SIST EN 14181:2015
(Main)Stationary source emissions - Quality assurance of automated measuring systems
Stationary source emissions - Quality assurance of automated measuring systems
This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QAL) for automated measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and other flue gas parameters.
This European Standard specifies:
- a procedure (QAL2) to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained by it, so as to demonstrate the suitability of the AMS for its application, following its installation;
- a procedure (QAL3) to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the measurement results during the normal operation of an AMS, by checking that the zero and span characteristics are consistent with those determined during QAL1;
- a procedure for the annual surveillance tests (AST) of the AMS in order to evaluate (i) that it functions correctly and its performance remains valid and (ii) that its calibration function and variability remain as previously determined.
This European Standard is designed to be used after the AMS has been certified in accordance with the series of European Standards EN 15267.
This European Standard is restricted to quality assurance (QA) of the AMS, and does not include the QA of the data collection and recording system of the plant.
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Qualitätssicherung für automatische Messeinrichtungen
Diese Europäische Norm legt Verfahren zur Einrichtung von Qualitätssicherungsstufen (QAL) für automatische Messeinrichtungen, die an industriellen Anlagen zur Ermittlung der Abgasbestandteile und weiterer Kenngrößen des Abgases installiert sind, fest.
Diese Europäische Norm legt fest:
- ein Verfahren (QAL2) zur Kalibrierung der automatischen Messeinrichtung und zur Ermittlung der Variabilität der damit ermittelten Messwerte, um so die Eignung der automatischen Messeinrichtung für ihre Anwendung nach dem Einbau nachzuweisen;
- ein Verfahren (QAL3) zur Aufrechterhaltung und Feststellung der geforderten Qualität der Messergebnisse während des normalen Betriebs der automatischen Messeinrichtung durch Überprüfung der Einhaltung der in QAL1 ermittelten Kenngrößen für den Nullpunkt und Referenzpunkt;
- ein Verfahren zur jährlichen Funktionsprüfung (AST) der automatischen Messeinrichtung zur Überprüfung, dass (i) die Messeinrichtung richtig arbeitet und ihre Leistung weiterhin ausreichend ist und (ii) ihre Kalibrierfunktion und Variabilität den zuvor ermittelten Kenngrößen entsprechen.
Diese Europäische Norm setzt voraus, dass die automatische Messeinrichtung zuvor nach den Europäischen Normen der Reihe EN 15267 zertifiziert wurde.
Émission des sources fixes - Assurance qualité des systèmes automatiques de mesure
La présente Norme européenne spécifie des procédures qui seront mises en œuvre pour établir les niveaux d'assurance qualité (QAL) des systèmes automatiques de mesurage (AMS) installés dans les installations industrielles en vue du dosage des effluents gazeux et de la détermination des autres paramètres des effluents gazeux.
La présente Norme européenne spécifie :
- une procédure (QAL2) pour l'étalonnage de l'AMS et la détermination de la variabilité des valeurs mesurées par lui, dans le but de démontrer l'aptitude de l'AMS pour son application, après son installation ;
- une procédure (QAL3) pour le maintien et la démonstration de la qualité exigée des résultats de mesurage au cours du fonctionnement normal d'un AMS. Cela est réalisé par la vérification que les caractéristiques du zéro et de la sensibilité (gain) sont cohérentes avec celles déterminées durant QAL1 ;
- une procédure pour les tests annuels de surveillance (AST) de l'AMS afin d'évaluer (i) s'il fonctionne correctement, si ses performances restent valides et (ii) si sa fonction d'étalonnage et sa variabilité restent inchangées par rapport à leur détermination précédente.
La présente Norme européenne est destinée à être utilisée une fois que l'AMS est certifié conformément à la série de Normes européennes EN 15267.
Emisije nepremičnih virov - Zagotavljanje kakovosti avtomatskih merilnih sistemov
Ta evropski standard določa postopke za vzpostavitev ravni zagotavljanja kakovosti (QAL) za avtomatske merilne sisteme, nameščene v industrijskih obratih za ugotavljanje komponent dimnega plina in drugih parametrov dimnega plina.
Ta evropski standard določa:
– postopek (QAL2) za kalibriranje avtomatskega merilnega sistema in ugotavljanje variabilnosti z njim pridobljenih izmerjenih vrednosti, da se dokaže primernost avtomatskega merilnega sistema za uporabo po njegovi namestitvi;
– postopek (QAL3) za vzdrževanje in dokazovanje potrebne kakovosti rezultatov meritev med običajnim delovanjem avtomatskega merilnega sistema s preverjanjem, da so značilnosti ničelne točke in merilnega območja skladne z značilnostmi, ki so ugotovljene med postopkom QAL1;
– postopek za letne nadzorne teste (AST) avtomatskega merilnega sistema, s katerimi se oceni, (i) ali pravilno deluje in daje veljavne rezultate ter (ii) ali sta njegova funkcija kalibracije in variabilnost še vedno v stanju, kot je bilo predhodno ugotovljeno.
Ta evropski standard se uporablja po certifikaciji avtomatskega merilnega sistema v skladu z različnimi evropskimi standardi EN 15267.
Ta evropski standard je omejen na zagotavljanje kakovosti avtomatskih merilnih sistemov in ne vključuje zagotavljanja kakovosti zbirke podatkov in sistema za beleženje v obratu.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 14181:2015
01-februar-2015
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14181:2004
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY=DJRWDYOMDQMHNDNRYRVWLDYWRPDWVNLKPHULOQLK
VLVWHPRY
Stationary source emissions - Quality assurance of automated measuring systems
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Qualitätssicherung für automatische
Messeinrichtungen
Émission des sources fixes - Assurance qualité des systèmes automatiques de mesure
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14181:2014
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
SIST EN 14181:2015 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 14181:2015
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SIST EN 14181:2015
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 14181
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2014
ICS 13.040.40 Supersedes EN 14181:2004
English Version
Stationary source emissions - Quality assurance of automated
measuring systems
Émission des sources fixes - Assurance qualité des Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Qualitätssicherung
systèmes automatiques de mesurage für automatische Messeinrichtungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 October 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14181:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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EN 14181:2014 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 10
5 Principle . 11
6 Calibration and validation of the AMS (QAL2) . 14
7 Ongoing quality assurance during operation (QAL3) . 24
8 Annual Surveillance Test (AST) . 30
9 Documentation . 34
Annex A (normative) QAL2 and AST functional test of AMS. 35
Annex B (normative) Test of linearity . 39
Annex C (informative) Control charts . 41
Annex D (normative) Documentation . 51
Annex E (informative) Examples of calculation of the calibration function and of the variability
test . 53
Annex F (informative) Example of calculation of the standard deviation s of the AMS at zero
AMS
and span level . 72
Annex G (informative) Example of using the calibration function and testing the variability and
validity of the calibration function in the AST . 75
Annex H (informative) Implementation of QAL1 . 80
Annex I (normative) k and t values . 81
v 0,95; N–1
Annex J (informative) Significant technical changes . 82
Bibliography . 84
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Foreword
This document (EN 14181:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”, the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by May 2015.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14181:2004.
Annex J provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous
edition.
The first edition of this document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association to support requirements in the EU Directives
2000/76/EC [1] and 2001/80/EC [2], which have been replaced by EU Directive 2010/75/EU [3], and may also
be applicable for other purposes.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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Introduction
This European Standard describes the quality assurance procedures needed to assure that an automated
measuring system (AMS) installed to measure emissions to air are capable of meeting the uncertainty
requirements on measured values given by legislation, e.g. EU Directives [1], [2], [3] or national legislation, or
more generally by competent authorities.
Three different quality assurance levels (QAL1, QAL2, and QAL3) are defined to achieve this objective. These
quality assurance levels cover the suitability of an AMS for its measuring task (e.g. before or during the
purchase period of the AMS), the validation of the AMS following its installation, and the control of the AMS
during its ongoing operation on an industrial plant. An annual surveillance test (AST) is also defined.
The suitability evaluation (QAL1) of the AMS and its measuring procedure are described in EN 15267-3 and
EN ISO 14956 where a methodology is given for calculating the total uncertainty of AMS measured values.
This total uncertainty is calculated from the evaluation of all the uncertainty components arising from its
individual performance characteristics that contribute.
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1 Scope
This European Standard specifies procedures for establishing quality assurance levels (QAL) for automated
measuring systems (AMS) installed on industrial plants for the determination of the flue gas components and
other flue gas parameters.
This European Standard specifies:
— a procedure (QAL2) to calibrate the AMS and determine the variability of the measured values obtained
by it, so as to demonstrate the suitability of the AMS for its application, following its installation;
— a procedure (QAL3) to maintain and demonstrate the required quality of the measurement results during
the normal operation of an AMS, by checking that the zero and span characteristics are consistent with
those determined during QAL1;
— a procedure for the annual surveillance tests (AST) of the AMS in order to evaluate (i) that it functions
correctly and its performance remains valid and (ii) that its calibration function and variability remain as
previously determined.
This European Standard is designed to be used after the AMS has been certified in accordance with the
series of European Standards EN 15267.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 15259:2007, Air quality ― Measurement of stationary source emissions ― Requirements for
measurement sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report
EN 15267-1, Air quality ― Certification of automated measuring systems ― Part 1: General principles
EN 15267-2, Air quality ― Certification of automated measuring systems ― Part 2: Initial assessment of the
AMS manufacturer’s quality management system and post certification surveillance for the manufacturing
process
EN 15267-3, Air quality ― Certification of automated measuring systems ― Part 3: Performance criteria and
test procedures for automated measuring systems for monitoring emissions from stationary sources
EN ISO 14956, Air quality ― Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison with a
required measurement uncertainty (ISO 14956)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
automated measuring system
AMS
measuring system permanently installed on site for continuous monitoring of emissions or measurement of
peripheral parameters
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Note 1 to entry: An AMS is a method which is traceable to a reference method.
Note 2 to entry: Apart from the analyser, an AMS includes facilities for taking samples (e.g. sample probe, sample gas
lines, flow meters, regulators, delivery pumps) and for sample conditioning (e.g. dust filter, water vapour removal devices,
converters, diluters). This definition also includes testing and adjusting devices that are required for regular functional
checks.
3.2
extractive AMS
AMS having the detection unit physically separated from the gas stream by means of a sampling system
3.3
in-situ AMS
AMS having the detection unit in the gas stream or in a part of it
3.4
peripheral AMS
AMS used to gather the data required to convert the AMS measured value to standard conditions
Note 1 to entry: A peripheral AMS is used to measure e.g. water vapour, temperature, pressure and oxygen.
3.5
reference method
RM
measurement method taken as a reference by convention, which gives the accepted reference value of the
measurand
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007]
3.6
standard reference method
SRM
reference method prescribed by European or national legislation
Note 1 to entry: Standard reference methods are used e.g. to calibrate and validate AMS and for periodic
measurements to check compliance with limit values.
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007]
3.7
peripheral SRM
SRM used to gather the data required to convert the SRM measured values to AMS or standard conditions
Note 1 to entry: A peripheral SRM is used to measure e.g. water vapour, temperature, pressure and oxygen.
3.8
standard conditions
conditions to which measured values have to be standardized to verify compliance with emission limit values
Note 1 to entry: Standard conditions are specified e.g. in EU Directives [1], [2] and [3].
3.9
emission limit value
ELV
limit value related to the maximum permissible uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: For the EU Directives [1], [2] and [3] it is the daily emission limit value that relates to the uncertainty
requirement.
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3.10
maximum permissible uncertainty
uncertainty requirement on AMS measured values given by legislation or competent authorities
3.11
legislation
directives, acts, ordinances or regulations
3.12
competent authority
organization or organizations which implement the requirements of EU Directives and regulate installations
which shall comply with the requirements of this European Standard
3.13
calibration function
linear relationship between the values of the SRM and the AMS with the assumption of a constant residual
standard deviation
Note 1 to entry: For dust measuring AMS, a quadratic calibration function can be used as described in EN 13284-2.
3.14
standard deviation
positive square root of the mean squared deviation from the arithmetic mean divided by the number of
degrees of freedom
Note 1 to entry: The number of degrees of freedom is the number of measurements minus 1.
3.15
confidence interval
interval estimator (T , T ) for the parameter θ with the statistics T and T as interval limits and for which it
1 2 1 2
holds that P[T < θ < T ] ≥ (1 – α)
1 2
[SOURCE: ISO 3534-1:2006]
Note 1 to entry: The two-sided 95 % confidence interval of a normal distribution is illustrated in Figure 1, where:
T = Θ – 1,96 σ is the lower 95 % confidence limit;
1 0
T = Θ + 1,96 σ is the upper 95 % confidence limit;
2 0
I = T – T = 2 × 1,96 × σ is the length of the 95 % confidence interval;
2 1 0
σ = I / (2 × 1,96) is the standard deviation associated with a 95 % confidence interval;
0
n is the number of observed values;
f is the frequency;
m is the measured value.
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Figure 1 — Illustration of the 95 % confidence interval of a normal distribution
In this European Standard, the standard deviation σ is estimated in QAL2 by parallel measurements with the SRM. It is
0
assumed that the requirement for σ , presented in terms of a maximum permissible uncertainty, is provided by the
0
regulators (e.g. in some EU Directives). In the procedures of this standard, the premise is that the maximum permissible
uncertainty is given as σ itself, or as a quarter of the length of the full 95 % confidence interval.
0
Note 2 to entry: In some EU Directives (see [1], [2], [3]) the uncertainty of the AMS measured values is expressed as
half of the length of a 95 % confidence interval as a percentage P of the emission limit value E. Then, in order to convert
this uncertainty to a standard deviation, the appropriate conversion factor is σ = P E / 1,96 .
0
3.16
variability
standard deviation of the differences of parallel measurements between the SRM and AMS
3.17
uncertainty
parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterises the dispersion of the values that
could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008]
3.18
measurand
particular quantity subject to measurement
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008]
Note 1 to entry: A measurand can be e.g. the mass concentration of a measured component or the waste gas velocity,
pressure or temperature.
3.19
measured component
constituent of the waste gas for which a defined measurand is to be determined by measurement
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007]
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3.20
peripheral parameter
specified physical or chemical quantity which is needed for conversion of measured values to specified
conditions
3.21
measured value
estimated value of the measurand derived from a measured signal
Note 1 to entry: This usually involves calculations related to the calibration process and conversion to required
quantities.
Note 2 to entry: A measured value is a short-term average. The averaging time can be e.g. 10 min, 30 min or 1 h.
3.22
instrument reading
measured signal directly provided by the AMS without using the calibration function
3.23
zero reading
instrument reading on simulation of the input parameter at zero concentration
3.24
span reading
instrument reading for a simulation of the input parameter at a fixed elevated concentration.
3.25
instability
change in the measured signal comprised of drift and dispersion over a stated maintenance interval
Note 1 to entry: Drift and dispersion specify the monotonic and stochastic change with time of the measured signal,
respectively.
3.26
drift
monotonic change of the calibration function over stated maintenance interval, which results in a change of
the measured signal
3.27
precision
closeness of agreement of results obtained from the AMS for successive zero readings and successive span
readings at defined time intervals
3.28
response time
t
90
time interval between the instant of a sudden change in the value of the input quantity to an AMS and the time
as from which the value of the output quantity is reliably maintained above 90 % of the correct value of the
input quantity
Note 1 to entry: The response time is also referred to as the 90 % time.
3.29
maintenance interval
maximum admissible interval of time for which the performance characteristics will remain within a predefined
range without external servicing, e.g. refill, calibration, adjustment
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3.30
reference material
substance or mixture of substances, with a known concentration within specified limits, or a device of known
characteristics
3.31
CUSUM chart
calculation procedure in which the amount of drift and change in precision is compared to the corresponding
uncertainty components which are obtained during QAL1
3.32
EWMA chart
calculation procedure in which the combined amount of drift and change in precision is compared to the
corresponding uncertainty components which are obtained during QAL1
Note 1 to entry: The EWMA chart averages the data in a way that gives less and less weight to data as they are
further removed in time.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 Symbols
a
intercept of the calibration function
best estimate of a
aˆ
slope of the calibration function
b
ˆ
best estimate of b
b
ˆ
D difference between SRM measured value y and calibrated AMS measured value y
i i i
average of D
D
i
E emission limit value
2
test value for variability (based on a χ -test, with a β-value of 50 %, for N numbers of paired
k
v
measurements)
N number of paired samples in parallel measurements
P percentage value
s standard deviation of the AMS used in QAL3
AMS
s
standard deviation of the differences D in parallel measurements
D i
t value of the t distribution for a significance level of 95 % and a number of degrees of
0,95; N–1
freedom of N – 1
u uncertainty due to instability (expressed as a standard deviation)
inst
u uncertainty due to influence of temperature (expressed as a standard deviation)
temp
u uncertainty due to influence of pressure (expressed as a standard deviation)
pres
u uncertainty due to influence of voltage (expressed as a standard deviation)
volt
u
any other uncertainty that may influence the zero and span reading (expressed as a
others
standard deviation)
th
x i measured signal obtained with the AMS at AMS measuring conditions
i
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x
average of AMS measured signals x
i
th
i measured value obtained with the SRM
y
i
y average of the SRM measured values y
i
SRM measured value y at standard conditions
i
y
i,s
lowest SRM measured value at standard conditions
y
s,min
highest SRM measured value at standard conditions
y
s,max
yˆ best estimate for the ”true value”, calculated from the AMS measured signal x by means of
i i
the calibration function
yˆ best estimate for the ”true value”, calculated from the AMS measured signal x at standard
i,s i
conditions
best estimate for the ”true value”, calculated from the maximum value of the AMS measured
yˆ
s,max
signals x at standard conditions
i
Z offset (the difference between the AMS zero reading and the zero)
α significance level
ε deviation between y and the expected value
i i
standard deviation associated with the uncertainty derived from requirements of legislation
σ
0
4.2 Abbreviations
AMS automated measuring system
AST annual surveillance test
CUSUM cumulative sum
DAHS data acquisition and handling system
ELV emission limit value
EWMA exponentially weighted moving-average
QA quality assurance
QAL quality assurance level
QAL1 first quality assurance level
QAL2 second quality assurance level
QAL3 third quality assurance level
QC quality control
SRM standard reference method
5 Principle
5.1 General
An AMS to be used at installations shall have been proven suitable for its measuring task (parameter and
composition of the flue gas) by use of the QAL1 procedure, as specified by EN 15267-1 EN 15267-2,
EN 15267-3 and EN ISO 14956. Using these standards, it shall be proven that the total uncertainty of the
results obtained from the AMS meets the specification for uncertainty stated in the applicable regulations. In
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QAL1 the total uncertainty required by the applicable regulation is calculated by summing in an appropriate
manner all the relevant uncertainty components arising from the individual performance characteristics.
In case of new installations of AMS, the AMS shall have been certified in accordance with EN 15267-1,
EN 15267-2, and EN 15267-3.
In case of AMS already installed at plants which have not been certified according to EN 15267-1, EN 15267-
2, and EN 15267-3, or AMS already installed at plants which were certified according to EN 15267-1,
EN 15267-2, and EN 15267-3 but where the ELV and the uncertainty requirement have subsequently
changed, the procedure described in H.2 may be applied. However, H.2 does not apply to new installations of
old AMS which have not been certified according to EN 15267-1, EN 15267-2 and EN 15267-3.
NOTE 1 SRM measurements, influences by peripheral parameters and the sampling site can contribute to the
uncertainty of the AMS measured values determined in QAL2.
NOTE 2 EN 15267-3 requires that the total uncertainty of the AMS measured values determined in the performance
test should be at least 25 % below the maximum permissible uncertainty specified e.g. in applicable regulations to provide
a sufficient margin for the uncertainty contributions from the individual installation of the AMS to pass QAL2 and QAL3
successfully.
The QAL2 and AST procedures involve testing laboratories, whereas the QAL3 procedures involve the plant
operators.
QAL2 is a procedure for the determination of the calibration function and its variability, and a test of the
variability of the measured values of the AMS compared with the maximum permissible uncertainty given by
legislation. The QAL2 tests are performed on suitable AMS that have been correctly installed and
commissioned. A calibration function is established from the results of a number of parallel measurements
performed with the standard reference method (SRM). The variability of the measured values obtained with
the AMS is then evaluated against the maximum permissible uncertainty.
The QAL2 procedures are repeated periodically, after a major change of plant operation, after a failure of the
AMS or as required by legislation.
QAL3 is a procedure which is used to check drift and precision in order to demonstrate that the AMS is in
control during its operation so that it continues to function within the required specifications for uncertainty.
This is achieved by conducting periodic zero and span checks on the AMS – based on those used in the
procedure for zero and span repeatability tests carried out in QAL1 – and then evaluating the results obtained
using control charts. Zero and span adjustments or maintenance of the AMS, may be necessary depending on
the results of this evaluation.
The AST is a procedure which is used to evaluate whether the uncertainty of the measured values obtained
from the AMS still meet the uncertainty criteria – as demonstrated in the previous QAL2 test. It also
determines whether the calibration function obtained during the previous QAL2 test is still valid. The validity of
the measured values obtained with the AMS is checked by means of a series of functional tests as well as by
the performance of a limited number of parallel measurements using an appropriate SRM.
NOTE 3 There are several concentration ranges relevant to the application of this European Standard:
• certification range
This is the range over which the AMS has been certified. It is generally recommended that this range be related to the ELV
given in relevant EU Directives of the processes under which the AMS will be used. EN 15267-3 requires that the
certification range be no greater than 1,5 times the daily ELV for waste incineration plants and 2,5 times the daily ELV for
large combustion plants. Where there is a choice, the daily ELV is used.
• calibration range
This is the range over which the AMS has been calibrated under the QAL2 procedure.
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• measuring range
This is the range at which the AMS is set to operate during use. There are usually requirements from national competent
authorities that the range encompasses the maximum short-term ELV. The measuring range can be greater than the
certification range.
5.2 Limitations
Figure 2 illustrates the components of the AMS covered by this standard.
Figure 2 — Limits for the QA of the AMS excluding the data acquisition and handling system
NOTE 1 The influence of the uncertainty of the measurement results, which arise from the data acquisition and
handling system of the AMS or of the plant system, and its determination, are not covered by this standard.
NOTE 2 The performance of the data acquisition and handling system (DAHS) can be as influential as the AMS
performance in determining the quality of the results obtained from the whole measuring system/process. There are
different requirements for data collection, recording and presentation in different countries. A European Standard on
quality assurance of DAHS is currently under preparation.
When conducting parallel measurements, the measured signals from the AMS shall be taken directly from the
AMS (e.g. expressed as analogue or digital signal) during the QAL2 and AST procedures specified in this
standard, by using an independent data collection system provided by the organisation(s) carrying out the
QAL2 and AST tests. All data shall be recorded in their uncorrected form (without corrections e.g. for
temperature and oxygen). A plant data collection system with ongoing quality control can alternatively be used
to collect the measured signal from the AMS.
5.3 Measurement site and installation
The AMS shall be installed in accordance with the requirements of the relevant European and/or international
standards. Special attention shall be given to ensure that the AMS is readily accessible for regular
maintenance and other necessary activities.
The AMS should be positioned as far as practical in a position where it measures a sample that is
representative of the stack gas composition. EN 15259 describes a procedure to identify the best sampling
location for the AMS, in order to provide r
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