SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
(Main)Cranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 1: Power driven winches
Cranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 1: Power driven winches
This European Standard is applicable to the design, information for use, maintenance and testing of power driven winches for which the prime mover is an electric motor, hydraulic motor, internal combustion motor or pneumatic motor. They are designed for the lifting and lowering of loads which are suspended on hooks or other load handling devices or for the lifting and lowering of loads on inclined planes or the exclusive pulling of loads on planes which are normally horizontal. As a rule, a winch is used without any additional transport movement. This European Standard is applicable to the following types of winch: a) rope winches; b) chain winches; c) belt winches, except steel belts used as hoisting media; d) traction winches. These types of winches a) to d) also include the following specific applications: - vehicle recovery winches; - winches on boat trailers; - forestry winches; - winches for stationary offshore applications; - winches for drilling applications; - winches to be used exclusively for the pulling of loads. EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) The significant hazards covered by this European Standard are identified in Clause 4. This European Standard does not specify additional requirements for hazards related to the use of winches in explosive atmospheres in underground works. This document applies to winches manufactured after approval by CEN with a transitional period of 2 years.
Krane - Kraftgetriebene Winden und Hubwerke - Teil 1: Kraftgetriebene Winden
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für die Konstruktion, Benutzungsinformationen, Wartung und Prüfung von kraftgetriebenen Winden, deren Hauptantrieb ein Elektromotor, hydraulischer Motor, Verbrennungsmotor oder pneumatischer Motor ist. Sie sind für das Heben und Senken von an Haken oder anderen Lastaufnahme¬mitteln hängenden Lasten oder das Heben und Senken von Lasten auf geneigten Ebenen oder das ausschließliche Ziehen von Lasten auf in der Regel horizontalen Flächen konstruiert.
ANMERKUNG Innerhalb der Nutzungsdauer kann der Verwendungsort einer Winde variabel sein.
Die Verwendung einer Winde erfolgt in der Regel ohne zusätzliche Fahrbewegung.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für die folgenden Windentypen:
a) Seilwinden;
b) Kettenwinden;
c) Bandwinden, ausgenommen Stahlbänder als Tragmittel;
d) Treibscheibenwinden.
Die Winden a) bis d) schließen die folgenden Einsatzzwecke ein:
- Fahrzeugbergewinden;
- Winden auf Bootsanhängern;
- Winden für die Forstwirtschaft,
- Winden für stationäre Offshore-Anwendungen;
- Winden für Bohranwendungen;
- Winden zum ausschließlichen Ziehen von Lasten.
ANMERKUNG Beispiele siehe Anhang A.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für:
- kraftgetriebene Hubwerke nach EN 14492-2;
- Winden für hochseetüchtige Schiffe und mobile Offshore-Einheiten;
- Winden für das Heben von Personen;
- Bauaufzüge für nicht geführte Lasten nach EN 14492-2;
- Winden für die Handhabung von feuerflüssigen Massen (Gefährdung in EN 14492 2 behandelt).
Die von dieser Europäischen Norm erfassten signifikanten Gefährdungen sind in Abschnitt 4 identifiziert.
Diese Europäische Norm spezifiziert keine zusätzlichen Anforderungen für Gefährdungen bei der Verwen-dung von Winden in explosionsfähigen Atmosphären in Grubenbauen.
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Treuils et palans motorisés - Partie 1: Treuils motorisés
La présente Norme européenne s’applique à la conception, l’information pour l’utilisation, la maintenance et aux
essais relatifs aux treuils motorisés, dont le moteur principal est électrique, hydraulique, à combustion interne ou
pneumatique. Ils sont conçus pour le levage et la descente des charges suspendues à des crochets ou autres
dispositifs de préhension ou pour le levage et la descente de charges sur des plans inclinés ou pour la traction
exclusive de charges sur des plans qui sont normalement horizontaux.
NOTE Durant la période d’utilisation, le lieu d’utilisation des treuils peut être variable.
Comme règle, un treuil est utilisé sans mouvement de déplacement supplémentaire.
La présente Norme européenne s’applique aux types de treuils suivants :
a) treuils à câble ;
b) treuils à chaîne ;
c) treuils à sangle, à l’exception des sangles en acier utilisées comme agrès de levage ;
d) treuils à poulie d’adhérence.
Les types de treuils a) à d) incluent également les applications spécifiques suivantes :
- treuils de récupération de véhicules ;
- treuils sur remorques pour bateaux ;
- treuils forestiers ;
- treuils pour applications fixes en mer ;
- treuils pour applications de forage ;
- treuils utilisés exclusivement pour la traction de charges.
NOTE Des exemples sont présentés à l’Annexe A.
La présente Norme européenne ne s’applique pas aux appareils de levage suivants :
- palans motorisés conformément à l’EN 14492-2 ;
- treuils pour navires de haute mer et unités mobiles en mer ;
- treuils pour le levage de personnes ;
- treuils potence de chantier conformément à l’EN 14492-2 ;
- treuils pour le transport de matières en fusion (phénomènes dangereux couverts par à l’EN 14492-2).
Les phénomènes dangereux significatifs couverts par la présente Norme européenne sont identifiés à l’Article 4.(...)
Dvigala (žerjavi) - Motorni vitli in dvižni mehanizmi - 1. del: Motorni vitli
Ta evropski standard velja za načrtovanje, informacije za uporabo, vzdrževanje in preskušanje motornih vitlov, pri katerih glavno gibanje opravlja električni motor, hidravlični motor, motor z notranjim zgorevanje ali pnevmatični motor. Načrtovani so za dvigovanje in spuščanje bremen, ki so obešena na kavlje ali druge naprave za ravnanje z bremeni ali dvigovanje in spuščanje bremen na ravnine z naklonom ali izključno za vlečenje bremen na ravninah, ki so običajno vodoravne. Praviloma se vitel uporablja brez dodatnih transportnih gibanj. Ta evropski standard velja za naslednje tipe vitlov: a) vrvni vitli, b)verižni vitli, c) tračni vitli, razen jeklenih trakov, uporabljenih kot dvižni medij, d)vlečni vitli. Pri teh tipih vitlov od a) do d) so vključene tudi naslednje posebne uporabe: - vitli za reševanje vozil, - vitli za prikolice za čolne, - gozdarski vitli, - vitli za nepremične uporabe na morju, - vitli za uporabo pri vrtanju, - vitli za izključno uporabo za vleko bremen. EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) Velike nevarnosti, zajete v tem evropskem standardu, so opredeljena v Klavzuli 4. Ta evropski standard ne določa dodatnih zahtev za nevarnosti, povezane z uporabo vitlov v eksplozivnih atmosferah in pri gradbenih delih pod zemljo. Ta dokument velja za vitle izdelane po odobritvi CEN s prehodno dobo 2 let.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Dvigala (žerjavi) - Motorni vitli in dvižni mehanizmi - 1. del: Motorni vitliKrane - Kraftgetriebene Winden und Hubwerke - Teil 1: Kraftgetriebene WindenAppareils de levage à charge suspendue - Treuils et palans motorisés - Partie 1: Treuils motorisésCranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 1: Power driven winches53.020.20DvigalaCranesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010en,fr01-februar-2010SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14492-1:2006+A1
October 2009 ICS 53.020.20; 53.020.99 Supersedes EN 14492-1:2006English Version
Cranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 1: Power driven winches
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Treuils et palans motorisés - Partie 1: Treuils motorisés
Krane - Kraftgetriebene Winden und Hubwerke - Teil 1: Kraftgetriebene Winden This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 August 2006 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 6 August 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009: ESIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 5Introduction . 61Scope . 72Normative references . 83Terms and definitions . 104List of significant hazards . 145Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 195.1General . 195.2Devices . 205.3Couplings . 275.4Brakes for lifting and lowering movements . 275.5Gearbox . 285.6Load hooks . 285.7Rope drive . 285.8Chain drives . 315.9Belt drives . 325.10Pneumatic equipment . 335.11Hydraulic equipment . 355.12Electrical equipment of winches . 385.13Reduction of noise by design . 415.14Winches for use in a potentially explosive atmosphere . 425.15Additional requirements for vehicle recovery winches and winches on boat trailers . 435.16Additional requirements for forestry winches . 445.17Additional and deviating requirements for winches for pulling purposes . 456Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures . 466.1Winches manufactured in series . 466.2Winches designed individually . 477User information . 567.1General . 567.2Special requirements . 567.3Marking . 58Annex A (informative)
Examples of winches . 60A.1Drum winches . 60A.2Traction winches. 61A.3Vehicle recovery winches . 63A.4Winches for boat trailers . 63A.5Forestry winches . 64Annex B (informative)
Additional requirements for winches intended to be used in potentially explosive atmospheres . 65B.1Introduction . 65B.2General . 65B.3Hazard sources in explosion hazard areas . 66B.3.1Electrically caused hazards . 66B.3.2Mechanically caused hazards . 66B.3.3Hazards caused by environmental conditions . 66B.3.4Measures to eliminate hazards in explosion hazard areas . 66B.3.5Marking . 67B.4User information . 67Annex C (informative)
Additional requirements for operation in aggressive environments and outdoors . 68SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 3 C.1General. 68C.2Ropes and chains . 68Annex D (informative)
Additional requirements for operation at low temperatures . 70Annex E (informative)
Documents for hooks . 71Annex F (normative)
Noise test code . 72F.1Scope . 72F.2Standards used in this annex . 72F.3Description of the machine family . 72F.4Determination of the emission sound pressure level at the operator´s position by measurement . 72F.4.1General. 72F.4.2Winches other than construction winches . 73F.5Determination of the sound power level . 73F.5.1General. 73F.5.2Winches other than construction winches . 73F.5.3Construction winches . 74F.6Mounting and operating conditions . 75F.6.1General. 75F.6.2Winches other than construction winches . 76F.6.3Construction winches . 76F.7Uncertainties . 76F.8Information to be recorded . 76F.9Information to be reported . 76F.10Declaration and verification of noise emission values . 77Annex G (informative)
Selection of a suitable set of cranes standards for a given application . 78Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC . 79Annex ZB (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 94/9/EC . 80Annex ZC (informative)
!!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC"""" . 81Bibliography . 82 Figures
Figure 1 — Fleet angle . 11 Figure 2 — Undercut groove base profile . 31 Figure A.1.1 — Drum winch, manufactured in series . 60 Figure 1.2 — Drum winch, manufactured individually . 60 Figure A.1.3 — Drum winch, pneumatically driven. 60 Figure A.2.1 — Traction winch, standard type . 61 Figure A.2.2 — Traction winch with 2 load bearing ropes and storage drum . 61 Figure A.2.3 — Traction winch with storage drum . 62 Figure A.3.1 — Vehicle recovery winch with electrical drive . 63 Figure A.3.2 — Vehicle recovery winch with hydraulic drive . 63 SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 4 Figure A.4 — Winch for boat trailers with electrical drive .63 Figure A.5. — Forestry winch with rope drum and hydraulic drive .64 Figure F.1 — Microphone positions on the hemisphere .75
Tables Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements .15 Table 1 (continued) .16 Table 2 — Values for vh for estimation of φ IAL .25 Table 3 — Limit revolutions for three-phase slipring motors .40 Table 4 — Stall torques for three-phase slipring motors with contactor control .40 Table 5 — Methods to be used to verify conformity with the safety requirements and/or measures .48 Table 5 (continued) .49 Table F.1 — Coordinates of the 6 microphone positions .74
SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 5 Foreword This document (EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes — Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2010. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2009-08-06. This document supersedes EN 14492-1:2006. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). !For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA, ZB and ZC which are integral parts of this document." For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see informative Annex G. This is the first part of the standard "Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists". The parts of the standard are: Part 1: Power driven winches Part 2: Power driven hoists According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 6 Introduction !This European standard is a harmonized standard to provide one means for power driven winches to conform to the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive 98/37/EC and the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC." The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are indicated in the scope of this European Standard. This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN 12100-1. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provision of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built in accordance with the provisions of this type C standard. SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 7
1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to the design, information for use, maintenance and testing of power driven winches for which the prime mover is an electric motor, hydraulic motor, internal combustion motor or pneumatic motor. They are designed for the lifting and lowering of loads which are suspended on hooks or other load handling devices or for the lifting and lowering of loads on inclined planes or the exclusive pulling of loads on planes which are normally horizontal. NOTE Within the period of utilization, the place of use of a winch may be variable. As a rule, a winch is used without any additional transport movement. This European Standard is applicable to the following types of winch: a) rope winches; b) chain winches; c) belt winches, except steel belts used as hoisting media; d) traction winches. These types of winches a) to d) also include the following specific applications: vehicle recovery winches; winches on boat trailers; forestry winches; winches for stationary offshore applications; winches for drilling applications; winches to be used exclusively for the pulling of loads. NOTE Examples are shown in Annex A. SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 8 This European Standard does not apply to: power-driven hoists in accordance with EN 14492-2; winches for seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units; winches for the lifting of persons; NGL building hoists in accordance with EN 14492-2; winches for the handling of hot molten masses (risk covered by EN 14492-2). The significant hazards covered by this European Standard are identified in Clause 4. This European Standard does not specify additional requirements for hazards related to the use of winches in explosive atmospheres in underground works. This document applies to winches manufactured after approval by CEN with a transitional period of 2 years. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 418:1992, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects — Principles for design EN 563:1994, Safety of machinery — Temperatures of touchable surfaces — Ergonomics data to establish temperature limit values for hot surfaces EN 818-1:1996, Short link chain for lifting purposes — Safety — Part 1: General conditions of acceptance EN 818-7:2002, Short link chain for lifting purposes — Safety — Part 7: Fine tolerance hoist chain, Grade T (Types T, DAT and DT) !deleted text" EN 982:1996, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components — Hydraulics EN 983:1996, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components — Pneumatics EN 1127-1:1997, Explosive atmospheres — Explosion prevention and protection — Part 1: Basic concepts and methodology EN 12077-2:1998, Cranes — Safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and indicating devices EN 12644-2:2000, Cranes — Information for use and testing — Part 2: Marking EN 13001-2:2004, Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load actions EN 13411-3:2004, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 3: Ferrules and ferrule-securing EN 13411-4:2002, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 4: Metal and resin socketing EN 13411-6:2004, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 6: Asymmetric wedge socket EN 13411-7:2003, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 7: Symmetric wedge socket SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 9 EN 13463-1:2001, Non-electrical equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres — Part 1: Basic method and requirements EN 13463-5:2003, Non-electrical equipment intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres — Part 5: Protection by constructional safety "c" EN 13557:2003, Cranes — Controls and control stations EN 14492-2:2006, Cranes — Power driven winches and hoists — Part 2: Power driven hoists EN 60034-1:2004, Rotating electrical machines — Part 1: Rating and performance (IEC 60034-1:2004) EN 60079-0:2004, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 0: General requirements
(IEC 60079-0:2004) EN 60079-7:2003, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 7: Increased safety ‘e’
(IEC 60079-7:2001) EN 60204-32:1998, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 32: Requirements for hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32:1998) EN 60529:1991, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP-code) EN 61000-6-2:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-2: Generic standards — Immunity for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2:2005) EN 61000-6-3:2001, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-3: Generic standards; Emission standard for residential, commercial and light-industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-3:1996, modified) EN 61000-6-4:2001, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-4: Generic standards; Emission standard for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-4:1997, modified) EN ISO 3744:1995, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure — Engineering method in an essential free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 3744:1994) EN ISO 4871:1996, Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment
(ISO 4871:1996) EN ISO 11201:1995, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Measurement of emission sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions — Engineering method in an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO 11201:1995) EN ISO 11688-1:1998, Acoustics — Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment — Part 1: Planning (ISO/TR 11688-1:1995) EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003) EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003) !EN ISO 13849-1, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles for design (ISO 13849:2006)" ISO 606:2004, Short-pitch transmission precision roller and bush chains, attachments and associated chain sprockets ISO 4301-1:1986, Cranes and lifting appliances — Classification — Part 1: General ISO 4308-1:2003, Cranes and lifting appliances — Selection of wire ropes — Part 1: General SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 10 ISO 12482-1:1995, Cranes — Condition monitoring — Part 1: General FEM 1.001:1998, Rules for the design of hoisting appliances, booklets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 FEM 9.901:1991, Rules for the design of series lifting equipment and cranes equipped with series lifting equipment 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2003 and the following apply. 3.1 anchorage complete device to anchor the hoisting media to a fixed point 3.2 belt drive system of belts, belt pulleys, belt drums and belt anchorages 3.3 chain drive system of fine tolerance steel link chains, roller chains, driven and non-driven chain wheels and chain anchorages 3.4 direct control main power circuit is directly controlled by the hand controlled actuator without additional means between the actuator and the main power circuit 3.5 fleet angle angle β or β - α or β + α (see Figure 1) SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 11
Key β = fleet angle on the pulley β - α or β + α = fleet angle on the drum α = angle of the grooves on the drum Figure 1 — Fleet angle On drums without grooves, the fleet angle is the angle between the rope axis and a line drawn perpendicular to the axis of the drum 3.6 force transmission two or more connected parts which transmit forces 3.7 forestry winches rope winches fitted to forestry machines such as pushing tractors and row crop tractors according to
ISO 6814 and used on agricultural tractors, e.g. for fitting in a three-point rod assembly, used for pushing works in the forest 3.8 hoist medium or pulling medium either rope, belt, steel link chain or roller chain that connects the winch to the load 3.9 hydraulic components elements (e.g. switches, valves, filters) interconnected and forming an operational hydraulic system 3.10 hydraulic overpressure pressure exceeding the rated pressure or dynamic pressure 3.11 hydraulic systems definition in ISO 5598 applies 3.12 hydraulic transmission supply, control and distribution of energy by means of pressurised fluid SIST EN 14492-1:2007+A1:2010
EN 14492-1:2006+A1:2009 (E) 12 3.13 indirect control main power circuit is controlled by additional means between the hand controlled actuator and the main power circuit 3.14 lifting/lowering movement of loads with the level of the load being changed NOTE Lifting/lowering is the vertical or the vertical and horizontal movement of the loads and all combinations. 3.15
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