Article Number (EAN) 13 digit code.
The GTIN-13 code includes the encoding of:
— the ISBN, with the prefixes “978” and “979”;
— the ISSN with the prefix “977”;
— the ISMN with the prefix “979”.
The code structure for CDs, DVDs, and other products without formal registration codes follows
conventional GS1 rules. This means that for many products that originate in the United States, the code
shall be expanded with leading zeros to conform to the 13-digit structure. Codes on products from most
other countries use the full 13-digit structure. Encoding everything in a 13-digit structure is important
because the final digit is a check digit that can be used for validation processes in some systems.
4.2.14 Alternative unique item identifier
This data element is reserved for possibly encoding in new tag architectures.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

4.2.15 Local data A
The local data A data element is used for any locally defined purpose. The structure and formatting is
locally defined.
4.2.16 Local data B
The local data B data element is used for any locally defined purpose. The structure and formatting is
locally defined.
4.2.17 Title
The title data element holds the title or titles of the library item.
4.2.18 Product identifier local
The product identifier local data element is used for a product code not based on the GTIN-13 codes.
This data element can be used for items that do not have a GTIN-13 code, or for which the GTIN-13 code
is not known or not adequate. This enables information systems linked to various code structures to be
supported by the RFID system.
4.2.19 Media format (other)
The media format (other) data element represents any media descriptor other than ONIX or MARC.
Table 2 — Media format (other)
Code Value Code Value (Hexa-
Description
(Decimal) decimal)
0 00 Undefined
1 01 Book
2 02 CD/DVD
3 03 Magnetic tape
4 04 Other
5 05 Other, careful handling is required
6 06 Very small item, special handling is required
7 to 127 07 to 7F Reserved for ISO TC 46 SC4
128 to 255 80 to FF Free use by the library
4.2.20 Supply chain stage
The supply chain stage data element is used to identify the stage of the supply chain in which the item
currently resides. While current practice is for individual library institutions to add RFID tags to
their own material, this data element might become significant if tagging becomes more common at
“upstream” stages of the library material supply chain.
Table 3 lists the supply chain stage code decimal values that shall be used if this data element is encoded.
Table 3 — Supply chain stage code
Supply chain stage code
Supply chain stage
Decimal (as in ISO 28560-1) Hexadecimal (as input)
0 00 Used as null value
16 10 Manufacturer
24 18 Publisher
32 20 Distributor
48 30 Jobber
64 40 Library
Other values for supply chain stage are reserved for future use and can only be encoded once they have
been defined in future editions of this part of ISO 28560. For this specific data element, the value “0”
indicates “undefined”.
4.2.21 Supplier invoice number
The supplier invoice number data element is used for a locally designated invoice number meaningful to
the library and to the supplier of the library material.
This data element can be left permanently written to the tag or it can be used only temporarily during
an acquisitions process.
4.2.22 Alternative item identifier
The alternative item identifier data element is used for a locally designated optional identifier.
This data element can be temporary and have only local meaning as during an acquisitions process or it
can contain other identifiers as deemed necessary.
4.2.23 Alternative owner institution
The alternative owner institution data element is used for an alternative identification of the library
institution (i.e. not ISIL).
The data element can be used, for example, where a library identifier scheme pre-dates the ISIL and
cannot easily be converted into an ISIL-compliant scheme. This data element can be used in exceptional
cases for the ISIL code, or parts of the ISIL code (see 4.2.3).
4.2.24 Subsidiary of an owner institution
The subsidiary of an owner institution data element is used to refine the identity to a level lower than
the ISIL, e.g. a branch or collection. As such it is an internal code defined within a library institution.
4.2.25 Alternative ILL borrowing institution
The alternative ILL borrowing institution data element is used for an alternative code for the ILL
borrowing institution (i.e. not ISIL).
This data element and the ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) data element (4.2.11) are mutually exclusive
and only one of them shall be encoded on the tag.
4.2.26 Local data C
The local data C data element is used for any locally defined purpose. The structure and formatting is
locally defined.
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

4.2.27 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.28 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.29 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.30 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.31 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.3 Maintenance of the list of data elements used
Pending proposals for additional data elements and planned allocations for reserved data elements
should be published on the website given in Annex A.
5 System data elements
5.1 System data versus user data
Many tags have organized their memory in such a way that the user and the system data are stored in
different memory compartments. Other parts of ISO 28560 provide the details of all the system data
that play a crucial role in the system architecture. 5.2 describes the most important system data.
5.2 System data elements for identification and item security in libraries
5.2.1 General
ISO/IEC 15961-3 defines the rules for the application family identifier (AFI), the data format and the
object identifiers for RFID for item management.
The AFI, the data format and the object identifiers for RFID for item management shall be in accordance
with ISO/IEC 15961-3.
5.2.2 Application family identifier (AFI)
The AFI is a single-byte code, often in the system memory of the tag, used as a tag selection mechanism
across the air interface to minimize the extent of communication transaction time with tags that do not
carry the relevant AFI code.
The hexadecimal value C2 for AFI has been assigned by the Registration Authority for ISO/IEC 15961-
HEX
2 explicitly for library use.
A library can use the AFI in one of the following two ways.
— It can use a single AFI, the value C2 assigned under the registration of ISO/IEC 15961-2. This
HEX
distinguishes library items from all others, and avoids the risk of an RFID reader in another domain
reading the RFID tag on a loan item and confusing its encoded content with data in an application
outside the library domain. It also enables a library system to reject items that carry a different AFI
code, possibly from another domain visited by a client.
— The AFI can additionally be used as part of an “item security system” where the AFI value C2 is
HEX
written to tags for items that are on loan to a client. When the books are returned, an in-stock AFI
(07 , as defined in ISO/IEC 15961-3) is written to the tag.
HEX
RFID tags that comply with this International Standard have a mandatory AFI system data element and
should only use one of the two AFI values that are listed above. The AFI together with the primary item
identifier and owner institution (ISIL) guarantee global uniqueness of the item (see Annex B).
The AFI has a feature that enables the application to specify that the AFI is to be locked, or to be left
unlocked. Once locked, the AFI cannot be unlocked. The AFI shall not be locked if it is used as part of an
item security system where two values of the AFI are used, one for on-loan items and one for in-stock
items. If other security mechanisms are used, then the AFI can be locked at the individual library’s
discretion. Before locking, libraries should give consideration to the item’s use in other libraries through
cooperative arrangements or interlibrary loans (for example, if the recipient library wanted to use the
AFI for security while the item was in its possession even though the donor library did not).
Various approaches can be used for securing library items against unauthorized removal. The choice of
an item security system is outside the scope of this International Standard and it is the responsibility
of solution providers to develop particular schemes for libraries to choose. Some options are discussed
in Annex E, without any comment on their particular merits. Combinations of these options can also be
provided in particular systems.
5.2.3 Data storage format identifier (DSFID)
The DSFID can be present in certain types of tags as a system data element. If the DSFID is hard-coded,
in other words has a specific memory allocation, then the write-DSFID command in the air interface
protocol is usually supported by a lock-DSFID command.
For tags encoded in accordance with ISO 28560-2, the value of DSFID comprises two components:
— the access method defined in this International Standard of 00 ;
BINARY
— the data format of 00110 assigned by the Registration Authority for ISO/IEC 15961-2 explicitly
BINARY
for library use.
When these are combined, they produce a DSFID value of 06 to be used for tags encoded in accordance
HEX
with ISO 28560-2.
The DSFID value 3E is used for tags encoded in accordance with ISO 28560-3.
HEX
Two DSFID values (1E and 5E ) can be used for migration purposes for tags that are not compliant
HEX HEX
with this International Standard.
Other DSFID values shall not be used until assigned for use in this part of ISO 28560.
5.2.4 Unique tag ID
All compliant ISO/IEC 18000-3 Mode 1 tags have a unique tag ID programmed by the integrated circuit
manufacturer in a non-volatile memory. One of the options for item security uses this system data field.
Further information is given in Annex E.
5.2.5 Electronic article surveillance (EAS)
Some tags have a system data field that is dedicated to item security, the EAS field. The technologies for
these EAS item security systems are proprietary. The use of EAS is described in Annex E.
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

6 Tools for data security and integrity
When data elements are not programmed in a non-volatile memory or are not locked, they can be
modified by unauthorized persons. This part of ISO 28560 does not specify methods for maintaining
the integrity of the data. However, as described for AFI values in 5.2.2, locking of the data stored in
the tag user memory is a possible method. Some types of tag hardware can provide additional (often
proprietary) security tools such as the following.
— System, or user data fields, or both, can be protected by passwords. Initial writ
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28560-1
Second edition
2014-08-15
Information and documentation —
RFID in libraries —
Part 1:
Data elements and general guidelines
for implementation
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 1: Éléments de données et lignes directrices générales pour la
mise en oeuvre
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 User data elements . 2
4.1 Overview of user data elements . 2
4.2 Use of user data elements . 4
4.3 Maintenance of the list of data elements used .11
5 System data elements .11
5.1 System data versus user data .11
5.2 System data elements for identification and item security in libraries .11
6 Tools for data security and integrity .13
7 Regional and business profiling .13
7.1 Elements for profiles .13
7.2 Regional profiles .13
7.3 Business profiles .13
8 Privacy issues .14
9 Implementation and migration .15
9.1 New RFID implementations .15
9.2 Migration for regional models .15
9.3 Use of the correct AFI value .15
9.4 Discrimination between ISO 28560-compliant and non-compliant tags .15
9.5 Migrations of ISO/IEC 18000-3 Mode 1 RFID tags .16
9.6 Migrations of other RFID tag technologies .16
9.7 Conversion methodologies .16
9.8 Preservation of business profiles during migration .17
10 Label design and location of the label .17
10.1 Label design .17
10.2 Location of the RFID label .17
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries .18
Annex B (informative) Uniqueness of RFID tags .19
Annex C (normative) Type of usage code values (hexadecimal) .20
Annex D (informative) Country prefixes for supplier identifier .22
Annex E (informative) Interoperability characteristics of security systems .23
Bibliography .28
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 28560-1:2011), which has been technically
revised.
ISO 28560 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information and documentation — RFID
in libraries:
— Part 1: Data elements and general guidelines for implementation
— Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
— Part 3: Fixed length encoding
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 4: Encoding of data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962 in an RFID tag with partitioned
memory [Technical Specification]
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace bar
codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. A standard
data model for encoding information on RFID tags could increase the cost-effectiveness of the technology
within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment, and enhance
support for resource sharing between libraries.
Tags that are currently used in libraries use proprietary rules adopted by vendors or follow the rules
of historic national RFID models. In general, there is interoperability between tags with a data model
compliant with this International Standard and tags that carry a non-ISO 28560-compliant data model.
Several countries have undertaken preliminary work on standardization. The Netherlands developed
a data model for public libraries and in Denmark “RFID Data Model for Libraries” has been published.
Finland has adopted the Danish model, but with a few changes. There is a French data model that differs
from the Danish and Dutch models. Other libraries in different parts of the world have installations
based on various proprietary systems offered by technology and library system suppliers. All of these
constitute the installed base of RFID systems, but only account for a small minority of the total of
libraries globally.
There is an opportunity to develop a standard data model, taking into account the lessons learned from
the national schemes and vendor solutions, and provide migration options for those libraries that have
already invested in the technology. Because new items are continually being purchased, a number of
migration options can be adopted based on factors relevant to each library.
This part of ISO 28560 deals with data elements and provides general guidelines for implementation.
Other parts of ISO 28560 describe encodings and choice of frequency.
Communication between the RFID reader and the library system (or other applications) is handled by,
for example, SIP-2 and NCIP (see Bibliography).
This International Standard provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries.
Ongoing advice needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology and the
opportunities to migrate between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this
International Standard.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28560-1:2014(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries —
Part 1:
Data elements and general guidelines for implementation
1 Scope
This part of ISO 28560 specifies a model for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for
items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries, including national, academic, public, corporate,
special, and school.
This part of ISO 28560 provides the framework to ensure interoperability between libraries that
exchange library items with RFID tags, the freedom of the library to acquire or renew equipment or
library items from different vendors, and interoperability of a single RFID application from the vendor’s
perspective.
This part of ISO 28560 specifies a set of data elements and general guidelines for implementation, to
meet the needs for:
— circulation of library items;
— acquisition of library items;
— interlibrary loan processes;
— data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers of library items;
— inventory and stock checking of items.
This part of ISO 28560 gives guidelines for item security, profiles, privacy, implementation, migration,
label design, and location of the RFID label.
This part of ISO 28560 specifies the data model, system data elements, and user data elements to be
used in conjunction with ISO 28560-2, ISO 28560-3, and any future parts of ISO 28560.
A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 3: RFID data constructs
ISO 28560-2, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements
based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
ISO 28560-3, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 3: Fixed length encoding
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
distributor
wholesaler that purchases products from manufacturers and sells them to retailers or other wholesalers
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this International Standard, a distributor is a wholesaler that purchases library
materials such as books or audiovisual materials from publishers and sells them to libraries or retailers.
3.2
interlibrary loan
ILL
service where a library borrows an item from another library
3.3
item
unit tracked in a library system
Note 1 to entry: An item, which can be a set (3.7), can be loanable or non-circulating, but is always loaned in its
entirety.
3.4
jobber
specialized distributor of library items that provides services such as the attachment of labelling
and electronic information to items to make them ready for immediate shelving upon arrival at the
destination library
3.5
library management system
enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, items loaned, orders made,
bills paid, and patrons
Note 1 to entry: In some countries, this is known as an integrated library system.
3.6
part
individual physical entity included in an item
Note 1 to entry: A part can be a library material or a container for the library materials in a set (3.7).
3.7
set
item consisting of a number of parts, all identified by the same item identifier and loaned in one
transaction as a unit
3.8
supply chain
series of entities, typically beginning with a publisher and ending with a library, through which library
materials flow as they are acquired by that library
4 User data elements
4.1 Overview of user data elements
Libraries can choose which data elements they want to store on the tag. It is unlikely that a library places
all the listed data elements on the tag. A number of data elements are reserved for local use. They should
be ignored where the processing institution is not the owner of the item (as in ILL).
Table 1 lists the user data elements that are defined in this International Standard.
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — User data elements
Name of the ISO 8459
a c d f g
N Description Ref Status Relationship
b e
data element mapping
1 Primary item iden- Unique identification 4.2.1 Piece identifier Mandatory for cir- None
tifier of an item at least culated items
inside the library
2 Content parameter Specifies the struc- 4.2.2 None Can be mandatory None
ture of the tag data as specified in other
parts of ISO 28560
3 Owner institution The ISIL code for the 4.2.3 Party identifier; Strongly recom- Elements 3 and
(ISIL) institution that owns Participant’s func- mended to create 23 are mutually
the item tion interoperability exclusive
4 Set information Number of parts in 4.2.4 Number of volumes; Optional None
item and ordinal part Component
number
5 Type of usage Additional qualifying 4.2.5 None Optional None
information about
the item or part of
a set
6 Shelf location Code for location of 4.2.6 Copy shelf locator Optional None
the item
7 ONIX media format ONIX media descrip- 4.2.7 Record content type Optional Data elements 7, 8,
tor and 19 should be
consistent
8 MARC media format MARC 21 category of 4.2.8 Record content type Optional Data elements 7, 8,
material descriptor and 19 should be
consistent
9 Supplier identifier Code for identifica- 4.2.9 Party identifier; Optional None
tion of supplier of the Participant’s func-
item tion
10 Order number Number meaningful 4.2.10 Request identifier Optional None
to the library and to
the supplier of the
item
11 ILL borrowing insti- ISIL code for the 4.2.11 Party identifier; Optional Data elements 11
tution (ISIL) institution borrow- Participant’s func- and 25 are mutually
ing the item tion exclusive
12 ILL borrowing Number identifying 4.2.12 None Optional None
transaction number an interlibrary loan
transaction
13 GS1 product identi- GTIN-13 code of GS1 4.2.13 Resource identifier Optional Data elements 13
fier code and 18 should be
consistent
14 Alternative unique Possibly encoding in 4.2.14 None Reserved for future
item identifier new tag architectures use
15 Local data A Any locally defined 4.2.15 None Optional None
purpose
16 Local data B Any locally defined 4.2.16 None Optional None
purpose
17 Title The title/titles of the 4.2.17 Title Optional None
library item
Table 1 — (continued)
Name of the ISO 8459
a c d f g
N Description Ref Status Relationship
b e
data element mapping
18 Product identifier Product identifier not 4.2.18 Resource identifier Optional Data elements 13
local based on GTIN-13 code and 18 should be
consistent
19 Media format Media descriptor 4.2.19 Record content type Optional Data elements 7, 8,
(other) other than ONIX or and 19 should be
MARC consistent
20 Supply chain stage The stage of the sup- 4.2.20 None Optional None
ply chain in which
the item currently
resides
21 Supplier invoice Invoice number 4.2.21 Invoice identifier Optional None
number meaningful to the
library and to the
supplier of the item
22 Alternative item Optional identifier 4.2.22 Piece identifier Optional None
identifier for an item
23 Alternative owner Code for the library 4.2.23 Party identifier; Optional Data elements 3
institution institution other than Participant’s func- and 23 are mutually
ISIL tion exclusive
24 Subsidiary of an Internal code defined 4.2.24 Party identifier; Optional None
owner institution within a library insti- Participant’s func-
tution tion
25 Alternative ILL bor- Code for the ILL bor- 4.2.25 Party identifier; Optional Data elements 11
rowing institution rowing institution Participant’s func- and 25 are mutually
other than ISIL tion exclusive
26 Local data C Any locally defined 4.2.26 None Optional None
purpose
27 Not defined 4.2.27 Reserved for future
use
28 Not defined 4.2.28 Reserved for future
use
29 Not defined 4.2.29 Reserved for future
use
30 Not defined 4.2.30 Reserved for future
use
31 Not defined 4.2.31 Reserved for future
use
a
This column specifies the data element number (N), i.e. the number identifying the data element.
b
This column specifies the data element name (name of data element), i.e. the name identifying the data element.
c
This column specifies the data element description, i.e. a brief description about the purpose of the data element.
d
This column contains a reference to the clause where the data element is described.
e
This column contains the mapping to the corresponding data elements in ISO 8459. The mapping is for information.
f
This column classifies the data elements into categories (status).
g
This column specifies possible relationships to other data elements (relationship).
4.2 Use of user data elements
4.2.1 Primary item identifier
The library’s unique identification of an item shall be used as the primary item identifier. This data
element is required for circulation. It can be absent in the acquisition process.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

The primary item identifier can be, but need not be, equivalent to the (former) bar code. It can be decided
at a local or national level if the identifier should be unique outside the library and how this is to be
achieved.
Annex B illustrates how the primary item identifier can be combined with other data to achieve
increasing levels of uniqueness, ultimately global uniqueness.
4.2.2 Content parameter
The content parameter data element specifies the structure of the tag data. The parameter can have
different forms for the various possible encoding methodologies specified in other parts of ISO 28560.
4.2.3 Owner institution (ISIL)
The owner institution (ISIL) data element is used for the ISIL code for the institution that owns the item.
The ISIL code shall be as defined in ISO 15511.
The list of ISIL agencies that are responsible for the issuing process of ISIL codes can be found at http://
biblstandard.dk/isil/.
In exceptional cases, the ISIL code, or parts of the ISIL code, can be stored in data element 23 (alternative
owner institution).
4.2.4 Set information
4.2.4.1 General
If the set information data element is encoded, it shall consist of two components, which are
a) the “number of parts in item”, followed by
b) the “ordinal part number”,
as specified in 4.2.4.2 and 4.2.4.3. These two component parameters are used to identify various
permutations relating to sets.
A single part item is the default case. A system reading a tag that does not contain the set information
data element can assume that the item has only a single part.
4.2.4.2 Numbers of parts in item
For sets with only a single part, the “numbers of parts in item” component shall take the value “1”.
For sets with more than a single part, the “numbers of parts in item” component shall take a value in the
range 0 to 255, where a positive number indicates the total number of parts in the set, and 0 that the
total number is not known.
4.2.4.3 Ordinal part number
For sets with only a single part, the “ordinal part number” component shall take the value “1”.
For sets with more than a single part, the “ordinal part number” component shall take a value in the
range 0 to 255, under one of the following two conditions.
— If all parts in the set carry an RFID tag, a positive ordinal part number corresponding to the
placement of the part in the set shall be assigned to each part.
— If only some of the parts in the set carry an RFID tag, the first part shall be assigned the ordinal part
number 0, and the following parts an ordinal part number corresponding to the placement of the
part in the set. As a consequence, no part shall be assigned the ordinal part number 1.
4.2.4.4 Examples
EXAMPLE 1 A set with three parts, all with their own RFID tags:
— Number of this part = 1 (first RFID tag): code = 31
— Number of this part = 2 (second RFID tag): code = 32
— Number of this part = 3 (third RFID tag): code = 33
EXAMPLE 2 A set consisting of a single part with one RFID tag:
— Number of this part = 1:  code = 11 (if present)
EXAMPLE 3 A set consists of 12 parts, and this is the fourth part:
— Number of this part = 4 (fourth RFID tag): code = 1204
EXAMPLE 4 A set having four parts but one part does not carry an RFID tag:
— Number of this part = 1 (first RFID tag): code = 40
— Number of this part = 2 (second RFID tag): code = 42
— Number of this part = 3 (third RFID tag): code = 43
— Number of this part = 4 (no RFID tag)
NOTE 1 The “0” of the first part serves two functions:
a) it indicates that not all parts have an RFID tag;
b) it indicates that this is the first part.
EXAMPLE 5 A set having an unknown number of parts or increasing in number of parts over time.
— Number of this part = 1 (first RFID tag): code = 01
— Number of this part = 2 (second RFID tag): code = 02
— Number of this part = 3 (third RFID tag): code = 03
— Number of this part = 4 (fourth RFID tag): code = 04
NOTE 2 The initial “0” indicates that the number of parts is not fixed.
4.2.5 Type of usage
4.2.5.1 General
The type of usage data element provides additional qualifying information about the item or part of a
set, for example, the type of material and its use within the library. As synergies between RFID-enabled
devices become more common, this data element can be set dynamically by one RFID device for the
benefit of another. Individual parts of a set can have different values for the type of usage data element.
If this data element is encoded, it shall use the values specified in Annex C.
4.2.5.2 Examples
EXAMPLE 1 An acquisition item that arrives at a library can be processed automatically if it has the following
type of usage parameters:
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

— Main qualifier = 0 (Class = acquisition item)
— Sub-qualifier = 1 (Sub-class = for automated processes)
EXAMPLE 2 If a similar acquisition item is only parameterized by a main qualifier, it can have the following
type of usage parameters:
— Main qualifier = 0 (Class = acquisition item)
— Sub-qualifier is absent means that the sub-class is unspecified (identical to sub-qualifier value zero)
EXAMPLE 3 An item for circulation that has to be handled with care and is not suited for automatic sorting has
the following type of usage parameters:
— Main qualifier = 1 (Class = item for circulation)
— Sub-qualifier = 2 (Sub-class = not for automatic sorting)
EXAMPLE 4 A discarded item that is offered for sale has the following type of usage parameters:
— Main qualifier = 7 (Class = discarded item)
— Sub-qualifier = 1 (Sub-class = for sale)
4.2.6 Shelf location
The shelf location data element holds the location of the item.
The data element can take any value the library decides to use. The values reflect the library’s shelf
location system and are only intended for use in the library owning the item.
Automatic sorting systems can use this data element for sorting purposes.
4.2.7 ONIX media format
The ONIX media format data element shall, if encoded, represent an ONIX media descriptor of two
alphabetic characters.
These media descriptors are based on the ONIX Books Product Form Code List, published and maintained
by EDItEUR. Use the latest product form code from the ONIX Books Code Lists (see http://www.editeur.
org).
NOTE EDItEUR is the international group coordinating development of the standards infrastructure for
electronic commerce in the book and serials industries.
4.2.8 MARC media format
The MARC media format data element shall, if encoded, represent a MARC 21 category of material
descriptor.
This media descriptor is a compound of two letters defined by positions 6 and 7 in the leader of a
MARC 21 record. See http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic.
4.2.9 Supplier identifier
The supplier identifier data element is used for identification of the supplier of the item.
If a supplier code is determined by the purchasing library or its owner body (e.g. university, city,
government) there might be structure rules already in place. If not, it is recommended to define a unique
list on a national level. Annex D indicates a method using a country prefix.
4.2.10 Order number
The order number data element is used for an order number meaningful to the library and to the supplier
of the item.
4.2.11 ILL borrowing institution (ISIL)
The ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) data element is used for identification of an institution borrowing
the item.
When using this data element, the borrowing institution shall be represented by the ISIL code according
to ISO 15511. The data element is formatted according to similar rules as defined for the owner institution
(ISIL) data element (4.2.3). The ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) data element and the alternative ILL
borrowing institution data element (4.2.25) are mutually exclusive.
4.2.12 ILL borrowing transaction number
The ILL borrowing transaction number data element is used to identify an ILL transaction.
The ILL borrowing transaction number is assigned by the ILL transaction processing system and
encoded by the lending institution to identify an interlibrary loan transaction. The structure of the
number is locally defined.
4.2.13 GS1 product identifier
The GS1 product identifier data element shall, if encoded, be used to store the GTIN-13 code of GS1.
NOTE 1 GS1 is a global organization for standards and solutions to supply and demand chains globally and
across sectors.
The Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) is a code that identifies the product and not the individual item.
The GTIN-13 has 13 digits and is commonly seen on retail products in a bar code format and is (without
the check digit) also an element of tags used in retail that follow the electronic product code scheme of
GS1/EPC Global. The GTIN-13 code is commonly called the UPC code in the United States, and in other
parts of the world, it is known as the EAN-13 code.
NOTE 2 The Universal Product Code (UPC) is a specific type of bar code used for tracking trade items.
NOTE 3 The EAN-13 code is the European Article Number (EAN) 13 digit code.
The GTIN-13 code includes the encoding of:
— the ISBN, with the prefixes “978” and “979”;
— the ISSN with the prefix “977”;
— the ISMN with the prefix “979”.
The code structure for CDs, DVDs, and other products without formal registration codes follows
conventional GS1 rules. This means that for many products that originate in the United States, the code
shall be expanded with leading zeros to conform to the 13-digit structure. Codes on products from most
other countries use the full 13-digit structure. Encoding everything in a 13-digit structure is important
because the final digit is a check digit that can be used for validation processes in some systems.
4.2.14 Alternative unique item identifier
This data element is reserved for possibly encoding in new tag architectures.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

4.2.15 Local data A
The local data A data element is used for any locally defined purpose. The structure and formatting is
locally defined.
4.2.16 Local data B
The local data B data element is used for any locally defined purpose. The structure and formatting is
locally defined.
4.2.17 Title
The title data element holds the title or titles of the library item.
4.2.18 Product identifier local
The product identifier local data element is used for a product code not based on the GTIN-13 codes.
This data element can be used for items that do not have a GTIN-13 code, or for which the GTIN-13 code
is not known or not adequate. This enables information systems linked to various code structures to be
supported by the RFID system.
4.2.19 Media format (other)
The media format (other) data element represents any media descriptor other than ONIX or MARC.
Table 2 — Media format (other)
Code Value Code Value (Hexa-
Description
(Decimal) decimal)
0 00 Undefined
1 01 Book
2 02 CD/DVD
3 03 Magnetic tape
4 04 Other
5 05 Other, careful handling is required
6 06 Very small item, special handling is required
7 to 127 07 to 7F Reserved for ISO TC 46 SC4
128 to 255 80 to FF Free use by the library
4.2.20 Supply chain stage
The supply chain stage data element is used to identify the stage of the supply chain in which the item
currently resides. While current practice is for individual library institutions to add RFID tags to
their own material, this data element might become significant if tagging becomes more common at
“upstream” stages of the library material supply chain.
Table 3 lists the supply chain stage code decimal values that shall be used if this data element is encoded.
Table 3 — Supply chain stage code
Supply chain stage code
Supply chain stage
Decimal (as in ISO 28560-1) Hexadecimal (as input)
0 00 Used as null value
16 10 Manufacturer
24 18 Publisher
32 20 Distributor
48 30 Jobber
64 40 Library
Other values for supply chain stage are reserved for future use and can only be encoded once they have
been defined in future editions of this part of ISO 28560. For this specific data element, the value “0”
indicates “undefined”.
4.2.21 Supplier invoice number
The supplier invoice number data element is used for a locally designated invoice number meaningful to
the library and to the supplier of the library material.
This data element can be left permanently written to the tag or it can be used only temporarily during
an acquisitions process.
4.2.22 Alternative item identifier
The alternative item identifier data element is used for a locally designated optional identifier.
This data element can be temporary and have only local meaning as during an acquisitions process or it
can contain other identifiers as deemed necessary.
4.2.23 Alternative owner institution
The alternative owner institution data element is used for an alternative identification of the library
institution (i.e. not ISIL).
The data element can be used, for example, where a library identifier scheme pre-dates the ISIL and
cannot easily be converted into an ISIL-compliant scheme. This data element can be used in exceptional
cases for the ISIL code, or parts of the ISIL code (see 4.2.3).
4.2.24 Subsidiary of an owner institution
The subsidiary of an owner institution data element is used to refine the identity to a level lower than
the ISIL, e.g. a branch or collection. As such it is an internal code defined within a library institution.
4.2.25 Alternative ILL borrowing institution
The alternative ILL borrowing institution data element is used for an alternative code for the ILL
borrowing institution (i.e. not ISIL).
This data element and the ILL borrowing institution (ISIL) data element (4.2.11) are mutually exclusive
and only one of them shall be encoded on the tag.
4.2.26 Local data C
The local data C data element is used for any locally defined purpose. The structure and formatting is
locally defined.
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

4.2.27 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.28 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.29 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.30 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.2.31 Reserved data element
Data element reserved for future use.
4.3 Maintenance of the list of data elements used
Pending proposals for additional data elements and planned allocations for reserved data elements
should be published on the website given in Annex A.
5 System data elements
5.1 System data versus user data
Many tags have organized their memory in such a way that the user and the system data are stored in
different memory compartments. Other parts of ISO 28560 provide the details of all the system data
that play a crucial role in the system architecture. 5.2 describes the most important system data.
5.2 System data elements for identification and item security in libraries
5.2.1 General
ISO/IEC 15961-3 defines the rules for the application family identifier (AFI), the data format and the
object identifiers for RFID for item management.
The AFI, the data format and the object identifiers for RFID for item management shall be in accordance
with ISO/IEC 15961-3.
5.2.2 Application family identifier (AFI)
The AFI is a single-byte code, often in the system memory of the tag, used as a tag selection mechanism
across the air interface to minimize the extent of communication transaction time with tags that do not
carry the relevant AFI code.
The hexadecimal value C2 for AFI has been assigned by the Registration Authority for ISO/IEC 15961-
HEX
2 explicitly for library use.
A library can use the AFI in one of the following two ways.
— It can use a single AFI, the value C2 assigned under the registration of ISO/IEC 15961-2. This
HEX
distinguishes library items from all others, and avoids the risk of an RFID reader in another domain
reading the RFID tag on a loan item and confusing its encoded content with data in an application
outside the library domain. It also enables a library system to reject items that carry a different AFI
code, possibly from another domain visited by a client.
— The AFI can additionally be used as part of an “item security system” where the AFI value C2 is
HEX
written to tags for items that are on loan to a client. When the books are returned, an in-stock AFI
(07 , as defined in ISO/IEC 15961-3) is written to the tag.
HEX
RFID tags that comply with this International Standard have a mandatory AFI system data element and
should only use one of the two AFI values that are listed above. The AFI together with the primary item
identifier and owner institution (ISIL) guarantee global uniqueness of the item (see Annex B).
The AFI has a feature that enables the application to specify that the AFI is to be locked, or to be left
unlocked. Once locked, the AFI cannot be unlocked. The AFI shall not be locked if it is used as part of an
item security system where two values of the AFI are used, one for on-loan items and one for in-stock
items. If other security mechanisms are used, then the AFI can be locked at the individual library’s
discretion. Before locking, libraries should give consideration to the item’s use in other libraries through
cooperative arrangements or interlibrary loans (for example, if the recipient library wanted to use the
AFI for security while the item was in its possession even though the donor library did not).
Various approaches can be used for securing library items against unauthorized removal. The choice of
an item security system is outside the scope of this International Standard and it is the responsibility
of solution providers to develop particular schemes for libraries to choose. Some options are discussed
in Annex E, without any comment on their particular merits. Combinations of these options can also be
provided in particular systems.
5.2.3 Data storage format identifier (DSFID)
The DSFID can be present in certain types of tags as a system data element. If the DSFID is hard-coded,
in other words has a specific memory allocation, then the write-DSFID command in the air interface
protocol is usually supported by a lock-DSFID command.
For tags encoded in accordance with ISO 28560-2, the value of DSFID comprises two components:
— the access method defined in this International Standard of 00 ;
BINARY
— the data format of 00110 assigned by the Registration Authority for ISO/IEC 15961-2 explicitly
BINARY
for library use.
When these are combined, they produce a DSFID value of 06 to be used for tags encoded in accordance
HEX
with ISO 28560-2.
The DSFID value 3E is used for tags encoded in accordance with ISO 28560-3.
HEX
Two DSFID values (1E and 5E ) can be used for migration purposes for tags that are not compliant
HEX HEX
with this International Standard.
Other DSFID values shall not be used until assigned for use in this part of ISO 28560.
5.2.4 Unique tag ID
All compliant ISO/IEC 18000-3 Mode 1 tags have a unique tag ID programmed by the integrated circuit
manufacturer in a non-volatile memory. One of the options for item security uses this system data field.
Further information is given in Annex E.
5.2.5 Electronic article surveillance (EAS)
Some tags have a system data field that is dedicated to item security, the EAS field. The technologies for
these EAS item security systems are proprietary. The use of EAS is described in Annex E.
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

6 Tools for data security and integrity
When data elements are not programmed in a non-volatile memory or are not locked, they can be
modified by unauthorized persons. This part of ISO 28560 does not specify methods for maintaining
the integrity of the data. However, as described for AFI values in 5.2.2, locking of the data stored in
the tag user memory is a possible method. Some types of tag hardware can provide additional (often
proprietary) security tools such as the following.
— System, or user data fields, or both, can be protected by passwords. Initial writing or modifying the
data requires knowing a password.
— Access to most of the data is blocked when the item is on loan. This is often called the “privacy
mode” of a tag. There is a command to “wake up” the tag.
7 Regional and business profiling
7.1 Elements for profiles
This part of ISO 28560 provides an abstract list of data elements and leaves a degree of freedom to
libraries or to their vendors when implementing an RFID system. A group of libraries can define profiles
in which the degree of freedom becomes more restricted. One or more of the following restrictions can
be part of the profile.
— A set of data elements can be made mandatory in a profile. In many cases, this can consist of or
include the owner institution (ISIL) data element because adding the ISIL code is the only method to
guarantee global uniqueness.
— The list of user data elements contains alternatives. A profile can exclude certain (alternative) data
elements and can then mandate the use of a related data element. The exclusion of non-ISIL forms
for the owner institution and for the ILL borrowing institution are examples. Another example is
that one of the three media formats is mandated when information on the media type is stored on
the tag.
— A profile can forbid the use of certain data elements, for example, the title data element. Or, it can
forbid the use of a data element unless special data protection methods have been implemented, like
the tag being blocked for an item on loan.
— A profile can
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