SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021

Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1: General requirements

This European Standard deals with the safety of electrical appliances for household environment and commercial purposes, their rated voltage being not more than 250 V for single-phase and 480 V for others.

Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Partie 1: Exigences générales

Gospodinjski in podobni električni aparati - Varnost - 1. del: Splošne zahteve - Dopolnilo A15

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 31-May-2020
• Publication Date: 21-Jul-2021
• ICS: 13.120 - Domestic safety
• ICS: 97.030 - Domestic electrical appliances in general
• Technical Committee: VGA - Safety of household and similar electrical appliances
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 19-Jul-2021
• Due Date: 23-Sep-2021
• Completion Date: 22-Jul-2021
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Directive: 2014/35/EU - Directive 2014/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Mandate: M/511 - Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI relating to harmonised standards in the field of the Low Voltage Directive
• Ref Project: EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1: General requirements

Relations

• Amends: SIST EN 60335-1:2012 - Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1: General requirements
• Effective Date: 07-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
01-september-2021
Gospodinjski in podobni električni aparati - Varnost - 1. del: Splošne zahteve -
Dopolnilo A15

Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1: General requirements

Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 1:

Allgemeine Anforderungen

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Partie 1: Exigences générales

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
ICS:
13.120 Varnost na domu Domestic safety
97.030 Električni aparati za dom na Domestic electrical
splošno appliances in general
SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 en,fr

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 60335-1:2012/A15
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2021
ICS 13.120; 97.030
English Version
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1:
General requirements

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und

Partie 1: Exigences générales ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen

This amendment A15 modifies the European Standard EN 60335-1:2012; it was approved by CENELEC on 2021-03-01. CENELEC

members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this amendment the

status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.

This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the

responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as

the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,

Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2021 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.

Ref. No. EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 E
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Contents

European foreword ........................................................................................................................................ 3

1 Modification to the Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4

2 Modification to Clause 2, “Normative references” ................................................................................. 4

3 Modification to Clause 4 “General requirement” ................................................................................... 4

4 Modification to Clause 20 “Stability and mechanical hazards” ............................................................. 4

5 Modification to Clause 22 “Construction” .............................................................................................. 4

6 Modification to Clause 24 “Components” .............................................................................................. 5

7 Modification to the annexes .................................................................................................................. 5

Annex ZA (normative) Special national conditions ...................................................................................... 6

Annex ZB (informative) A-deviations ........................................................................................................... 7

Annex ZC (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding

European publications ................................................................................................................................... 8

Annex ZF (informative) Criteria applied for the allocation of products covered by standards in the EN 60335

series under LVD or MD .............................................................................................................................. 20

Annex ZH (informative) Common plug and socket-outlet types in CENELEC countries ........................... 21

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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
European foreword

This document (EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021) has been prepared by CLC/TC 61 “Safety of household and

similar electrical appliances”.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which this document has to be (dop) 2022–03–01
implemented at national level by publication of an
identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting (dow) 2024–03–01
with this document have to be withdrawn

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European Commission and

the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
1 Modification to the Introduction

Delete the EN addition to introduction starting with “The principal objectives of the Low Voltage Directive…”

up to the end “… OJ under the Directive”.
Addition:

This European amendment A15 supplements or modifies the corresponding clauses of EN 60335-1:2012+-

A11:2014+A13:2017+A1:2019+A14:2019+A2:2019
2 Modification to Clause 2, “Normative references”
In the addition, delete the following reference:

CLC/TR 50417- Safety of household and similar electrical appliances - Interpretations related to European

Standards in the EN 60335 series
3 Modification to Clause 4 “General requirement”
In the addition, delete the following sentence:

The interpretations included in CLC/TR 50417 shall be taken into consideration together with the relevant

requirements in the standards listed therein.
4 Modification to Clause 20 “Stability and mechanical hazards”
20.2
Replace “dangerous” with “hazardous” (twice).
5 Modification to Clause 22 “Construction”
22.44
In sub Clause 22.44, replace the text by the following:
An appliance is child-appealing if one of the following criteria is present:
— appliance decorated using faces, cartoon like characters, or similar images;

— appliance using shapes representing animals, characters, persons or scale models.

An appliance is child-appealing if more than one of the following criteria are present:

— using non-functional light (functional light is e.g. illumination of an object or area, signal indicating

status of an appliance);
— using non-functional sound (e.g. music);
— using non-functional movement.

If the appliance is child-appealing, has a mass less than 4 kg or is mounted or normally intended for use at

a height less than 850 mm, the following conditions shall be met:

— No surface (both functional surfaces and non-functional) that are accessible by means of test probe

19 of IEC 61032 located at a height less than 850 mm shall exceed the temperature rises stated below:

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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Temperature rise
– of bare metal 38K
– of coated metal 42K
– of glass and ceramic 51K
– of plastic having a thickness exceeding 0,4 mm 58K

— Hazardous moving parts shall not be accessible by means of test probe 19 of IEC 61032 under the

conditions specified for test probe 18 in Clause 20.2.

— Live parts shall not be accessible by means of test probe 19 of IEC 61032 under the conditions

specified for test probe 18 in Clause 8.1.1.

— Liquid in the appliance shall not exceed 38 °C in normal use when it is accessible by means of test

probe 19 under the conditions specified for test probe 18 in Clause 20.2 or can get out of the appliance

when positioned in different positions. Vessels in which two independent and sequential actions are

needed to access the liquid are considered to meet the requirement.

— The requirement of 22.12 is applicable for all accessible parts of the appliance.

The requirement is not applicable to appliances where there is a toy shaped like the appliance.

NOTE Z1 An example of a toy shaped like an appliance is a toy refrigerator.
Compliance is checked by inspection and appropriate tests.
6 Modification to Clause 24 “Components”
24.1
In the note, replace the word “NOTE Z3” with “NOTE Z1”
24.1.7 Replace the sub clause with the following:

If the remote operation of the appliance is via a telecommunication network, the relevant standard for the

telecommunication interface circuitry in the appliance is IEC 62151.
7 Modification to the annexes
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)
Special national conditions
Modify the reference for Clause 25.8 by adding Cyprus to the countries listed
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Annex ZB
(informative)
A-deviations

Delete the second paragraph, including the note, starting with: “This European Standard/Harmonization

Document ….”
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Replace the Annex ZC by the following:
Annex ZC
(normative)
Normative references to international publications with their
corresponding European publications

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes

requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,

the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the

relevant EN/HD applies.

NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:

www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-1 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 1:
General requirements
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–11 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–11:
Cables for general applications - Flexible
cables with thermoplastic PVC insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–12 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–12:
Cables for general applications - Cables
with thermoplastic PVC insulation for
extensible leads
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–21 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and + AC 2013
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–21:
Cables for general applications - Flexible
cables with crosslinked elastomeric
insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–22 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–22:
Cables for general applications - High
flexibility braided cables with crosslinked
elastomeric insulation
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–31 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–31:
Cables for general applications - Single
core non-sheathed cables with
thermoplastic PVC insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–41 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–41:
Cables for general applications - Single
core cables with crosslinked silicone
rubber insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–42 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–42:
Cables for general applications - Single
core non-sheathed cables with
crosslinked EVA insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–51 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–51:
Cables for general applications - Oil
resistant control cables with thermoplastic
PVC insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–71 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–71:
Cables for general applications - Flat
tinsel cables (cords) with thermoplastic
PVC insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–72 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–72:
Cables for general applications - Flat
divisible cables (cords) with thermoplastic
PVC insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–81 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–81:
Cables for general applications - Cables
with crosslinked elastomeric covering for
arc welding
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–82 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–82:
Cables for general applications - Cables
with crosslinked elastomeric insulation for
decorative chains
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-2–83 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 2–83:
Cables for general applications - Multicore
cables with crosslinked silicone rubber
insulation
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-3–11 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) – Part 3–11:
Cables with special fire performance -
Flexible cables with halogen-free
thermoplastic insulation, and low emission
of smoke
- - Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-3–21 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and + AC 2013
including 450/750 V (U0/U) – Part 3–21:
Cables with special fire performance -
Flexible cables with halogen-free
crosslinked insulation, and low emission
of smoke
Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-3–31 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 3–31:
Cables with special fire performance -
Single core non-sheathed cables with
halogen-free thermoplastic insulation, and
low emission of smoke
Electric cables - Low voltage energy EN 50525-3–41 2011
cables of rated voltages up to and
including 450/750 V (U0/U) - Part 3–41:
Cables with special fire performance -
Single core non-sheathed cables with
halogen-free crosslinked insulation, and
low emission of smoke
IEC 60034-1 - Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: EN 60034-1 2020
Rating and performance
IEC 60061-1 - Lamp caps and holders together with EN 60061-1 1993
gauges for the control of
+ A1 1995
interchangeability and safety - Part 1:
+ A2 1995
Lamp caps
+ A3 1995
+ A4 1996
+ A5 1996
+ A6 1996
+ A7 1997
+ A21 1998
+ A22 1999
+ A23 1999
+ A24 2000
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
+ A25 2001
+ A26 2001
+ A27 2014
+ A28 2002
+ A29 2002
+ A30 2002
+ A31 2003
+ A32 2003
+ A33 2003
+ A34 2004
+ A35 2005
+ A36 2005
+ A37 2006
+ A38 2007
+ A39 2007
+ A40 2008
+ A41 2009
+ A42 2009
+ A43 2010
+ A44 2010
+ A45 2011
+ A46 2011
+ A47 2012
+ A48 2012
+ A49 2013
+ A50 2014
+ A51 2015
+ A52 2016
+ A53 2015
+ A54 2016
+ A55 2017
+ A56 2017
+ A17 2018
+ A18 2018
+ A19 2020
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021
EN 60335-1:2012/A15:2021 (E)
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60065 2001 Audio, video and similar electronic EN 60065 2002 )
(mod) apparatus - Safety requirements
2005 + corr. August 2007
+ A1 (mod)
+ A1 2006
+ A11 2008
+ A2 2010
+ A12 2011
IEC 60068-2–2 - Environmental testing - Part 2–2: Tests - EN 60068-2–2 2007
Test B: Dry heat
IEC 60068-2–31 - Environmental testing - Part 2–31: Tests - EN 60068-2–31 2008
Test Ec: Rough handling shocks, primarily
for equipment-type specimens
IEC 60068-2–75 - Environmental testing - Part 2–75: Tests - EN 60068-2–75 2014
Test Eh: Hammer tests
IEC 60068-2–78 - Environmental testing - Part 2–78: Tests - EN 60068-2–78 2013
Test Cab: Damp heat, steady-state
IEC/TR 60083 - ) Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and - -
similar general use standardized in
member countries of IEC
IEC 60085 2007 Electrical insulation - Thermal evaluation EN 60085 2008
and designation
IEC 60112 2003 Method for the determination of the proof EN 60112 2003
2009 and the comparative tracking indices of 2009
+ A1 + A1
solid insulating materials
IEC 60127 series Miniature fuses EN 60127-1 2006
2011
+ A1
2015
+ A2
2014
EN 60127-2
2015
EN 60127-3
2005
EN 60127-4
2009
+ A1
2013
+ A2
2017
EN 60127-5
2014
EN 60127-6
2016
EN 60127-7
2002
EN 60127-10
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60335-1:2012/oprA15:2020
01-maj-2020
Gospodinjski in podobni električni aparati - Varnost - 1. del: Splošne zahteve -
Dopolnilo A15

Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1: General requirements

Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 1:

Allgemeine Anforderungen

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Partie 1: Exigences générales

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60335-1:2012/prA15
ICS:
13.120 Varnost na domu Domestic safety
97.030 Električni aparati za dom na Domestic electrical
splošno appliances in general
SIST EN 60335-1:2012/oprA15:2020 en,fr

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/oprA15:2020
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/oprA15:2020
EUROPEAN STANDARD DRAFT
EN 60335-1:2012
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
prA15
March 2020
ICS 13.120; 97.030
English Version
Household and similar electrical appliances - Safety - Part 1:
General requirements

Appareils électrodomestiques et analogues - Sécurité - Sicherheit elektrischer Geräte für den Hausgebrauch und

Partie 1: Exigences générales ähnliche Zwecke - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen

This draft amendment prA15, if approved, will modify the European Standard EN 60335-1:2012; it is submitted to CENELEC members for

enquiry.
Deadline for CENELEC: 2020-06-05.
It has been drawn up by CLC/TC 61.

If this draft becomes an amendment, CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which

stipulate the conditions for giving this amendment the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft amendment was established by CENELEC in three official versions (English, French, German).

A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to

the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,

Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the

Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey and the United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to

provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and

shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.

Project: 69375 Ref. No. EN 60335-1:2012/prA15 E
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/oprA15:2020
EN 60335-1:2012/prA15:2020 (E)
European Foreword

This document [EN 60335-1:2012/prA15:2020] has been prepared by CLC/TC 61 "Safety of

household and similar electrical appliances".
This document is currently submitted to the Enquiry.
The following dates are proposed:
• latest date by which the existence of this (doa) dor + 6 months
document has to be announced at national level
• latest date by which this document has to be (dop) dor + 12 months
implemented at national level by publication of an
identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards (dow) dor + 36 months
conflicting with this document have to be (to be confirmed or
withdrawn modified when voting)
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CENELEC by the European

Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of

EU Directive(s).

For the relationship with EU Directive(s) see informative Annex ZZ, which is an integral part of

this document.
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SIST EN 60335-1:2012/oprA15:2020
EN 60335-1:2012/prA15:2020 (E)
NOTE for CCMC: the rational shall remain inside the first
draft of Public Enquiry for share the rational of decision
taken by WG1
Rationale:
Characteristics that can make appliances attractive to children

A potentially hazardous appliance can be made attractive to children (and others) but through

the use of appropriate safety strategies, including design, guarding, and warnings and

information, the risk of injury can be minimized. However, to achieve such risk minimization, the

changing behaviors and capabilities of children need to be carefully considered. ISO/IEC Guide

50 advises that when developing or revising a standard for an appliance, the reasonably

foreseeable use by children and their interaction with it should be taken into account. This

does not negate the need for appropriate supervision of children by adults nor safety strategies

such as the safe storage of potentially hazardous appliances. The Guide notes that young

children learn by, among other processes, exploring their environment and copying the

actions of adults, older children and even media characters. While adults understand that

exploration is a process of “discovering the unknown” that involves risk, children, especially

when young, face additional risk, due to their limited risk perception and decision-making ability,

poor understanding of their own limitations and their skills-related and cognitive immaturity, all

of which impact their capacity to avoid danger. While children are capable of perceiving some

risk, they are not able to assess the risk involved in a potentially hazardous situation until they

are capable of understanding consequences (cause and effect) at around 7 to 8 years old.

From early infancy, children are driven by an inborn drive to explore. Children’s exploration

behavior can be classified in terms of basic strategies which correspond to their emerging

abilities. Since children experience a somewhat predictable sequence of physical and mental

maturation, they also employ predictable patterns of exploratory behaviour. These exploratory

behaviours can result in the child using appliances in ways that were not intended by the

manufacturer and using or interacting with appliances that are not intended for them. Children,

especially young children, can be attracted to an appliance by certain characteristics of the

appliance. Unpublished research undertaken for PROSAFE by Intertek RAM has identified

child-appealing characteristics that may be associated with household appliances .To

determine these characteristics:

− experts were consulted to verify findings and discuss the potential impact of cultural

differences;

− literature on existing knowledge and interpretation of child appealing characteristics was

reviewed to define preliminary characteristics that may be considered child appealing;

− parents (and/or carers) of children up to 14 years old were surveyed to understand from

their perspective the child appealing characteristics of appliances in the home;

− children of different ages were observed of children to determine and define the

characteristics of household appliances that children find appealing
The Intertek RAM research concluded that in relation
...