ISO 28560-2:2023
(Main)Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 2: Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic, public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an object identifier structure to identify data elements. This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 according to ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be different on different items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be organized on the RFID tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding of variable length and variable format data. This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques — Partie 2: Encodage des éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles de l'ISO/CEI 15962
Informatika in dokumentacija - RFID v knjižnicah - 2. del: Kodiranje podatkovnih elementov RFID po pravilih iz ISO/IEC 15962
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28560-2
Fourth edition
2023-06
Information and documentation —
RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based
on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 2: Encodage des éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles
de l'ISO/CEI 15962
Reference number
ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems . 3
5 Requirements . 5
5.1 Data elements . 5
5.2 RFID air interface . 6
5.2.1 General . 6
5.2.2 Air interface conformance . 6
5.2.3 Tag performance . 6
5.3 Data protocol . 6
5.4 RFID readers . 6
6 Data elements . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Primary item identifier . 8
6.3 Content parameter . 8
6.4 Owner institution (ISIL) . 9
6.5 Set information. 9
6.6 Type of usage . 10
6.7 Shelf location . 10
6.8 ONIX media format . 10
6.9 MARC media format . 10
6.10 Supplier identifier . 10
6.11 Order number . 10
6.12 ILL borrowing institution . 10
6.13 ILL transaction number . 10
6.14 GS1 product identifier . 10
6.15 Alternative unique item identifier . 11
6.16 Local data . 11
6.17 Title . 11
6.18 Product identifier (local) . .12
6.19 Media format (other) . 12
6.20 Supply chain stage .12
6.21 Supplier invoice number .12
6.22 Alternative item identifier .12
6.23 Alternative owner institution .12
6.24 Subsidiary of an owner institution .12
6.25 Alternative ILL borrowing institution . 13
6.26 Other reserved data elements . 13
7 Data encoding . .13
7.1 Data protocol overview .13
7.2 Data constructs . 13
7.2.1 General .13
7.2.2 AFI . 13
7.2.3 Data format . 14
7.2.4 Object identifier for library applications . 14
7.2.5 Object identifier for the primary item identifier . 14
7.2.6 DSFID and access method . 14
7.3 ISO/IEC 15961-1 commands and responses . 15
7.4 ISO/IEC 15962 encoding rules .15
iii
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ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
7.4.1 General .15
7.4.2 Logical memory . 16
7.4.3 Configuration of the RFID tag . 17
7.4.4 Data compaction . 17
7.4.5 Creating the encoded data set(s) . 18
8 RFID tag requirements .20
8.1 Air interface protocol . 20
8.1.1 General .20
8.1.2 Declaring memory parameters . 21
8.1.3 AFI memory . 21
8.1.4 DSFID memory . 21
8.1.5 Required air interface commands . 21
8.2 Bit and byte sequence. 22
8.3 Air interface conformance . 24
8.4 Performance . 24
9 Data integrity, security and privacy issues .24
9.1 Data integrity . 24
9.2 Item security . 24
9.2.1 General . 24
9.2.2 Use of the dual AFI system . 24
9.2.3 Use of the unique tag ID . 25
9.2.4 Use of the EAS features . 25
10 Implementation and migration .25
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries .26
Annex B (normative) Relevant ISO/IEC 15961-1 application commands .27
Annex C (normative) Pre-encoding the ISIL .30
Annex D (informative) Encoding examples .35
Annex E (informative) Implementation and migration.40
Bibliography .43
iv
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ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 28560-2:2018), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
The changes are as follows:
— updates have been made including harmonization of the data format value.
A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace
bar codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. This
standard data model for encoding information on RFID tags increases the cost-effectiveness of the
technology within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment,
and enhance support for resource sharing between libraries.
This document deals with the encoding of data elements in a flexible manner using encoding rules that
are specified in ISO/IEC 15962. ISO 28560-1 defines the set of mandatory and optional data elements.
ISO 28560-3 and this document are mutually exclusive with respect to an RFID tag being applied to
a loan item. In other words, the RFID tag is encoded according to the rules of this document, or to the
rules of ISO 28560-3, or to some proprietary rules. Depending on the technologies being used, and other
features of tags that are claiming conformance with this document, the reading system can achieve a
degree of interoperability.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. Ongoing advice
needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology, and the opportunities to
migrate between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this document.
vi
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---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/
IEC 15962
1 Scope
This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification
(RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic,
public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken
from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an
object identifier structure to identify data elements.
This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in
ISO 28560-1 according to ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be different on different
items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be organized on the RFID
tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding of variable length and
variable format data.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of
additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961-1, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 1: Application interface
ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management —
Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions
ISO/IEC 18000-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part
3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO/IEC 18046-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device performance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for tag performance
ISO/IEC 18047-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO 28560-1, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
1
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ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
access method
component of the DSFID (3.8) that is responsible for declaring the ISO/IEC 15962 compaction and
encoding rules on an RFID tag
3.2
air interface protocol
rules of communication between an RFID interrogator and the RFID tag of a particular type, covering:
frequency, modulation, bit encoding, and command sets
3.3
application command
instruction issued from the application to the ISO/IEC 15962 data protocol processor in order to initiate
an action or operation with the RFID tag(s) via the interrogator
3.4
AFI
application family identifier
mechanism used in the data protocol and the air interface protocol (3.2) to select a class of RFID tags
relevant to an application, or aspect of an application, and to ignore further communications with other
classes of RFID tags with different identifiers
3.5
arc
specific branch of an object identifier tree, with new arcs added as required to define a particular object
Note 1 to entry: The top three arcs of all object identifiers are compliant with ISO/IEC 9834-1, ensuring
uniqueness.
3.6
data format
mechanism used in the data protocol to identify how object identifiers (3.11) are encoded on the RFID
tag, and (where possible) identify a particular data dictionary for the set of relevant object identifiers
for that application
Note 1 to entry: The data format declares the Root-OID (3.13) in an efficient manner, so that a complete object
identifier (3.11) can be reconstructed for external communications.
3.7
data protocol process
implementation of the processes defined in ISO/IEC 15962, including data compaction, formatting,
support of the command/response unit, and an interface to the tag driver
3.8
DSFID
data storage format identifier
code that consists of, at least, the access method (3.1) and data format (3.6)
3.9
digital vandalism
unauthorized modification of data on an RFID tag that either renders it unusable or falsely represents
another identifier
2
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ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
3.10
metadata
type of data or information about data
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, metadata (3.10) can be the Relative-OID (3.12) in relation to the
data, the precursor in relation to the compacted and encoded bytes, or the AFI (3.4) and DSFID (3.8) in relation to
the data.
3.11
object identifier
value (distinguishable from all other such values), which is associated with an object
3.12
Relative-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the remaining arcs (3.5) after the Root-OID (3.13)
3.13
Root-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the first, second, and subsequent common arcs (3.5) of
a set of object identifiers (hence the common root)
3.14
tag driver
implementation of the process to transfer data between the data protocol processor and the RFID tag
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems
Figure 1 gives an overview of the relationship of this document with other systems. This document
defines a set of technical features while addressing a number of operational issues. This document
interfaces with four other activities, but with a clearly defined overlap. These other activities are:
— the circulation of library materials;
— the data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers;
— the interlibrary loan processes; and
— the details of borrowers, including membership cards.
Figure 1 also shows that there is a direct relationship with supply chain activities, and internally within
the library with RFID circulation devices and the library management system including interfaces such
as SIP2 and NCIP.
As the use of RFID in libraries moves\ towards a more standardized approach as defined in this
document, the characteristics and architecture systems change compared to those already established.
To achieve interoperability with equipment and software, the required features include:
— the air interface protocol, which defines the way readers and tags communicate with one another;
— the data protocol, which defines the encoding rules that convert application-based data to the
encoded bytes on the RFID tag; the data protocol also defines metadata features in the RFID tag to
protect the integrity of RFID for library systems in relation to other RFID applications;
— the set of data elements that form the dictionary from which individual libraries can choose those
that are most appropriate for their operation.
3
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ISO 28560-2:2023(E)
4.3 By adopting this document, libraries will have increased flexibility with a number of features as
follows.
— Beyond the minimum of mandatory data elements defined in this document, libraries are able to
choose from the optional data elements those that are more appropriate to its application, even
varying these for different types of item.
— Libraries should be able to rank the optional data elements into an appropriate order for encoding
on the RFID tag to support fast transactions across the air interface.
— Libraries have a greater choice of interoperable RFID equipment, and should be able to select RFID
tags with an appropriate size of memory.
— Some degree of choice in the types of security system becomes a library responsibility.
— Libraries with an installed base of RFID data capture is offered options on how to migrate to the
more open standard solution.
— The library community, as a whole and through developments of this document, is provided with
future options to cope with changes within the RFID equipment as the technology deve
...
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/FDIS 28560--2:20222023(E)
ISO/TC 46/SC 4
Secretariat: KATS
Forth edition
2022-06-30
2023-03-23
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 2: Encoding of RFID data
elements based on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques — Partie 2: Encodage des éléments
de données RFID fondé sur les règles de l’ISO/CEI 15962
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no
part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without
prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v Field Code Changed
Introduction . vi Field Code Changed
1 Scope . 1 Field Code Changed
2 Normative references . 1 Field Code Changed
3 Terms and definitions . 1 Field Code Changed
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems . 3 Field Code Changed
5 Requirements . 6 Field Code Changed
6 Data elements . 7 Field Code Changed
7 Data encoding . 14 Field Code Changed
8 RFID tag requirements . 23 Field Code Changed
9 Data integrity, security and privacy issues . 28 Field Code Changed
10 Implementation and migration. 30 Field Code Changed
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries . 31 Field Code Changed
A.1 Informational website . 31 Field Code Changed
A.2 Types of support information . 31 Field Code Changed
Annex B (normative) Relevant ISO/IEC 15961-1 application commands . 32 Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
B.1 Configure-AFI . 32
B.2 Configure-DSFID . 32 Field Code Changed
B.3 Inventory-Tags . 32 Field Code Changed
B.4 Write-Objects . 32 Field Code Changed
B.5 Read-Objects . 32 Field Code Changed
B.6 Read-Object-Identifiers . 33 Field Code Changed
B.7 Get-App-Based-System-Info . 33 Field Code Changed
B.8 Modify-Object . 33 Field Code Changed
B.9 Delete-Object . 33 Field Code Changed
B.10 Read-Logical-Memory-Map . 33 Field Code Changed
B.11 Erase-Memory . 33 Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
Annex C (normative) Pre-encoding the ISIL . 34
C.1 General considerations. 34 Field Code Changed
C.2 Control characters . 35 Field Code Changed
C.3 Encoding rules . 35 Field Code Changed
C.3.1 Base character set . 35 Field Code Changed
C.3.2 Encoding process . 35 Field Code Changed
C.4 Declaring the ISO/IEC 15962 compaction scheme . 36 Field Code Changed
C.5 Use of generic or application-specific ISO/IEC 15962 encoders and decoders . 36 Field Code Changed
C.5.1 General . 36 Field Code Changed
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
C.5.2 Generic ISO/IEC 15962 encoder or decoder . 36 Field Code Changed
C.5.3 Inclusive encoder or decoder for this document . 36 Field Code Changed
C.6 Encoding examples . 36 Field Code Changed
Field Code Changed
C.6.1 EXAMPLE 1: DE-Heu1 . 36
C.6.2 EXAMPLE 2: CH-000134-1 . 37 Field Code Changed
Annex D (informative) Encoding examples . 39 Field Code Changed
D.1 General considerations . 39 Field Code Changed
D.2 Input assumptions . 39 Field Code Changed
D.2.1 RFID tag . 39 Field Code Changed
D.2.2 Input data . 39 Field Code Changed
D.3 Encoding the data elements . 39 Field Code Changed
D.3.1 General . 39 Field Code Changed
D.3.2 Primary item identifier . 39 Field Code Changed
D.3.3 OID index . 40 Field Code Changed
D.3.4 Set information . 41 Field Code Changed
D.3.5 Shelf location . 41 Field Code Changed
D.3.6 Owner institution (ISIL) . 41 Field Code Changed
D.4 Complete encoding . 42 Field Code Changed
Annex E (informative) Implementation and migration . 44 Field Code Changed
E.1 New RFID implementations . 44 Field Code Changed
E.2 Legacy RFID implementations using ISO/IEC 18000-3 Mode 1 RFID tags . 44 Field Code Changed
E.3 Legacy RFID implementations using other RFID tags . 46 Field Code Changed
Bibliography . 4747
iv © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance
with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see
www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of this
document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights. in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of
this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this
document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information,
which may be obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the
development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations
received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 28560-2:2018), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. A few
The changes are as follows:
— updates arehave been made, incl. including harmonization of the data format value.
A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at
www.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace bar
codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. This
standard data model for encoding information on RFID tags increases the cost-effectiveness of the
technology within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment,
and enhance support for resource sharing between libraries.
This document deals with the encoding of data elements in a flexible manner using encoding rules that
are specified in ISO/IEC 15962. ISO 28560-1 defines the set of mandatory and optional data elements.
ISO 28560-3 and this document are mutually exclusive with respect to an RFID tag being applied to a loan
item. In other words, the RFID tag is encoded according to the rules of this document, or to the rules of
ISO 28560-3, or to some proprietary rules. Depending on the technologies being used, and other features
of tags that are claiming conformance with this document, the reading system mightcan achieve a degree
of interoperability.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. Ongoing advice
needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology, and the opportunities to migrate
between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this document.
vi © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from
ISO/IEC 15962
1 Scope
This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification
(RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic,
public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken
from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an
object identifier structure to identify data elements.
This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in
ISO 28560-1 in accordance withaccording to ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be
different on different items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be
organized on the RFID tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding
of variable length and variable format data.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of
additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961--1, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 1: Application interface
ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management —
Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions
ISO/IEC 18000--3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management —
Part 3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO/IEC 18046--3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device performance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for tag performance
ISO/IEC 18047--3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO 28560--1, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
access method
component of the DSFID (3.8) that is responsible for declaring the ISO/IEC 15962 compaction and
encoding rules on an RFID tag
3.2
air interface protocol
rules of communication between an RFID interrogator and the RFID tag of a particular type, covering:
frequency, modulation, bit encoding, and command sets
3.3
application command
instruction issued from the application to the ISO/IEC 15962 data protocol processor in order to initiate
an action or operation with the RFID tag(s) via the interrogator
3.4
AFI
application family identifier
mechanism used in the data protocol and the air interface protocol (3.2) to select a class of RFID tags
relevant to an application, or aspect of an application, and to ignore further communications with other
classes of RFID tags with different identifiers
3.5
arc
specific branch of an object identifier tree, with new arcs added as required to define a particular object
Note 1 to entry: The top three arcs of all object identifiers are compliant with ISO/IEC 9834-1, ensuring uniqueness.
3.6
data format
mechanism used in the data protocol to identify how object identifiers (3.11) are encoded on the RFID tag,
and (where possible) identify a particular data dictionary for the set of relevant object identifiers for that
application
Note 1 to entry: The data format declares the Root-OID (3.13) in an efficient manner, so that a complete object
identifier (3.11) can be reconstructed for external communications.
3.7
data protocol process
implementation of the processes defined in ISO/IEC 15962, including data compaction, formatting,
support of the command/response unit, and an interface to the tag driver
3.8
DSFID
data storage format identifier
code that consists of, at least, the access method (3.1) and data format (3.6)
3.9
digital vandalism
unauthorized modification of data on an RFID tag that either renders it unusable or falsely represents
another identifier
3.10
2 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
metadata
type of data or information about data
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, metadata (3.10) can be the Relative-OID (3.12) in relation to the
data, the precursor in relation to the compacted and encoded bytes, or the AFI (3.4) and DSFID (3.8) in relation to
the data.
3.11
object identifier
value (distinguishable from all other such values), which is associated with an object
3.12
Relative-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the remaining arcs (3.5) after the Root-OID (3.13)
3.13
Root-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the first, second, and subsequent common arcs (3.5) of
a set of object identifiers (hence the common root)
3.14
tag driver
implementation of the process to transfer data between the data protocol processor and the RFID tag
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems
4.1 Figure 1 gives an overview of the relationship of this document with other systems. This document
defines a set of technical features while addressing a number of operational issues. This document
interfaces with four other activities, but with a clearly defined overlap. These other activities are:
— the circulation of library materials,;
— the data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers,;
— the interlibrary loan processes,; and
— the details of borrowers, including membership cards.
4.2 Figure 1 also shows that there is a direct relationship with supply chain activities, and internally
within the library with RFID circulation devices and the library management system including interfaces
such as SIP2 and NCIP.
As the use of RFID in libraries moves\ towards a more standardized approach as defined in this
document, the characteristics and architecture systems change compared to those already established.
To achieve interoperability with equipment and software, the required features include:
— the air interface protocol, which defines the way readers and tags communicate with one another;
— the data protocol, which defines the encoding rules that convert application-based data to the
encoded bytes on the RFID tag; the data protocol also defines metadata features in the RFID tag to
protect the integrity of RFID for library systems in relation to other RFID applications;
— the set of data elements that form the dictionary from which individual libraries can choose those
that are most appropriate for their operation.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
4.3 By adopting this document, libraries will have increased flexibility with a number of features as
follows.
— Beyond the minimum of mandatory data elements defined in this document, libraries are able to
choose from the optional data elements those that are more appropriate to its application, even
varying these for different types of item.
— Libraries should be able to rank the optional data elements into an appropriate order for encoding
on the RFID tag to support fast transactions across the air interface.
— Libraries have a greater choice of interoperable RFID equipment, and should be able to select RFID
tags with an appropriate size of memory.
— Some degree of choice in the types of security system becomes a library responsibility.
— Libraries with an installed base of RFID data capture is offered options on how to migrate to the more
open standard solution.
— The library community, as a whole and through developments of this document, is provided with
future options to cope with changes within the RFID equipment as the technology develops. This
includes ensuring that new open systems applications do not corrupt the established base of RFID
systems in libraries.
4 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
External logistics
Data requirements of Publishers,
Interlibrary processes
printers, suppliers, etc.
Issues adressed
Interoperability between libraries
Interoperability of RFID system components
Interoperability with other RFID systems
Potential to adress future RFID developments
Technology
Specification af the air interface
Rules for the selection of data elements
Specification of data compaction an encoding
Support for selective locking
Cirkulation of library materials Borrower details, membership cards
Use in the library
RFID cirkulation devices
SIP2, NCIP, etc.
Other RFID devices
Library management
system
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved 5
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Figure 1 — Relationship of this document with other systems
5 Requirements
5.1 Data elements
The data elements shall be compliantin accordance with ISO 28560-1.
NOTE There is a degree of flexibility in using locally defined codes that enable enhancements and variations to
be implemented while still complying with the basic set of data elements.
6 © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
5.2 RFID air interface
5.2.1 General
5.2.2
The air interface for compliant tags is specified in ISO/IEC 18000-3, especially the specification for
Mode 1.
For migration purposes, additional non-compliant air interfaces used in legacy systems can be supported
during a transition period, which is permitted to remain in place for years as necessary.
5.2.35.2.2 Air interface conformance
The air interface conformance shall be tested in accordance with the procedures of ISO/IEC TR 18047-3.
5.2.45.2.3 Tag performance
Where there are requirements for testing tag performance, these shall be done in accordance with
ISO/IEC 18046-3.
5.3 Data protocol
ISO/IEC 15961-1 specifies the application commands that shall be used to define the communication
requirements between the application and the RFID tag. The relevant commands are specified in Annex B.
The process rules of ISO/IEC 15962 shall be used to encode and decode data from the RFID tag. In
particular, the following constraints shall apply.
— The only encoding rules shall be based on the No-directory access method. No alternative access
method shall be supported until this document is revised.
— Both the hard-coded and software-encoded DSFID shall be supported, depending on the capabilities
of the RFID tag.
5.4 RFID readers
In order to achieve interoperability, RFID readers shall be based on open architecture RFID standards.
Particular standards are specified in this document. This means that any one manufacturer's
reading/writing equipment shall be able to read or write to any other manufacturer's RFID tags, and that
any manufacturer's RFID tags shall be able to be read and/or programmed by any other manufacturer's
reader/writer.
6 Data elements
6.1 General
The set of data elements that comprises the data dictionary for this document is fully described in
ISO 28560-1 and repeated in outline in Table 1. Only one data element is mandatory, the primary item
identifier. All others are optional, but can be selected to meet the requirements of individual libraries,
and/or for particular items.
Table 1 shows the Relative-OID value, the format for input data, and advice about locking the data
element as an encoded data set on the RFID tag. A maximum length of 255 characters should apply to all
data elements that have a variable length display format.
Table 1 — List of data elements
Name of the
a
N Status Display format Lock
data element
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ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
1 Primary item identifier Mandatory Variable length alphanumeric Should be
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 International locked
Reference Version (IRV)
c
2 Content parameter Optional Bit mapped code (see 6.3) Optional
b,c
3 Owner institution (ISIL) Optional Variable length field (maximum of 16 characters) Optional
based on ISO 15511
4 Set information Optional {Total in set/part number} structure Optional
(maximum ≤ 255)
c
5 Type of usage Optional Single octet (coded list) Optional
6 Shelf location Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
7 ONIX media format Optional Two uppercase alphabetic characters Optional
8 MARC media format Optional Two lowercase alphabetic characters Optional
9 Supplier identifier Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
10 Order number Optional Variable length alphanumeric Optional
Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
b,c
11 ILL borrowing Optional Variable length field (maximum of 16 characters) Not locked
institution (ISIL) based on ISO 15511
12 ILL borrowing Optional Variable length alphanumeric Not locked
transaction number Character set = ISO/IEC 646 IRV
13 GS1 product identifier Optional Fixed length 13 numeric digit field Optional
14 Alternative unique item Reserved
identifier
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 28560-2
ISO/TC 46/SC 4
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: KATS
RFID in libraries —
Voting begins on:
2023-04-06
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Encoding of RFID data elements based
2023-06-01
on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 2: Encodage des éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles
de l'ISO/CEI 15962
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 28560-2
ISO/TC 46/SC 4
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: KATS
RFID in libraries —
Voting begins on:
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Encoding of RFID data elements based
on rules from ISO/IEC 15962
Information et documentation — RFID dans les bibliothèques —
Partie 2: Encodage des éléments de données RFID fondé sur les règles
de l'ISO/CEI 15962
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
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OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
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IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems . 3
5 Requirements . 5
5.1 Data elements . 5
5.2 RFID air interface . 6
5.2.1 General . 6
5.2.2 Air interface conformance . 6
5.2.3 Tag performance . 6
5.3 Data protocol . 6
5.4 RFID readers . 6
6 Data elements . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Primary item identifier . 8
6.3 Content parameter . 8
6.4 Owner institution (ISIL) . 9
6.5 Set information. 9
6.6 Type of usage . 10
6.7 Shelf location . 10
6.8 ONIX media format . 10
6.9 MARC media format . 10
6.10 Supplier identifier . 10
6.11 Order number . 10
6.12 ILL borrowing institution . 10
6.13 ILL transaction number . 10
6.14 GS1 product identifier . 10
6.15 Alternative unique item identifier . 11
6.16 Local data . 11
6.17 Title . 11
6.18 Product identifier (local) . .12
6.19 Media format (other) . 12
6.20 Supply chain stage .12
6.21 Supplier invoice number .12
6.22 Alternative item identifier .12
6.23 Alternative owner institution .12
6.24 Subsidiary of an owner institution .12
6.25 Alternative ILL borrowing institution . 13
6.26 Other reserved data elements . 13
7 Data encoding . .13
7.1 Data protocol overview .13
7.2 Data constructs . 13
7.2.1 General .13
7.2.2 AFI . 13
7.2.3 Data format . 14
7.2.4 Object identifier for library applications . 14
7.2.5 Object identifier for the primary item identifier . 14
7.2.6 DSFID and access method . 14
7.3 ISO/IEC 15961-1 commands and responses . 15
7.4 ISO/IEC 15962 encoding rules .15
iii
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ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
7.4.1 General .15
7.4.2 Logical memory . 16
7.4.3 Configuration of the RFID tag . 17
7.4.4 Data compaction . 17
7.4.5 Creating the encoded data set(s) . 18
8 RFID tag requirements .20
8.1 Air interface protocol . 20
8.1.1 General .20
8.1.2 Declaring memory parameters . 21
8.1.3 AFI memory . 21
8.1.4 DSFID memory . 21
8.1.5 Required air interface commands . 21
8.2 Bit and byte sequence. 22
8.3 Air interface conformance . 24
8.4 Performance . 24
9 Data integrity, security and privacy issues .24
9.1 Data integrity . 24
9.2 Item security . 24
9.2.1 General . 24
9.2.2 Use of the dual AFI system . 24
9.2.3 Use of the unique tag ID . 25
9.2.4 Use of the EAS features . 25
10 Implementation and migration .25
Annex A (informative) Information about ISO 28560 RFID in libraries .26
Annex B (normative) Relevant ISO/IEC 15961-1 application commands .27
Annex C (normative) Pre-encoding the ISIL .30
Annex D (informative) Encoding examples .35
Annex E (informative) Implementation and migration.40
Bibliography .43
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation,
Subcommittee SC 4, Technical interoperability.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 28560-2:2018), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
The changes are as follows:
— updates have been made including harmonization of the data format value.
A list of all parts in the ISO 28560 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Introduction
Libraries are implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) as item identification to replace
bar codes. RFID streamlines applications like user self-service, security, and materials handling. This
standard data model for encoding information on RFID tags increases the cost-effectiveness of the
technology within libraries, particularly through greater interoperability of RFID tags and equipment,
and enhance support for resource sharing between libraries.
This document deals with the encoding of data elements in a flexible manner using encoding rules that
are specified in ISO/IEC 15962. ISO 28560-1 defines the set of mandatory and optional data elements.
ISO 28560-3 and this document are mutually exclusive with respect to an RFID tag being applied to
a loan item. In other words, the RFID tag is encoded according to the rules of this document, or to the
rules of ISO 28560-3, or to some proprietary rules. Depending on the technologies being used, and other
features of tags that are claiming conformance with this document, the reading system can achieve a
degree of interoperability.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. Ongoing advice
needs to be provided because of the evolving nature of RFID technology, and the opportunities to
migrate between different types of legacy system and encoding rules of this document.
vi
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
Information and documentation — RFID in libraries —
Part 2:
Encoding of RFID data elements based on rules from ISO/
IEC 15962
1 Scope
This document specifies a data model and encoding rules for the use of radio frequency identification
(RFID) tags for items appropriate for the needs of all types of libraries (including national, academic,
public, corporate, special, and school libraries). The rules for encoding a subset of data elements taken
from the total set of data elements defined in ISO 28560-1 are based on ISO/IEC 15962, which uses an
object identifier structure to identify data elements.
This document defines the technical characteristics required to encode the data elements defined in
ISO 28560-1 according to ISO/IEC 15962. These subsets of data elements can be different on different
items in the same library. The encoding rules also enable the optional data to be organized on the RFID
tag in any sequence. In addition, the encoding rules provide for flexible encoding of variable length and
variable format data.
This document provides essential standards-based information about RFID in libraries. A source of
additional information about implementation issues is provided in Annex A.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 15961-1, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management:
Data protocol — Part 1: Application interface
ISO/IEC 15962, Information technology — Radio frequency identification (RFID) for item management —
Data protocol: data encoding rules and logical memory functions
ISO/IEC 18000-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification for item management — Part
3: Parameters for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO/IEC 18046-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device performance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for tag performance
ISO/IEC 18047-3, Information technology — Radio frequency identification device conformance test
methods — Part 3: Test methods for air interface communications at 13,56 MHz
ISO 28560-1, Information and documentation — RFID in libraries — Part 1: Data elements and general
guidelines for implementation
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
1
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
access method
component of the DSFID (3.8) that is responsible for declaring the ISO/IEC 15962 compaction and
encoding rules on an RFID tag
3.2
air interface protocol
rules of communication between an RFID interrogator and the RFID tag of a particular type, covering:
frequency, modulation, bit encoding, and command sets
3.3
application command
instruction issued from the application to the ISO/IEC 15962 data protocol processor in order to initiate
an action or operation with the RFID tag(s) via the interrogator
3.4
AFI
application family identifier
mechanism used in the data protocol and the air interface protocol (3.2) to select a class of RFID tags
relevant to an application, or aspect of an application, and to ignore further communications with other
classes of RFID tags with different identifiers
3.5
arc
specific branch of an object identifier tree, with new arcs added as required to define a particular object
Note 1 to entry: The top three arcs of all object identifiers are compliant with ISO/IEC 9834-1, ensuring
uniqueness.
3.6
data format
mechanism used in the data protocol to identify how object identifiers (3.11) are encoded on the RFID
tag, and (where possible) identify a particular data dictionary for the set of relevant object identifiers
for that application
Note 1 to entry: The data format declares the Root-OID (3.13) in an efficient manner, so that a complete object
identifier (3.11) can be reconstructed for external communications.
3.7
data protocol process
implementation of the processes defined in ISO/IEC 15962, including data compaction, formatting,
support of the command/response unit, and an interface to the tag driver
3.8
DSFID
data storage format identifier
code that consists of, at least, the access method (3.1) and data format (3.6)
3.9
digital vandalism
unauthorized modification of data on an RFID tag that either renders it unusable or falsely represents
another identifier
2
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 28560-2:2023(E)
3.10
metadata
type of data or information about data
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this document, metadata (3.10) can be the Relative-OID (3.12) in relation to the
data, the precursor in relation to the compacted and encoded bytes, or the AFI (3.4) and DSFID (3.8) in relation to
the data.
3.11
object identifier
value (distinguishable from all other such values), which is associated with an object
3.12
Relative-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the remaining arcs (3.5) after the Root-OID (3.13)
3.13
Root-OID
particular object identifier (3.11) that constitutes the first, second, and subsequent common arcs (3.5) of
a set of object identifiers (hence the common root)
3.14
tag driver
implementation of the process to transfer data between the data protocol processor and the RFID tag
4 Applicability and relationship with other systems
Figure 1 gives an overview of the relationship of this document with other systems. This document
defines a set of technical features while addressing a number of operational issues. This document
interfaces with four other activities, but with a clearly defined overlap. These other activities are:
— the circulation of library materials;
— the data requirements of publishers, printers, and other suppliers;
— the interlibrary loan processes; and
— the details of borrowers, including membership cards.
Figure 1 also shows that there is a direct relationship with supply chain activities, and internally within
the library with RFID circulation devices and the library management system including interfaces such
as SIP2 and NCIP.
As the use of RFID in libraries moves\ towards a more standardized approach as defined in this
document, the characteristics and architecture systems change compared to those already established.
To achieve interoperability with equipment and software, the required features include:
— the air interface protocol, which defines the way readers and tags communicate with one another;
— the data protocol, which defines the encoding rules that convert
...
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