ISO/ASTM 51939:2017
(Main)Practice for blood irradiation dosimetry
Practice for blood irradiation dosimetry
1.1 This practice outlines the irradiator installation qualifi-cation program and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification and performance qualification of the irradiator. Procedures for the routine radiation process-ing of blood product (blood and blood components) are also given. If followed, these procedures will help ensure that blood product exposed to gamma radiation or X-radiation (bremsstrahlung) will receive absorbed doses with a specified range. 1.2 This practice covers dosimetry for the irradiation of blood product for self-contained irradiators (free-standing irradiators) utilizing radionuclides such as 137Cs and 60Co, or X-radiation (bremsstrahlung). The absorbed dose range for blood irradiation is typically 15 Gy to 50 Gy. 1.3 The photon energy range of X-radiation used for blood irradiation is typically from 40 keV to 300 keV. 1.4 This practice also covers the use of radiation-sensitive indicators for the visual and qualitative indication that the product has been irradiated (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51539). 1.5 ISO 51939:2017 is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for dosimetry performed for blood irradiation. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. 1.6 ISO 51939:2017 does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability or regulatory limitations prior to use.
Pratique de la dosimétrie pour l'irradiation du sang
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51939
Fourth edition
2017-02
Practice for blood irradiation
dosimetry
Pratique de la dosimétrie pour l’irradiation du sang
Reference number
©
ISO/ASTM International 2017
© ISO/ASTM International 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Explanatory Material
This international standard is part of the project between ISO and ASTM International to develop and
maintain a group of ISO/ASTM dosimetry standards for radiation processing. In accordance with ISO/TC
85 N 1248, Maintenance Procedures for ISO/ASTM Radiation Processing Dosimetry Standards, a joint
meeting of ISO/TC 85 WG3 Dosimetry for Radiation Processing and ASTM Committee E61 was held in
New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 16-28 to review standards being considered for withdrawal, revision/
amendment, or confirmation. Although ISO/ASTM 51939, published in 2005, had been reapproved in 2013,
it was decided that this standard should be revised to bring it in line with the new format adopted for the
ISO/ASTM standards. A review was conducted to determine if, in addition to the format changes, technical
changes would be required. From this review it was decided that major changes should be made to the
standard and that it should be revised as a major revision.
The new standard covers the irradiation of blood or blood components in self-contained blood irradiators
using photons. The previous version also covered the use of teletherapy equipment and electron beams.
The standard provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in blood irradiation. The
practice describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirments of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for
dosimetry performed for blood irradiation and is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.
ii-2
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 3
5 Type of irradiators and modes of operation. 4
6 Radiation source characteristics. 4
7 Dosimetry systems. 5
8 Installation qualification. 6
9 Operational qualification. 6
10 Performance qualification. 7
11 Routine product processing . 8
12 Maintenance of validation. 9
13 Measurement uncertainty. 9
14 Keywords. 9
Annexes. 10
Table 1 Examples of reference-standard dosimetry systems. 5
Table 2 Examples of routine dosimetry systems. 6
Table A2.1 Recommended quality assurance steps for blood irradiation. 12
iii
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this project, ASTM Commitee E61, Radiation
Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry standards with
unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51939 was developed by ASTM Committee E61, Radiation Processing,
through Subcommittee E61.04, Specialty Application, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/ASTM 51939:05(2013)), which has been
technically revised.
iv
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Standard Practice for
Blood Irradiation Dosimetry
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationISO/ASTMFDIS51939;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 2. Referenced documents
1.1 This practice outlines the irradiator installation qualifi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cation program and the dosimetric procedures to be followed
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
during operational qualification and performance qualification
Dosimetry
of the irradiator. Procedures for the routine radiation process-
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
ing of blood product (blood and blood components) are also
51026Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry System
given.Iffollowed,theseprocedureswillhelpensurethatblood
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
product exposed to gamma radiation or X-radiation
tems for Radiation Processing
(bremsstrahlung) will receive absorbed doses with a specified
51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry
range.
System
1.2 This practice covers dosimetry for the irradiation of
51310Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Wave-
blood product for self-contained irradiators (free-standing
137 60
guide Dosimetry System
irradiators) utilizingradionuclides such as Cs and Co, or
51539Guide for the Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators
X-radiation (bremsstrahlung). The absorbed dose range for
51607Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry Sys-
blood irradiation is typically 15 Gy to 50 Gy.
tem
1.3 The photon energy range of X-radiation used for blood
51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
irradiation is typically from 40 keV to 300 keV.
Radiation Processing
1.4 This practice also covers the use of radiation-sensitive
51956Practice for Use of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry
indicators for the visual and qualitative indication that the
Systems (TLD Systems) for Radiation Processing
product has been irradiated (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51539).
52116Practice for Dosimetry for a Self-Contained Dry-
1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
Storage Gamma-Ray Irradiator
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
radiation processing and describes a means of achieving
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
52628 for dosimetry performed for blood irradiation. It is
cessing
intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
52628.
surements Reports (ICRU):
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ICRU 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Process-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ICRU 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
Radiation
applicability or regulatory limitations prior to use.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.04 on Specialty For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Application, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Current edition approved by ASTM Jan. 1, 2016. Published XX. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
published as ASTM E 1939–98. Last previous ASTM edition E 1939–98. The Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51939:2016(E) is a revision of the last Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
previous edition ISO/ASTM 51939:05(2013)(E). Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814 U.S.A.
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
2.4 ISO Standards: three-dimensionaldistributionofabsorbeddose,thusrendering
12749-4Nuclear energy – Vocabulary – Part 4: Dosimetry a map of absorbed-dose values.
for radiation processing 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Forabloodcanister,suchadosemapis
obtained using dosimeters placed at specified locations within
2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:
the canister.
17025General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting
and Calibration Laboratories 3.1.4 activity (A) (of an amount of radionuclide in a
particular energy state at a given time)—quotientof–dNbydt,
2.6 Guidelines on Blood Irradiation:
where dN is the mean change in the number of nuclei in that
Guidelines on the Use of Irradiated Blood Components
energy state due to spontaneous nuclear transitions in the time
(2013),Prepared by the BCSH Blood Transfusion Task
interval dt (see ICRU 85a).
Force
Recommendations Regarding License Amendments and
A52dN/dt (3)
Procedures for Gamma Irradiation of Blood Products,
−1
Unit: s
(1993)US Food and Drug Administration
The special name for the unit of activity is the becquerel
Guidance for Industry,Gamma Irradiation of Blood and
−1
(Bq). 1 Bq=1s .
BloodComponents:APilotProgramforLicensing(2000)
6 3.1.4.1 Discussion—
US Food and Drug Administration
(1)The former special unit of activity was the curie (Ci).
2.7 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) 10 −1
1Ci=3.7×10 s (exactly).
Reports:
(2)The ‘particular energy state’ is the ground state of the
JCGM100:2008GUM1995,withminorcorrections,Evalu-
nuclide unless otherwise specified.
ation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of
(3)Theactivityofanamountofradionuclideinaparticular
uncertainty in measurement
energystateisequaltotheproductofthedecayconstant, λ,for
JCGM 200:2012 (JCGM 200:2008 with minor revisions),
thatstateandthenumberofnucleiinthatstate(thatis, A=Nλ).
VIM,International vocabulary of metrology – Basis and
8 3.1.5 approved laboratory—laboratory that is a recognized
general concepts and associated terms
nationalmetrologyinstitute;orhasbeenformallyaccreditedto
ISO/IEC 17025; or has a quality system consistent with the
3. Terminology
requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.5.1 Discussion—A recognized national metrology insti-
3.1.1 absorbed dose (D)—quotient of dɛ¯ by dm, where dɛ¯ is
tute or other calibration laboratory accredited to ISO/IEC
the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of
17025 should be used in order to ensure traceability to a
mass dm (see ICRU 85a).
national or international standard. A calibration certificate
provided by a laboratory not having formal recognition or
D5dε¯/dm (1)
3.1.1.1 Discussion—TheSIunitofabsorbeddoseisthegray accreditation will not necessarily be proof of traceability to a
(Gy),where1grayisequivalenttotheabsorptionof1jouleper national or international standard.
kilogram of the specified material (1 Gy = 1 J/kg).
3.1.6 bremsstrahlung—broad-spectrum electromagnetic ra-
˙
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51939
Fourth edition
2017-02
Practice for blood irradiation
dosimetry
Pratique de la dosimétrie pour l’irradiation du sang
Reference number
©
ISO/ASTM International 2017
© ISO/ASTM International 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
copyright@iso.org khooper@astm.org
www.iso.org www.astm.org
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Explanatory Material
This international standard is part of the project between ISO and ASTM International to develop and
maintain a group of ISO/ASTM dosimetry standards for radiation processing. In accordance with ISO/TC
85 N 1248, Maintenance Procedures for ISO/ASTM Radiation Processing Dosimetry Standards, a joint
meeting of ISO/TC 85 WG3 Dosimetry for Radiation Processing and ASTM Committee E61 was held in
New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 16-28 to review standards being considered for withdrawal, revision/
amendment, or confirmation. Although ISO/ASTM 51939, published in 2005, had been reapproved in 2013,
it was decided that this standard should be revised to bring it in line with the new format adopted for the
ISO/ASTM standards. A review was conducted to determine if, in addition to the format changes, technical
changes would be required. From this review it was decided that major changes should be made to the
standard and that it should be revised as a major revision.
The new standard covers the irradiation of blood or blood components in self-contained blood irradiators
using photons. The previous version also covered the use of teletherapy equipment and electron beams.
The standard provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in blood irradiation. The
practice describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirments of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for
dosimetry performed for blood irradiation and is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.
ii-2
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 3
5 Type of irradiators and modes of operation. 4
6 Radiation source characteristics. 4
7 Dosimetry systems. 5
8 Installation qualification. 6
9 Operational qualification. 6
10 Performance qualification. 7
11 Routine product processing . 8
12 Maintenance of validation. 9
13 Measurement uncertainty. 9
14 Keywords. 9
Annexes. 10
Table 1 Examples of reference-standard dosimetry systems. 5
Table 2 Examples of routine dosimetry systems. 6
Table A2.1 Recommended quality assurance steps for blood irradiation. 12
iii
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this project, ASTM Commitee E61, Radiation
Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry standards with
unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51939 was developed by ASTM Committee E61, Radiation Processing,
through Subcommittee E61.04, Specialty Application, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO/ASTM 51939:05(2013)), which has been
technically revised.
iv
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
Standard Practice for
Blood Irradiation Dosimetry
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationISO/ASTMFDIS51939;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 2. Referenced documents
1.1 This practice outlines the irradiator installation qualifi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cation program and the dosimetric procedures to be followed
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
during operational qualification and performance qualification
Dosimetry
of the irradiator. Procedures for the routine radiation process-
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
ing of blood product (blood and blood components) are also
51026Practice for Using the Fricke Dosimetry System
given.Iffollowed,theseprocedureswillhelpensurethatblood
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
product exposed to gamma radiation or X-radiation
tems for Radiation Processing
(bremsstrahlung) will receive absorbed doses with a specified
51275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry
range.
System
1.2 This practice covers dosimetry for the irradiation of
51310Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Wave-
blood product for self-contained irradiators (free-standing
137 60
guide Dosimetry System
irradiators) utilizingradionuclides such as Cs and Co, or
51539Guide for the Use of Radiation-Sensitive Indicators
X-radiation (bremsstrahlung). The absorbed dose range for
51607Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry Sys-
blood irradiation is typically 15 Gy to 50 Gy.
tem
1.3 The photon energy range of X-radiation used for blood
51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
irradiation is typically from 40 keV to 300 keV.
Radiation Processing
1.4 This practice also covers the use of radiation-sensitive
51956Practice for Use of Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry
indicators for the visual and qualitative indication that the
Systems (TLD Systems) for Radiation Processing
product has been irradiated (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51539).
52116Practice for Dosimetry for a Self-Contained Dry-
1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
Storage Gamma-Ray Irradiator
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
radiation processing and describes a means of achieving
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
52628 for dosimetry performed for blood irradiation. It is
cessing
intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
52628.
surements Reports (ICRU):
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ICRU 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Process-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ICRU 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
Radiation
applicability or regulatory limitations prior to use.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.04 on Specialty For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Application, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Current edition approved by ASTM Jan. 1, 2016. Published XX. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
published as ASTM E 1939–98. Last previous ASTM edition E 1939–98. The Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51939:2016(E) is a revision of the last Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
previous edition ISO/ASTM 51939:05(2013)(E). Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814 U.S.A.
© ISO/ASTM International 2017 – All rights reserved
2.4 ISO Standards: three-dimensionaldistributionofabsorbeddose,thusrendering
12749-4Nuclear energy – Vocabulary – Part 4: Dosimetry a map of absorbed-dose values.
for radiation processing 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Forabloodcanister,suchadosemapis
obtained using dosimeters placed at specified locations within
2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:
the canister.
17025General Requirements for the Competence ofTesting
and Calibration Laboratories 3.1.4 activity (A) (of an amount of radionuclide in a
particular energy state at a given time)—quotientof–dNbydt,
2.6 Guidelines on Blood Irradiation:
where dN is the mean change in the number of nuclei in that
Guidelines on the Use of Irradiated Blood Components
energy state due to spontaneous nuclear transitions in the time
(2013),Prepared by the BCSH Blood Transfusion Task
interval dt (see ICRU 85a).
Force
Recommendations Regarding License Amendments and
A52dN/dt (3)
Procedures for Gamma Irradiation of Blood Products,
−1
Unit: s
(1993)US Food and Drug Administration
The special name for the unit of activity is the becquerel
Guidance for Industry,Gamma Irradiation of Blood and
−1
(Bq). 1 Bq=1s .
BloodComponents:APilotProgramforLicensing(2000)
6 3.1.4.1 Discussion—
US Food and Drug Administration
(1)The former special unit of activity was the curie (Ci).
2.7 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) 10 −1
1Ci=3.7×10 s (exactly).
Reports:
(2)The ‘particular energy state’ is the ground state of the
JCGM100:2008GUM1995,withminorcorrections,Evalu-
nuclide unless otherwise specified.
ation of measurement data – Guide to the expression of
(3)Theactivityofanamountofradionuclideinaparticular
uncertainty in measurement
energystateisequaltotheproductofthedecayconstant, λ,for
JCGM 200:2012 (JCGM 200:2008 with minor revisions),
thatstateandthenumberofnucleiinthatstate(thatis, A=Nλ).
VIM,International vocabulary of metrology – Basis and
8 3.1.5 approved laboratory—laboratory that is a recognized
general concepts and associated terms
nationalmetrologyinstitute;orhasbeenformallyaccreditedto
ISO/IEC 17025; or has a quality system consistent with the
3. Terminology
requirements of ISO/IEC 17025.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.5.1 Discussion—A recognized national metrology insti-
3.1.1 absorbed dose (D)—quotient of dɛ¯ by dm, where dɛ¯ is
tute or other calibration laboratory accredited to ISO/IEC
the mean energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of
17025 should be used in order to ensure traceability to a
mass dm (see ICRU 85a).
national or international standard. A calibration certificate
provided by a laboratory not having formal recognition or
D5dε¯/dm (1)
3.1.1.1 Discussion—TheSIunitofabsorbeddoseisthegray accreditation will not necessarily be proof of traceability to a
(Gy),where1grayisequivalenttotheabsorptionof1jouleper national or international standard.
kilogram of the specified material (1 Gy = 1 J/kg).
3.1.6 bremsstrahlung—broad-spectrum electromagnetic ra-
˙
...
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