SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
(Main)Explosive atmospheres - Part 30-1: Electrical resistance trace heating - General and testing requirements (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modified)
Explosive atmospheres - Part 30-1: Electrical resistance trace heating - General and testing requirements (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modified)
This part of IEC 60079 specifies general and testing requirements for electrical resistance trace heaters for application in explosive gas atmospheres. The standard covers trace heaters that may comprise either factory- or field- (work-site) assembled units, and which may be series heating cables, parallel heating cables or heating pads and heating panels that have been assembled and/or terminated in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. This standard also includes requirements for termination assemblies and control methods used with trace heating. The hazardous areas referred to by this standard are those defined in IEC 60079-10.Where a requirement of this standard conflicts with a requirement of IEC 60079-0, the requirement of this standard shall take precedence.
Explosionsgefährdeter Bereiche - Teil 30-1: Elektrische Widerstands-Begleitheizungen - Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfanforderungen (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modifiziert)
Atmosphères explosives - Partie 30-1: Traçage par résistance électrique - Exigences générales et d'essai (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modifiée)
La présente partie de la CEI 60079 spécifie les exigences générales et d'essais des résistances électriques de traçage en atmosphères explosives gazeuses. La norme s'applique aux résistances de traçage qui peuvent comprendre les unités assemblées sur site (site d'exploitation) ou en usine et qui peuvent être soit des câbles de traçage en série, soit des câbles de traçage en parallèle, soit des bandes ou des panneaux de traçage qui ont été assemblés et/ou équipés de terminaisons conformément aux instructions du constructeur.
Eksplozivne atmosfere - 30-1. del: Električni uporovni grelni trakovi - Splošne zahteve in zahteve za preskušanje (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015, spremenjen)
Ta del standarda IEC 60079 določa splošne zahteve in zahteve za preskušanje električnih uporovnih grelnih trakov za uporabo v eksplozivnih plinskih atmosferah. Ta standard zajema električne uporovne grelne trakove, ki jih lahko sestavljajo tovarniško izdelane ali na (delovnem) mestu sestavljene enote, kot so zaporedni grelni kabli, vzporedni grelni kabli ali grelne blazine in grelne plošče, ki so bile sestavljene in/ali dokončane v skladu z navodili proizvajalca. Ta standard vključuje tudi zahteve za dokončane sklope in kontrolne metode za uporabo pri uporovnih grelnih trakovih. Nevarna območja iz tega standarda so tista, ki so določena v standardu IEC 60079-10. Kadar je zahteva iz tega standarda v nasprotju z zahtevo iz standarda IEC 60079-0, ima prednost zahteva iz tega standarda.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
01-julij-2017
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60079-30-1:2007
(NVSOR]LYQHDWPRVIHUHGHO (OHNWULþQLXSRURYQLJUHOQLWUDNRYL6SORãQH
]DKWHYHLQ]DKWHYH]DSUHVNXãDQMH ,(&,((( VSUHPHQMHQ
Explosive atmospheres - Part 30-1: Electrical resistance trace heating - General and
testing requirements (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modified)
Explosionsgefährdeter Bereiche - Teil 30-1: Elektrische Widerstands-Begleitheizungen -
Allgemeine Anforderungen und Prüfanforderungen (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 ,
modifiziert)
Atmosphères explosives - Partie 30-1: Traçage par résistance électrique - Exigences
générales et d'essai (IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modifiée)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60079-30-1:2017
ICS:
29.260.20 (OHNWULþQLDSDUDWL]D Electrical apparatus for
HNVSOR]LYQDR]UDþMD explosive atmospheres
SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60079-30-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2017
ICS 29.260.20 Supersedes EN 60079-30-1:2007
English Version
Explosive atmospheres - Part 30-1: Electrical resistance trace
heating - General and testing requirements
(IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modified)
Atmosphères explosives - Partie 30-1: Traçage par Explosionsgefährdeter Bereiche - Teil 30-1: Elektrische
résistance électrique - Exigences générales et d'essai Widerstands-Begleitheizungen - Allgemeine Anforderungen
(IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modifiée) und Prüfanforderungen
(IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 , modifiziert)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2017-03-06. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN 60079-30-1:2017 E
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 60079-30-1:2017) consists of the text of IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015
prepared by IEC/TC 31 "Equipment for explosive atmospheres" in collaboration with IEEE
Standards Association (IEEE-SA), together with the common modifications prepared by
CLC/TC 31 "Electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres".
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2018-03-06
• latest date by which this document has to be
implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting (dow) 2020-03-06
with this document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60079-30-1:2007.
The State of the Art is included in Annex ZY “Significant changes between this European
Standard and EN 60079-30-1:2007”.
For the significant changes with respect to EN 60079-30-1:2007, see Annex ZY.
Annexes which are additional to those in IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 are prefixed “Z”.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements
of EU Directive.
For the relationship with EU Directive see informative Annex ZZ, which is an integral part
of this document.
2
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
COMMON MODIFICATIONS
Note The Division method of area classification of IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 is not
applicable for a European Standard, because a correlation with the Equipment
Categories according to the European Directive 2014/34/EU is not possible.
Consequently requirements for Divisions 1 and 2 are excluded from this standard.
European foreword
Delete bullet point:
“the addition of annexes covering requirements for Divisions 1 and 2;“
Delete entries in Table of Changes:
“Addition of requirements for the Division method of area classification that may be applied
by some users.”
“Addition of annex for the Division method of area classification that may be applied by
some users.”
Introduction
Delete sentence:
"This standard also contains the minimum requirements for users applying the Division
method of area classification.”
1 Scope
Delete sentence:
"Annexes D and E outline the application of this standard for those users applying the
Division method of area classification."
4.5.1 General
Delete sentence:
"Requirements for equipment for use in facilities using the Division method of area
classification are given in Annex D."
6.1 Product markings for trace heaters
Delete sentence:
"f) For marking trace heaters for use with the Division method of area classification, see
D.6."
3
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Annex D
Delete entire Annex D.
Annex E
Delete entire Annex E.
4
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the
relevant EN/HD applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60050-151 2001 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - - -
Part 151: Electrical and magnetic devices
IEC 60050-426 2008 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - - -
Part 426: Equipment for explosive atmospheres
IEC 60079-0 2011 Explosive atmospheres - Part 0: Equipment – General EN 60079-0 2012
requirements + A11 2013
IEC 60695-11-3 - Fire hazard testing - Part 11-3: Test flames – 500 W EN 60695-11-3 -
flames - Apparatus and confirmational test methods
ISO 4582 - Plastics - Determination of changes in colour and - -
variations in properties after exposure to daylight under
glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources
ISO 4892-1 - Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light EN 4892-1 -
sources - Part 1: General guidance
ISO 4892-2 - Plastics - Methods of exposure to laboratory light EN 4892-2 -
sources - Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps
ASTM D5025 - Standard specification for laboratory burner used for - -
small-scale burning tests on plastic materials
ASTM G155 - Standard practice for operating xenon arc light - -
apparatus for exposure of nonmetallic materials
5
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Annex ZY
(informative)
Significant changes between this European Standard and EN 60079-30-1:2007
The significant changes with respect to EN 60079-30-1:2007 are as listed below.
Type
Significant Changes Clause Minor Extension Major
and technic
editorial al
changes change
s
Addition of clarification for the exclusion of EPLs Ga and
1 X
Da
Addition of table specifying the application or exclusion of
1 X
specific clauses of IEC 60079-0 Edition 6
For stabilized designs, a clarification for the need for
verification by testing and the addition of a table for the
4.5.2 X
specific requirements
For controlled designs, a clarification for the need for
verification by testing and the addition of a table for the
4.5.3 X
specific requirements
For controlled designs, clarifications and additions on the
4.5.3 X
separate requirements for Gb/Db and Gc/Dc
The requirements for calibration of the flammability test
fixture are replaced with equivalent requirements for the
5.1.4 X
energy levels of the test gases
C1
Addition of a minimum temperature impact test 5.1.5
For thermal stability, the addition of a bending requirement
C1
5.1.11
on a mandrel
The replacement of the thermal safety procedure with a
C2
5.1.12
thermal performance procedure
The addition of a second procedure utilizing a plate fixture
for the systems method for maximum sheath temperature C3
5.1.13.2
determination
5.1.16 C4
Addition of outdoor exposure test
Requirement changed for the marking of the minimum
C5
6.1
installation temperature
Addition of new markings requirements for field assembled
C5
6.2
components
Additions and changes to the documentation requirements
C5
7
Addition of Annex
X
Annex A
X
Addition of Annex Annex B
Addition of Annex specifying trace heating design
C6
Annex C
verification methodology, moved from IEC 60079-30-2
NOTE The technical changes referred to include the significance of technical changes in the revised
IEC Standard, but they do not form an exhaustive list of all modifications from the previous version.
6
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Explanation of the Types of Significant Changes:
A) Definitions
1. Minor and editorial changes:
• Clarification
• Decrease of technical requirements
• Minor technical change
• Editorial corrections
These are changes which modify requirements in an editorial or a minor technical
way. They include changes of the wording to clarify technical requirements without
any technical change, or a reduction in level of existing requirement.
2. Extension:
• Addition of technical options
These are changes which add new or modify existing technical requirements, in a
way that new options are given, but without increasing requirements for equipment
that was fully compliant with the previous standard. Therefore, these will not have
to be considered for products in conformity with the preceding edition.
3. Major technical changes:
• addition of technical requirements
• increase of technical requirements
These are changes to technical requirements (addition, increase of the level or
removal) made in a way that a product in conformity with the preceding edition will
not always be able to fulfil the requirements given in the later edition. These
changes have to be considered for products in conformity with the preceding
edition. For these changes additional information is provided in item B) below.
NOTE These changes represent current technological knowledge. However, these changes should
not normally have an influence on equipment already placed on the market.
B) Information about the background of ‘Major technical changes’
C1 – The requirements for additional mechanical testing have been included for
harmonization and for added safety.
C2 – The requirements for thermal performance have been included to recognize the
necessity for thermal stability of products in explosive atmospheres.
C3 – A second procedure utilizing a plate fixture has been included for sheath
temperature determination, which may be used in lieu of the sheath temperature
verification part of 5.1.13.4.2.
C4 – An outdoor exposure test has been added to cover products that may be exposed
to sunlight and moisture in the intended application.
C5 – Additional marking and documentation requirements have been added to provide
additional information to the end user.
C6 – The trace heating design verification methodology has been added to align with
the evaluation requirements for the stabilized design and the controlled design
methods of maximum sheath temperature determination.
7
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Annex ZZ
(informative)
Relationship between this European standard and the essential requirements
of Directive 2014/34/EU aimed to be covered
This European standard has been prepared under a Commission’s standardization request
to provide one voluntary means of conforming to essential of Directive 2014/34/EU of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in
potentially explosive atmospheres.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive,
compliance with the normative clauses of this standard given in Table ZZ.1 confers, within
the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the corresponding
essential requirements of that Directive, and associated EFTA regulations.
Table ZZ.1 – Correspondence between this European standard and Annex II of
Directive 2014/34/EU
Essential Requirements of Clause(s) / sub-clause(s)
Remarks / Notes
Directive of this EN
1.0.1. All
1.0.2. 4, 5, Annex C
1.0.3. 4, 7.5, 7.6
1.0.4. 4, 5, Annex C
1.0.5. 6 In conjunction with
EN 60079-0
1.0.6. 7
1.1.1. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1.2, 5.1.3,
5.1.4, 5.1.5, 5.1.6, 5.1.7,
5.1.8, 5.1.9, 5.1.11, 5.1.16
1.1.2. 4.5, 5.1.10, 5.1.12, 5.1.13,
5.1.14, 5.1.15
1.1.3. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1.2, 5.1.3,
5.1.4, 5.1.5, 5.1.6, 5.1.7,
5.1.8, 5.1.9, 5.1.11, 5.1.16
1.2.1. 4, 5, Annex C
1.2.2. 4.3, 5.1.9, 7
1.2.3. Not covered Not applicable
1.2.4. 4.5, 5.1.8, 5.1.9, 5.1.13, 7
1.2.5. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1.2, 5.1.3,
5.1.4, 5.1.5, 5.1.6, 5.1.7,
5.1.8, 5.1.9, 5.1.11, 5.1.16,
7
1.2.6. Not covered Not applicable
1.2.7. 4, 5, 7, Annex C Covered except of
avoidance of injury by
touching hot surfaces of the
trace heaters or work piece
for this, refer to
EN 60079-30-2.
1.2.8. 4.4
8
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Essential Requirements of Clause(s) / sub-clause(s)
Remarks / Notes
Directive of this EN
1.2.9. Not covered
1.3.1. All Covered by the principle of
the type of protection
"60079-30-1": Non-arcing,
non-sparking, temperature
limited.
1.3.2. Not covered
1.3.3. 4.1, 5.1.15, 7
1.3.4. Not covered Electric trace heating is not
moving, it is intended to be
firmly installed on a
workpiece, for which friction
does not apply.
1.3.5. Not covered
1.4.1. 4, 5, 7, Annex C Covered except of vibration.
1.4.2. 4, 5
1.5.1 4.5.3.2
1.5.2. 4.5.3.2
1.5.3. 4.5.3.2
1.5.4. 4.5.3.2, 4.5.3.3
1.5.5. Not covered
1.5.6. 5.1.13.4.2, 5.1.13.4.3,
5.1.13.4.4
1.5.7. 5.1.13.4.2, 5.1.13.4.3,
5.1.13.4.4, 7.3.4
1.5.8. Not covered
1.6.1. 4.4 a)
1.6.2. Not covered Not applicable, electric trace
heating is generally ohmic
and cools down when de-
energized.
1.6.3. Not covered
1.6.4. 4.3, 5.1.9, 7
1.6.5. Not covered
2.0.1.1. Not covered
2.0.1.2. Not covered
2.0.1.3. Not covered
2.0.1.4. Not covered
2.0.2.1. Not covered
2.0.2.2. Not covered
2.0.2.3 Not covered
2.1.1.1. Not covered
2.1.1.2. Not covered
2.1.1.3. Not covered
2.1.2.1. Not covered
2.1.2.2. Not covered
2.1.2.3. Not covered
2.2.1.1. 4, 5
2.2.1.2. 4, 5, Annex C
2.2.1.3. 4.4, 7.4 c)
2.2.2.1 4, 5
9
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
EN 60079-30-1:2017 (E)
Essential Requirements of Clause(s) / sub-clause(s)
Remarks / Notes
Directive of this EN
2.2.2.2. 4, 5, Annex C
2.2.2.3. 4.3, 5.1.9
2.2.2.4. 4.4, 7.4 c)
2.3.1.1. 4, 5 Covered
2.3.1.2. 4, 5, Annex C Covered
2.3.2.1. 4, 5 Covered
2.3.2.2. 4, 5, Annex C
2.3.2.3. 4.3, 5.1.9
3.0.1. Not covered
3.0.2. Not covered
3.0.3. Not covered
3.0.4. Not covered
3.1.1. Not covered
3.1.2. Not covered
3.1.3. Not covered
3.1.4. Not covered
3.1.5. Not covered
3.1.6. Not covered
3.1.7. Not covered
3.1.8. Not covered
WARNING 1: Presumption of conformity stays valid only as long as a reference to this
European standard is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European
Union. Users of this standard should consult frequently the latest list published in the Official
Journal of the European Union.
WARNING 2: Other Union legislation may be applicable to the product falling within the
scope of this standard.
10
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1
®
Edition 1.0 2015-09
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Explosive atmospheres –
Part 30-1: Electrical resistance trace heating – General and testing requirements
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.260.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-2758-9
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
– 2 – IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015
© IEC/IEEE 2015
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 10
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 15
3 Terms and definitions . 16
4 General requirements . 22
4.1 General . 22
4.2 Mechanical strength . 22
4.3 Terminations and connections . 23
4.4 Circuit protection requirements for branch circuits. 23
4.5 Temperature requirements . 23
4.5.1 General . 23
4.5.2 Stabilized design . 24
4.5.3 Controlled design. 24
5 Testing . 26
5.1 Type tests . 26
5.1.1 General . 26
5.1.2 Dielectric test . 26
5.1.3 Electrical insulation resistance test . 27
5.1.4 Flammability test . 27
5.1.5 Impact tests . 29
5.1.6 Deformation test . 32
5.1.7 Cold bend test . 32
5.1.8 Water resistance test . 33
5.1.9 Integral components resistance to water test . 33
5.1.10 Verification of rated output . 34
5.1.11 Thermal stability of electrical insulating material . 36
5.1.12 Thermal performance test . 36
5.1.13 Determination of maximum sheath temperature . 38
5.1.14 Verification of start-up current . 46
5.1.15 Verification of the electrical resistance of electrically conductive
covering . 46
5.1.16 Outdoor exposure test . 47
5.2 Routine tests. 47
5.2.1 Dielectric test . 47
5.2.2 Verification of rated output . 47
6 Marking . 47
6.1 Product markings for trace heaters . 47
6.2 Markings for field assembled components . 48
7 Documentation requirements . 48
7.1 General . 48
7.2 Circuit design documentation . 48
7.3 Trace heating system documentation . 49
7.3.1 General . 49
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015 – 3 –
© IEC/IEEE 2015
7.3.2 For trace heating systems according to the product classification
method . 49
7.3.3 For trace heating systems according to stabilized design method . 49
7.3.4 For trace heating systems according to controlled design method . 49
7.4 Instructions for installation of trace heating system . 50
7.5 Instructions for commissioning . 50
7.6 Instructions for maintenance / repair or modification . 50
Annex A (informative) Type test matrix for EPLs Gb/Gc/Db/Dc (Refer to IEC 60079-14
for the relationship of EPLs to Zones) . 52
Annex B (informative) Checklist for installation . 53
Annex C (normative) Trace heater product design verification methodology . 54
C.1 General . 54
C.2 Design methodology and selection of trace heaters . 54
C.3 Stabilized design calculations . 54
C.4 Trace heater performance and equilibrium conditions . 55
C.5 Heat loss calculations . 57
C.6 Heat loss design safety factor . 58
C.7 Maximum temperature determination . 58
C.7.1 Theoretical pipe and sheath temperature calculations – Metallic
applications . 58
C.7.2 Theoretical vessel and sheath temperature calculations – Metallic
applications . 59
C.7.3 Sheath temperature – metallic applications utilizing a temperature
limiter control sensing the trace heater sheath or an artificial hot spot . 60
C.7.4 Theoretical sheath temperature calculations – Non-metallic applications . 60
C.7.5 Sheath temperature – non-metallic applications utilizing a temperature
limiter control sensing the trace heater sheath or an artificial hot spot . 62
Annex D (normative) Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2 trace heating
systems . 63
D.1 Application . 63
D.2 General . 63
D.3 Terminations and connections . 63
D.4 Control and temperature requirements . 63
D.4.1 General . 63
D.4.2 Stabilized design . 63
D.4.3 Controlled design. 64
D.4.4 Requirements for protective device in Divisions 1 and 2 . 64
D.5 Type tests . 64
D.5.1 Division 1 trace heating equipment . 64
D.5.2 Division 2 equipment . 65
D.6 Marking . 65
D.7 Instructions – Installation requirements . 65
Annex E (normative) Type test matrix for Division 1 and 2 explosive atmospheres . 67
Bibliography . 69
Figure 1 – Flammability test . 28
Figure 2 – Example of room temperature impact test . 30
Figure 3 – Example of minimum temperature impact test . 31
Figure 4 – Cold bend test . 33
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SIST EN 60079-30-1:2017
– 4 – IEC/IEEE 60079-30-1:2015
© IEC/IEEE 2015
Figure 5 – Integral components resistance to water test . 34
Figure 6 – Verification of rated output . 35
Figure 7 – Maximum sheath temperature using product classification approach . 39
Figure 8 – Verification of sheath temperatures using pipe sculpture . 41
Figure 9 – Verification of sheath temperature, plate test . 44
Figure 10 – Verification of sheath temperature – plate test with serpentined sample . 44
Fi
...
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