SIST EN 15195:2015
(Main)Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay andderived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay andderived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber
This European Standard specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle
distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume
combustion chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel
into compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to
calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement.
This European Standard is applicable to diesel fuels, including those containing fatty acid methyl esters
(FAME) up to 30 % (V/V). The method is also applicable to middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, oilsands
based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number
improver additives and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils. However, users applying this standard especially to
unconventional distillate fuels are warned that the relationship between derived cetane number and
combustion behaviour in real engines is not yet fully understood.
The test method is also applicable to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of FAME,
especially the ignition delay. However the correlation data available were inconclusive about the precision of
the equation. So the determination of derived cetane number for FAME fuel, also known as B100, has not
been included in the precision determination as in Clause 122).
This European Standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,8 ms to 6,3 ms (71 DCN to 34 DCN). The
combustion analyser can measure shorter or longer ignition delays, but precision is not known. For these
shorter or longer ignition delays the correlation equation for DCN is given in Annex D.
NOTE 1 There is no information about how DCNs outside the 34 to 71 range compares to EN ISO 5165.
NOTE 2 For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction
and “% (m/m)” the mass fraction.
WARNING — The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Kraftstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten in einer Verbrennungskammer mit konstantem Volumen
Diese Europäische Norm legt ein Prüfverfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Zündverzugs von Kraftstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten für Dieselmotoren fest. Das Verfahren benutzt eine Verbrennungskammer mit konstantem Volumen, die für den Betrieb durch Selbstzündung ausgelegt ist, und es setzt direkte Kraftstoffeinspritzung in komprimierte Luft ein, die auf vorgeschriebene Druck und Temperaturwerte eingestellt wird. Die Berechnung der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) aus der Messung des Zündverzugs erfolgt über eine angegebene Gleichung.
Diese Europäische Norm ist anwendbar auf Dieselkraftstoffe mit einem Gehalt an Fettsäuremethylestern (FAME) von bis zu 30 % (V/V). Die Prüfung ist ebenfalls einsetzbar für Mitteldestillate nicht mineralölstämmiger Herkunft, auf Ölsänden basierende Kraftstoffe, auf Biodieselmaterial enthaltende Kraftstoffmischungen, auf Dieselkraftstoffe, welche Zündverbesserer enthalten und auf Dieselkraftstoffe mit niedrigem Schwefelgehalt. Anwender, die diese Norm im Besonderen auf unkonventionelle Destillat-Kraftstoffe anwenden, werden jedoch darauf hingewiesen, dass die Beziehung zwischen der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl und dem Verbrennungsverhalten in realen Motoren noch nicht völlig verstanden ist.
Das Prüfverfahren ist weiterhin einsetzbar zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Zündeigenschaften, insbesondere des Zündverzuges von FAME. Jedoch erlauben die Ergebnisse der Ringversuche keine haltbaren Angaben zur Präzision dieser Gleichung. Daher wurde die Bestimmung des ACZ für FAME-Kraftstoffe auch bekannt als B100, nicht in den Präzisionsangaben in Abschnitt 12 ) berücksichtigt.
Diese Europäische Norm umfasst den Zündverzugsbereich von 2,8 ms bis 6,3 ms (ACZ 71 bis ACZ 34). Mit der Prüfapparatur können zwar sowohl kürzere als auch längere Zündverzüge ermittelt werden, allerdings gibt es dafür z. Z. keine Präzisionsangaben. Eine Korrelation für die Berechnung der ACZ aus diesen kürzeren oder längeren Zündverzügen ist in Anhang D angegeben.
ANMERKUNG 1 Es gibt keine Information darüber, inwieweit ACZ-Werte außerhalb des Bereiches 34 bis 71 mit den Ergebnissen von EN ISO 5165 vergleichbar sind.
ANMERKUNG 2 Für den Zweck dieser Europäischen Norm wird das Symbol % (V/V) verwendet, um Volumenanteile in % und das Symbol % (m/m), um Massenanteile in % auszudrücken.
WARNUNG — Die Anwendung dieser Europäischen Norm kann den Einsatz gefährlicher Stoffe, Arbeitsgänge und Geräte mit sich bringen. Diese Norm gibt nicht vor, alle mit ihrer Anwendung verbundenen Sicherheitsprobleme anzusprechen. Der Anwender dieser Norm ist dafür verantwortlich, vorher angemessene Maßnahmen zu ergreifen und die Anwendbarkeit einschränkender Vorschriften zu ermitteln.
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination de délai d'inflammation et de l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillats moyens par combustion dans une chambre à volume constant
La présente Norme européenne prescrit une méthode d'essai pour la détermination quantitative du délai d’inflammation des distillats moyens utilisés comme carburants dans des moteurs à allumage par compression. Elle utilise une chambre de combustion à volume constant conçue pour la mise en œuvre d'un allumage par compression avec l'injection directe du carburant dans de l'air comprimé maintenu à une pression et une température données. Une équation est présentée pour calculer l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) à partir du délai d’inflammation mesuré.
La présente norme est applicable aux carburants diesels, y compris ceux qui contiennent des esters méthyliques d’acides gras (EMAG) jusqu’à une teneur de 30 % (V/V). Elle est applicable aussi à des distillats moyens d'origine non pétrolière, à des carburants provenant de sables asphaltiques, à des mélanges de carburants contenant du biodiesel, à des carburants diesel contenant des additifs procétanes et à des carburants diesel ayant une basse teneur en soufre. Pourtant, l'attention des utilisateurs est attirée sur le fait que les relations entre les caractéristiques d'inflammation des distillats non conventionnels et les performances des moteurs ne sont pas encore complètement élucidées.
La méthode d’essai est aussi applicable pour la détermination quantitative des caractéristiques d’inflammation des EMAG, particulièrement pour celle de leur délai d’inflammation. Cependant, les données de corrélation disponibles n’ont pas permis de conclure quant à la fidélité de l’équation. Ainsi, la détermination de la fidélité pour la détermination de l’indice de cétane dérivé du carburant EMAG, aussi connu sous le vocable de B100, n’a-t-elle pas été incluse dans la fidélité de la méthode à l’Article 13 ).
La méthode est applicable dans un domaine de délai d’inflammation allant de 2,8 ms à 6,3 ms (soit un ICD de 70 à un ICD de 33). L’analyseur de combustion peut mesurer des délais d’inflammation plus courts ou plus longs mais la fidélité peut s’en trouver affectée. Pour ces délais d’inflammation plus courts ou plus longs, l’équation de corrélation pour les ICD est donnée en Note 2 de l’Article 13.
NOTE 1 Il n’y a aucune information sur la manière comment comparer les ICD en dehors de l’intervalle de 33 à 70 aux résultats obtenus selon l’EN ISO 5165.
NOTE 2 Pour les besoins de la présente Norme européenne, les expressions "% (m/m)" et "% (V/V)" représentent respectivement les fractions massiques et volumiques.
AVERTISSEMENT – L'utilisation de la présente Norme européenne peut impliquer l'intervention de produits, d'opérations et d'équipements à caractère dangereux. La présente norme européenne n'est pas censée aborder tous les problèmes de sécurité concernés par son usage. Il est de la responsabilité de l'utilisateur de consulter et d'établir des règles de sécurité et d'hygiène appropriées et de déterminer l'applicabilité des restrictions réglementaires avant utilisation.
Tekoči naftni proizvodi - Ugotavljanje zakasnitve vžiga in izpeljanega cetanskega števila (DCN) srednjih destilatov s sežigom v komori s stalno prostornino
Ta evropski standard določa preskusno metodo za kvantitativno ugotavljanje zakasnitve vžiga v srednje destilatnih gorivih, namenjenih za uporabo v motorjih s kompresijskim vžigom. Pri tej metodi se uporablja zgorevalna komora s konstantno prostornino, ki deluje na kompresijski vžig, z neposrednim vbrizgavanjem goriva v stisnjen zrak, pri čemer se nadzirata tlak in temperatura zraka. Navedena je enačba za izračun izpeljanega cetanskega števila (DCN) na podlagi merjenja zakasnitve vžiga.
Ta evropski standard se uporablja za dizelska goriva, vključno z gorivi, ki vsebujejo metilne estre maščobnih kislin
(FAME) z deležem do 30 % (V/V). Metoda se uporablja tudi za srednje destilatna goriva nenaftnega izvora, goriva na osnovi oljnega peska, mešanice goriv z biodizlom, dizelska kurilna olja z aditivi za izboljšanje cetanskega števila in dizelska kurilna olja z nizko vsebnostjo žvepla. Toda uporabniki, ki ta standard uporabljajo zlasti za neobičajna destilatna goriva, morajo upoštevati, da povezava med izpeljanim cetanskim številom in lastnostmi zgorevanja v dejanskih motorjih še ni v celoti pojasnjena.
Preskusna metoda se uporablja tudi za kvantitativno ugotavljanje lastnosti vžiga za metilne estre maščobnih kislin (FAME), še zlasti zakasnitve vžiga. Toda razpoložljivi korelacijski podatki niso dali dokončnega odgovora o natančnosti enačbe. Iz tega razloga ugotavljanje izpeljanega cetanskega števila za goriva, ki vsebujejo metilne estre maščobnih kislin (FAME), ni bilo vključeno v ugotavljanje natančnosti kot v členu 122).
Ta evropski standard vsebuje razpon zakasnitve vžiga od 2,8 do 6,3 ms (od 71 do 34 DCN). Analizator zgorevanja lahko izmeri krajše in daljše zakasnitve vžiga, toda ni znano s kakšno natančnostjo. Za te krajše ali daljše zakasnitve vžiga je korelacijska enačba za izpeljano cetansko število (DCV) podana v dodatku D.
OPOMBA 1: Ni na voljo informacij o tem, kako se izpeljana cetanska števila zunaj razpona od 34 do 71 primerjajo s standardom EN ISO 5165.
OPOMBA 2: V tem evropskem standardu je uporabljena oznaka »% (m/m)« in pomeni delež prostornine, »% (m/m)« pa delež mase.
OPOZORILO – Pri uporabi tega standarda so lahko prisotni nevarni materiali, postopki in oprema. Ta standard ne obravnava vseh varnostnih težav, ki se nanašajo na njegovo uporabo. Za vzpostavitev ustreznih varnostnih in zdravstvenih praks ter za določitev uporabnosti regulativnih omejitev pred uporabo je odgovoren uporabnik tega standarda.
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.VWRUQLQRFlüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Kraftstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten in einer Verbrennungskammer mit konstantem VolumenProduits pétroliers liquides - Détermination de délai d'inflammation et de l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillats moyens par combustion dans une chambre à volume constantLiquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay andderived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber75.160.20Liquid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15195:2014SIST EN 15195:2015en,de01-januar-2015SIST EN 15195:2015SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 15195:20071DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 15195:2015
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15195
November 2014 ICS 75.160.20 Supersedes EN 15195:2007English Version
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination de délai d'inflammation et de l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillats moyens par combustion dans une enceinte à volume constant
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Kraftstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten in einer Verbrennungskammer mit konstantem Volumen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 September 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15195:2014 ESIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4 Introduction .5 1 Scope .6 2 Normative references .6 3 Terms and definitions .7 4 Principle .8 5 Reagents and materials .8 6 Apparatus .9 6.1.1 General .9 7 Sampling . 11 8 Apparatus assembly and installation . 11 9 Preparation of apparatus . 11 9.1 System start-up and warm-up . 11 9.2 Standard operating and test conditions . 12 10 Calibration, verification and quality control . 13 10.1 General . 13 10.2 Calibration . 13 10.3 Apparatus verification . 14 10.4 Quality control (QC) . 14 11 Test procedure . 14 12 Calculation . 15 13 Expression of results . 15 14 Precision . 15 14.1 General . 15 14.2 Repeatability . 15 14.3 Reproducibility . 15 15 Test report . 16 Annex A (normative)
Test apparatus description . 17 A.1 General . 17 A.2 Apparatus description and assembly . 17 A.3 Utilities . 19 A.4 Control and data acquisition . 19 A.5 Auxiliary apparatus. 19 Annex B (normative)
Operational details in support to the standard test procedure . 20 B.1 Fuel injection system flushing . 20 B.2 Fuel injection system filling and purging . 20 B.3 Test sequence . 21 B.3.1 General . 21 SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 3 B.3.2 Test sequence . 21 B.3.3 Data record . 22 B.4 Fuel injection system cleaning . 23 B.5 Alternative fuel injection system cleaning . 23 Annex C (informative)
Apparatus maintenance . 25 C.1 General . 25 C.2 Daily maintenance . 25 C.3 Weekly maintenance . 25 C.4 Yearly maintenance . 25 Annex D (informative) Equation outside scope of method . 26 Bibliography . 27
SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 15195:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2015 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 15195:2007. Based on new data sets used and experience in the field, the major updates towards the former version are: — based on recent data from EI and ASTM correlation schemes precision of the method has been improved (by around 25 %) and a common global precision statement for EN 15195 has been incorporated (see also the Introduction) [9]; — the ignition delay range has been expanded to 2,8 ms to 6,3 ms (71 DCN to 34 DCN), where it used to be 3,3 ms to 6,4 ms (61 DCN to 34 DCN); — the scope has been expanded to from diesel blends with 7 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) of FAME; — the test procedure has been updated following experience in the market; — the standard operating and test conditions have been more precisely defined; — the calibration information has been improved; — an alternative system cleaning procedure has been introduced in Annex B. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 5 Introduction This document is derived from joint standardization work in the Energy Institute and ASTM International. It has originally been based on IP 498/06 [1] published by the Energy Institute and harmonized with equivalent ASTM [2] Standards. The described method is an alternative quantitative determination of the cetane number of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. Correlation studies between this method and EN ISO 5165 have been done and the results of this are incorporated in this European Standard. The basis of this method is the derived cetane number correlation equation as given in Clause 13. The on-going validation of the equation is monitored and evaluated through the existing monthly American and European fuel exchange programs. The validation data will be reviewed by CEN/TC 19 with a frequency of at least every two years. As a result of the review, CEN/TC 19 may make the decision to, if necessary, modify the existing equation/correlation or develop a new one. As part of this review, the sample types will be examined, and if certain types are underrepresented, further steps may be taken to evaluate how they perform. For the moment the basics of one type of apparatus are described1. Once more correlation data on different types of derived cetane number testing equipment is available, CEN/TC 19 will consider revising this European Standard.
1 The injection pump in the currently described apparatus is covered by a patent. SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel into compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement. This European Standard is applicable to diesel fuels, including those containing fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) up to 30 % (V/V). The method is also applicable to middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, oil-sands based fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives and low-sulfur diesel fuel oils. However, users applying this standard especially to unconventional distillate fuels are warned that the relationship between derived cetane number and combustion behaviour in real engines is not yet fully understood. The test method is also applicable to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of FAME, especially the ignition delay. However the correlation data available were inconclusive about the precision of the equation. So the determination of derived cetane number for FAME fuel, also known as B100, has not been included in the precision determination as in Clause 122). This European Standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,8 ms to 6,3 ms (71 DCN to 34 DCN). The combustion analyser can measure shorter or longer ignition delays, but precision is not known. For these shorter or longer ignition delays the correlation equation for DCN is given in Annex D. NOTE 1 There is no information about how DCNs outside the 34 to 71 range compares to EN ISO 5165. NOTE 2 For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction and “% (m/m)” the mass fraction. WARNING — The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling (ISO 3170) EN ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling (ISO 3171) EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods (ISO 3696) EN ISO 5165:1998, Petroleum products — Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels — Cetane engine method (ISO 5165:1998) ISO 1998-2:1998, Petroleum industry — Terminology — Part 2: Properties and tests ISO 4010, Diesel engines — Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type
2) A further Round Robin study for B100 samples is being considered by CEN. SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 7 IP 537, Determination of the purity of Derived Cetane Number reference materials — Gas chromatography method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1998-2:1998 and the following apply. 3.1 cetane number CN measure of the ignition performance of a diesel fuel in a standardized engine test on a scale defined by reference fuels Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as the percentage by volume of hexadecane (cetane) in a reference blend having the same ignition delay as the fuel for analysis. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay. Note 2 to entry: ISO 1998-2 expresses it as “number on a conventional scale, indicating the ignition quality of a diesel fuel under standardized conditions”, but for this document the definition as given is chosen as with new equipment on the market since 1998 the reference to an engine has become essential. 3.2 ignition delay ID period of time, in milliseconds, between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion Note 1 to entry: In the context of this standard, this period is determined by movement and pressure sensors in the instrument. 3.3 derived cetane number DCN number calculated by using an equation that correlates a combustion analyser's ignition delay to the cetane number 3.4 accepted reference value ARV value agreed upon as a reference for comparison Note 1 to entry: The value is derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based in scientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus value based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. 3.5 quality control sample QC stable and homogenous material(s) similar in nature to the materials under test, properly stored to ensure integrity, and available in sufficient quantity for repeated long-term testing 3.6 calibration reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to calibrate the performance of the combustion analyzer 3.7 verification reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to verify the performance of the combustion analyzer SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 8 4 Principle A test portion of the material under test is injected into a heated temperature- and pressure-controlled constant volume combustion chamber which has previously been charged with compressed air. Sensors detect the start of injection and the start of combustion for each single-shot cycle. A complete test sequence consists of 15 preliminary combustion cycles to ensure apparatus equilibrium and 32 subsequent test cycles to obtain ignition delay values. The average ignition delay (ID) of these 32 cycles is inserted into an equation to obtain the derived cetane number (DCN). The DCN obtained by this procedure is an estimate of the cetane number (CN) obtained from the conventional large-scale engine test EN ISO 5165. 5 Reagents and materials 5.1 Water, unless otherwise specified, meeting the requirements for grade 3 of EN ISO 3696. 5.2 Coolant system fluid, 50:50 (V/V) mixture of commercial grade radiator antifreeze (aluminium-compatible, ethylene glycol-type) with water (5.1). NOTE This mixture meets the boiling point requirements and gives adequate protection of the coolant system against corrosion and mineral scale that can alter heat transfer and rating results. See the manufacturer’s manual for the correct ethylene glycol-type antifreeze quality. 5.3 Calibration reference fluid, heptane of a purity of minimum 99,5 % (m/m) to be used as the designated 3,78 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material. If the initial purity is not known the purity shall be checked in accordance with IP 537. 5.4 Verification reference fluid, methylcyclohexane of a purity of minimum 99,0 % (m/m) to be used as the designated 10,4 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material. If the initial purity is not known the purity shall be checked in accordance with IP 537. Even if the verification reference fluid meets the purity specification, it may not meet the Ignition Delay requirements (see Table 2). It is recommended to either pass the suspect MCH through a filter column to remove peroxide based impurities or to test a bottle of MCH that has been shown to meet the ID requirements. It is recommended that each bottle of MCH is tested prior to its use as a verification reference fluid to confirm it is of acceptable quality. 5.5 Quality control sample, stable and homogeneous material(s), similar in nature to the materials under test (see 3.5) 5.6 Combustion charge air, of oxygen content 20,9 % (V/V) ± 1,0 % (V/V), and containing less than 0,003 % (V/V) hydro-carbons and less than 0,025 % (V/V) water. NOTE 1 Oxygen content of combustion charge compressed air can vary between batches (cylinders). Significant variation will lead to changes in ignition delay (higher oxygen content leads to a shorter ignition delay). NOTE 2 The effects of oxygen concentration have been investigated [3]. 5.7 Actuating air, oil-free compressed air containing less than 0,1 % (V/V) water supplied at a minimum sustained pressure of 1,5 MPa. 5.8 Compressed nitrogen, of minimum purity 99,9 % (V/V). SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 9 6 Apparatus 6.1 Combustion analyser 6.1.1 General The apparatus is described in more detail in Annex A. For the installation and set-up procedures, and for detailed system description, refer to the manufacturer’s manual. The system described in this standard comprises: an insulated heated, constant volume combustion chamber (see 6.1.2) with fluid cooling of designated areas; external, pneumatically actuated, chamber inlet and exhaust valves, and associated piping; a heated, pneumatically-actuated, fuel injection pump; a constant pressure fuel delivery system; a re-circulating coolant system; solenoids; sensors; controls; connection fittings for the compressed gas utilities; and a computer to control test sequencing. Figure 1 gives a schematic outline of the analyser. 6.1.2 Combustion chamber, steel combustion chamber of capacity 0,213 l ± 0,002 l, further detailed in Annex A. 6.2 Filter medium, with a nominal pore size 3 µm to 5 µm, made of glass fibre, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) or nylon, of a size appropriate to the apparatus being used for sample filtration (see 7.5).
Figure 1 — Schematic overview of combustion analyser SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 10 Key P1: combustion chamber pressure T5: (used for diagnostic functions) P2: combustion charge air pressure T6: injector nozzle coolant passage temperature P3: injection actuator air pressure T7: coolant return temperature P4: inlet/exhaust valve actuator air pressure (gauge) T8: (used for diagnostic functions) P5: sample fuel reservoir pressure (gauge) T9: combustion chamber air back temperature T1: combustion chamber outer surface temperature N1: injector nozzle needle motion sensor T2: fuel injection pump temperature C1: digital signal - fuel injection actuator T3: combustion chamber pressure sensor temperature C2: digital signal - inlet valve actuator T4: charge air temperature C3: digital signal - exhaust valve actuator
C4: digital signal – charge air valve actuator : charge air line : fuel injection pump driver air line : inlet/exhaust valve actuator air line : coolant system line : fuel reservoir utility nitrogen line : high pressure fuel line Mechanical system
1.charge air supply 18.exhaust to ventilation system 2.insulation 19.drain 3.inlet valve 20.liquid to air heat exchanger 4.hydrocarbon waste 21.air filter 5.nozzle bleed 22.fan 6.injector nozzle 23.coolant reservoir 7.fuel injection pump 24.chamber heating elements 8.fuel sample reservoir with or without a check valve3) 25.exhaust valve 9.plunger 26.combustion chamber pressure sensor coolant housing 10.quick connect valved fitting 27.combustion chamber 11.fuel reservoir utility compressed nitrogen supply4) 28.injector nozzle needle extension pin 12.quick connect valved fitting 29.coolant filter 13.pneumatic driver air surge tank 30.coolant pump 14.pump heating elements 37.coolant flow indicator 15.hydrocarbon waste 38.injector nozzle coolant flow control valve 16.pump bleed 39.pressure sensor coolant flow control valve 17.actuator utility compressed air supply 40.pressure relief valve Figure 1 — Schematic overview of combustion analyser (continued)
3) The standard fuel sample reservoir does not have a check valve. A larger volume fuel sample reservoir does have a check valve and permits the fuel sample reservoir to be filled and cleaned in a remote, well-ventilated area when used in conjunction with remote filling/cleaning station. Refer to manufacturer’s instructions for the details of this larger volume fuel reservoir and filling station. 4) May also be used with an associated nitrogen adaptor. The fuel system flushing adaptor is used as in B.4 to permit nitrogen to be blown through the fuel injection system when using a larger volume fuel sample reservoir with a check valve. SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 11 7 Sampling 7.1 Unless otherwise specified, obtain samples in accordance with the procedures given in EN ISO 3170 or EN ISO 3171. 7.2 To minimize exposure to UV emissions that can induce chemical reactions, which may affect ignition delay measurement, collect and store samples in sample containers that are either constructed of materials that minimize light reaching the sample such as a dark brown bottle, metal can or containers that shall be wrapped or boxed in light-proof containers immediately after filling. If the sample is not to be analysed within 24 h, retain in a dark, cool environment, and preferably under an inert gas. NOTE 1 Exposure of petroleum fuels to UV wavelengths of less than 550 nm for even a short period of time has been shown to affect ignition delay [4]. NOTE 2 The formation of peroxides and radicals, which affect the ignition delay, is minimized when the sample is stored in the dark, under a nitrogen blanket in a cool environment. 7.3 Bring the laboratory sample to 18 °C to 32 °C before testing. 7.4 Inspect the sample before testing for wax precipitation. If precipitants are present, bring the test sample to a temperature of approximately 14°C above the expected cloud point of the material being tested, taking care not to lose any lower boiling range components. Agitate the sample to return precipitants back in to the solution, ensuring the sample is homogeneous before filtering. 7.5 Filter the laboratory sample through the filter medium (see 6.2) at ambient temperature, without vacuum. Use a positive pressure filtration system. Immediately collect the filtered sample in a container as described in 7.2. WARNING — If a glass syringe is used to filter the sample, ensure that the filter capsule is correctly located on the syringe fitting. Do not apply excessive force to the plunger as this could result in the glass syringe shattering. It is recommended that protective gloves are worn during the filtering operation. 8 Apparatus assembly and installation Annex A and Annex B give more details on the apparatus assembly and installation. The apparatus requires placement on a level floor with facilities for the hook-up of all utilities and gasses. The user shall ensure compliance with all local and national codes. The apparatus requires an environment with a temperature of 18 °C to 32 °C. The exhaust gases shall be directed into a low suction pressure fume extraction system. NOTE The heat exchange of the coolant system and the injection pump operate satisfactorily at 18 °C to 32 °C. CAUTION 1 — The apparatus requires high-pressure compressed air at high flow for intermittent short periods of time. CAUTION 2 — The noise level without a noise reduction system is approximately 86 dB, measured at 1,5 m distance, and approximately 77 dB with noise reduction. Local regulations may apply to high noise levels, but ear protectors should be worn when equipment is in operation. 9 Preparation of apparatus 9.1 System start-up and warm-up 9.1.1 For more details refer to the manufacturer’s manual. 9.1.2 Switch on power to the combustion analyser and the coolant pump. SIST EN 15195:2015
EN 15195:2014 (E) 12 9.1.3 Warm up the system. NOTE At the end of the automated warm-up sequence, the ramp-up and total warm-up times will be indicated on the computer monitor. Typical values are 1 300 s to 1 800 s for ramp-
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 15195:2013
01-september-2013
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Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay andderived cetane number
(DCN) of middle distillate fuels by combustion in a constant volume chamber
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten
Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Kraftstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten in einer Verbrennungskammer mit
konstantem Volumen
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination de délai d'inflammation et de l'indice de
cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillats moyens par combustion dans une chambre à volume
constant
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15195
ICS:
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
oSIST prEN 15195:2013 en,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 15195:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 15195
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2013
ICS 75.160.20 Will supersede EN 15195:2007
English Version
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and
derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels by
combustion in a constant volume chamber
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination de délai Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des
d'inflammation et de l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von
distillats moyens par combustion dans une chambre à Kraftstoffen aus Mitteldestillaten in einer
volume constant Verbrennungskammer mit konstantem Volumen
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15195:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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prEN 15195:2013 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Symbols and abbreviations .7
5 Principle .7
6 Reagents and materials .7
7 Apparatus .8
7.1 Combustion analyzer .8
7.2 Filter medium .8
8 Sampling .8
9 Apparatus assembly and installation . 10
10 Preparation of apparatus . 10
10.1 System start-up and warm-up . 10
10.2 Standard operating and test conditions . 11
11 Calibration, verification and quality control . 12
11.1 General . 12
11.2 Calibration . 12
11.3 Apparatus verification . 12
11.4 Quality control (QC) . 13
12 Test procedure . 13
13 Calculation . 13
14 Expression of results . 14
15 Precision . 14
15.1 General . 14
15.2 Repeatability . 14
15.3 Reproducibility . 14
16 Test report . 15
Annex A (normative) Test apparatus description . 16
Annex B (normative) Operational details in support to the standard test procedure . 19
Annex C (informative) Apparatus maintenance . 24
Bibliography . 25
2
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Foreword
This document (prEN 15195:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and
liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of
which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 15195:2007.
Based on new data sets used and experience in the field, the following main updates could be included:
based on recent data from EI and ASTM correlation schemes precision of the method has been improved
(by around 25 %) and a common global precision statement for EN 15195 has been incorporated (see
also the Introduction);
the ignition delay range has been expanded to 2,8 ms to 6,3 ms (70 DCN to 33 DCN), where it used to be
3,3 ms to 6,4 ms (61 DCN to 34 DCN);
the scope has been expanded to from diesel blends with 7 % (V/V) up to 30 % (V/V) of FAME;
the test procedure has been updated following experience in the market;
the standard operating and test conditions have been more precisely defined;
the calibration information has been improved;
an alternative system cleaning procedure has been introduced in Annex B;
3
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Introduction
This document is derived from joint standardization work in the Energy Institute and ASTM International. It has
originally been based on IP 498/06 [1] published by the Energy Institute and harmonized with equivalent
ASTM [2] Standards.
The described method is an alternative quantitative determination of the cetane number of middle distillate
fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. Correlation studies between this method and
EN ISO 5165 have been done and the results of this are incorporated in this European Standard.
The basis of this method is the derived cetane number correlation equation as given in Clause 13. The
on-going validation of the equation is monitored and evaluated through the existing monthly American and
European fuel exchange programs. The validation data will be reviewed by CEN/TC 19 with a frequency of at
least every two years. As a result of the review, CEN/TC 19 may make the decision to, if necessary, modify
the existing equation/correlation or develop a new one. As part of this review, the sample types will be
examined, and if certain types are underrepresented, further steps may be taken to evaluate how they perform.
1
For the moment the basics of one type of apparatus are described . Once more correlation data on different
types of derived cetane number testing equipment is available, CEN/TC 19 will consider revising this
European Standard.
1
The injection pump in the currently described apparatus is covered by a patent.
4
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1 Scope
This European Standard specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle
distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume
combustion chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel
into compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to
calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement.
This standard is applicable to diesel fuels, including those containing fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) up to
30 % (V/V). The method is also applicable to middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, oil-sands based
fuels, blends of fuel containing biodiesel material, diesel fuel oils containing cetane number improver additives
and low-sulphur diesel fuel oils. However, users applying this standard especially to unconventional distillate
fuels are warned that the relationship between derived cetane number and combustion behaviour in real
engines is not yet fully understood.
The test method is also applicable to the quantitative determination of the ignition characteristics of FAME,
especially the ignition delay. However the correlation data available were inconclusive about the precision of
the equation. So the determination of derived cetane number for FAME fuel, also known as B100, has not
2)
been included in the precision determination as in Clause 13 .
The standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,8 ms to 6,3 ms (70 DCN to 33 DCN). The combustion
analyser can measure shorter or longer ignition delays, but precision can be affected. For these shorter or
longer ignition delays the correlation equation for DCN is given in NOTE 2 under Clause 13.
NOTE 1 There is no information about how DCNs outside the 33 to 70 range compares to EN ISO 5165.
NOTE 2 For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction
and “% (m/m)” the mass fraction.
WARNING — The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling (ISO 3170)
EN ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling (ISO 3171)
EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods (ISO 3696)
EN ISO 5165:1998, Petroleum products - Determination of the ignition quality of diesel fuels - Cetane engine
method (ISO 5165)
ISO 1998-2:1998, Petroleum industry – Terminology - Part 2: Properties and tests
ISO 4010, Diesel engines — Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type
2) A further Round Robin study for B100 samples is being considered by CEN.
5
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IP 537, Determination of the purity of Derived Cetane Number reference materials — Gas chromatography
method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1998-2:1998 and the following apply.
3.1
cetane number
CN
measure of the ignition performance of a fuel in a standardized engine test on a scale defined by reference
fuels
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as the percentage by volume of hexadecane (cetane) in a reference blend having the
same ignition delay as the fuel for analysis. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay.
Note 2 to entry: ISO 1998-2 expresses it as "number on a conventional scale, indicating the ignition quality of a diesel
fuel under standardized conditions", but for this document the definition as given is chosen.
3.2
ignition delay
ID
period of time, in milliseconds, between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this standard, this period is determined by movement and pressure sensors in the
instrument.
3.3
derived cetane number
DCN
value using an equation that correlates a combustion analyser ignition delay result to the cetane number
3.4
accepted reference value
ARV
value agreed upon as a reference for comparison
Note 1 to entry: The value is derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based in scientific principles, (2) an
assigned value, based on experimental work of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus value
based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group.
3.5
quality control sample
stable and homogenous material(s) similar in nature to the materials under test, properly stored to ensure
integrity, and available in sufficient quantity for repeated long-term testing
3.6
calibration reference fluid
stable and homogenous fluid used to calibrate the performance of the combustion analyzer
3.7
verification reference fluid
stable and homogenous fluid used to verify the performance of the combustion analyzer
6
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4 Symbols and abbreviations
T3 combustion chamber pressure sensor temperature
T4 charge air temperature
T6 injector nozzle coolant passage temperature
5 Principle
A test portion of the material under test is injected into a heated temperature-controlled constant volume
combustion chamber which has previously been charged with compressed air. Sensors detect the start of
injection and the start of combustion for each single-shot cycle. A complete test sequence consists of 15
preliminary combustion cycles to ensure apparatus equilibrium and 32 subsequent test cycles to obtain
ignition delay values. The average ignition delay (ID) of these 32 cycles is inserted into an equation to obtain
the derived cetane number (DCN). The DCN obtained by this procedure is an estimate of the cetane number
(CN) obtained from the conventional large-scale engine test EN ISO 5165.
6 Reagents and materials
6.1 Water, unless otherwise specified, meeting the requirements for grade 3 of EN ISO 3696.
6.2 Coolant system fluid, 50:50 volumetric mixture of commercial grade radiator antifreeze (aluminium-
compatible, ethylene glycol-type) with water (6.1).
NOTE This mixture meets the boiling point requirements and gives adequate protection of the coolant system against
corrosion and mineral scale that can alter heat transfer and rating results. See the manufacturer’s manual for the correct
ethylene glycol-type antifreeze quality.
6.3 Calibration reference fluid, heptane of a purity of minimum 99,5 % (m/m) to be used as the
designated 3,78 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material.
If the initial purity is not known the purity shall be checked in accordance with IP 537.
6.4 Verification reference fluid, methylcyclohexane of a purity of minimum 99,0 % (m/m) to be used as
the designated 10,4 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material.
If the initial purity is not known the purity shall be checked in accordance with IP 537.
Even if the verification reference fluid meets the purity specification, it may not meet the Ignition Delay
requirements (see Table 2). It is recommended to test a new material prior to its use as a verification
reference fluid.
6.5 Quality control sample, stable and homogeneous material(s), similar in nature to the materials under
test (see 3.5)
6.6 Combustion charge air, of oxygen content 20,9 % (V/V) ± 1,0 % (V/V), and containing less than
0,003 % (V/V) hydro-carbons and less than 0,025 % (V/V) water.
NOTE 1 Oxygen content of combustion charge compressed air can vary between batches (cylinders). Significant
variation will lead to changes in ignition delay (higher oxygen content leads to a shorter ignition delay).
NOTE 2 The effects of oxygen concentration have been investigated [3].
6.7 Actuating air, oil-free compressed air containing less than 0,1 % (V/V) water supplied at a minimum
sustained pressure of 1,5 MPa.
7
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6.8 Compressed nitrogen, of minimum purity 99,9 % (V/V).
7 Apparatus
7.1 Combustion analyzer
7.1.1 General
The apparatus is described in more detail in Annex A. For the installation and set-up procedures, and for
detailed system description, refer to the manufacturer’s manual.
The system described in this standard comprises: an insulated heated, constant volume combustion chamber
(see 7.1.2) with fluid cooling of designated areas; external, pneumatically actuated, chamber inlet and exhaust
valves, and associated piping; a heated, pneumatically-actuated, fuel injection pump; a constant pressure fuel
delivery system; a re-circulating coolant system; solenoids; sensors; controls; connection fittings for the
compressed gas utilities; and a computer to control test sequencing. Figure 1 gives a schematic outline of the
analyzer.
7.1.2 Combustion chamber, steel combustion chamber of capacity 0,213 l ± 0,002 l, further detailed in
Annex A.
7.2 Filter medium, with a nominal pore size 3 µm to 5 µm, made of glass fibre, polytetrafluorethylene
(PTFE) or nylon, of a size appropriate to the apparatus being used for sample filtration (see 8.5).
8 Sampling
8.1 Unless otherwise specified, obtain samples in accordance with the procedures given in EN ISO 3170 or
EN ISO 3171.
8.2 Collect and store samples in an opaque container to minimize exposure to UV emissions that can
induce chemical reactions, which may affect ignition delay measurements. If the sample is not to be analyzed
within 24 h, retain in a dark, cool/cold environment, and preferably under an inert gas.
NOTE 1 Exposure of petroleum fuels to UV wavelengths of less than 550 nm for even a short period of time has been
shown to affect ignition delay [4].
NOTE 2 The formation of peroxides and radicals, which affect the ignition delay, is minimized when the sample is
stored in the dark, under a nitrogen blanket in a cool environment.
8.3 Inspect the sample before testing for wax precipitation. If precipitants are present, bring the test sample
to a temperature of approximately 14°C above the expected cloud point of the material being tested, taking
care not to lose any lower boiling range components. Agitate the sample to return precipitants back in to the
solution, ensuring the sample is homogeneous before filtering.
8.4 Bring the laboratory sample to 18 °C to 32 °C before testing.
8.5 Filter the laboratory sample through the filter medium (see 7.2) at ambient temperature, without vacuum.
Use a positive pressure filtration system. Immediately collect the filtered sample in an opaque container.
WARNING — If a glass syringe is used to filter the sample, ensure that the filter capsule is correctly
located on the syringe fitting. Do not apply excessive force to the plunger as this could result in the
glass syringe shattering. It is recommended that protective gloves are worn during the filtering
operation.
8
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Key
P1: combustion chamber pressure T5: (used for diagnostic functions)
P2: charge air pressure T6: injector nozzle coolant passage temperature
P3: injection actuator air pressure T7: coolant return temperature
P4: inlet/exhaust valve actuator air pressure (gauge) T8: (used for diagnostic functions)
P5: sample fuel reservoir pressure (gauge) T9: combustion chamber air back temperature
T1: combustion chamber outer surface temperature N1: injector nozzle needle motion sensor
T2: fuel injection pump temperature C1: digital signal - fuel injection actuator
T3: combustion chamber pressure sensor temperature C2: digital signal - inlet valve actuator
T4: charge air temperature C3: digital signal - exhaust valve actuator
C4: digital signal – charge air valve actuator
: charge air line : fuel injection pump driver air line
: inlet/exhaust valve actuator air line : coolant system line
: fuel reservoir utility nitrogen line : high pressure fuel line
9
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Mechanical system
1. charge air supply 18. exhaust to ventilation system
2. insulation 19. drain
3. inlet valve 20. liquid to air heat exchanger
4. hydrocarbon waste 21. air filter
5. nozzle bleed 22. fan
6. injector nozzle 23. coolant reservoir
7. fuel injection pump 24. chamber heating elements
3)
25. exhaust valve
8. fuel sample reservoir with or without a check valve
9. plunger 26. combustion chamber pressure sensor coolant housing
10. quick connect valved fitting 27. combustion chamber
11. fuel reservoir utility compressed nitrogen supply which 28. injector nozzle needle extension pin
4)
can also be used with an associated nitrogen adaptor
12. quick connect valved fitting 29.coolant filter
13. pneumatic driver air surge tank 30. coolant pump
14. pump heating elements 37. coolant flow indicator
15. hydrocarbon waste 38. injector nozzle coolant flow control valve
16. pump bleed 39. pressure sensor coolant flow control valve
17. actuator utility compressed air supply 40. pressure relief valve
Figure 1 — Schematic overview of combustion analyser
9 Apparatus assembly and installation
Annexes A and B give more details on the apparatus assembly and installation. The apparatus requires
placement on a level floor with facilities for the hook-up of all utilities and engineering and technical support.
The user shall ensure compliance with all local and national codes. The apparatus requires an environment
with a temperature of 18 °C to 32 °C. The exhaust gases shall be directed into a low suction pressure fume
extraction system.
NOTE The heat exchange of the coolant system and the injection pump operate satisfactorily at 18 °C to 32 °C.
CAUTION 1 — The apparatus requires high-pressure compressed air at high flow for intermittent short
periods of time.
CAUTION 2 — The noise level without a noise reduction system is approximately 86 dB, measured at
1,5 m distance, and approximately 77 dB with noise reduction. Local regulations may apply to high
noise levels, but ear protectors should be worn when equipment is in operation.
10 Preparation of apparatus
10.1 System start-up and warm-up
10.1.1 For more details refer to the manufacturer’s manual.
10.1.2 Switch on power to the combustion analyzer and the coolant pump.
3) The standard fuel sample reservoir does not have a check valve. A larger volume fuel sample reservoir does have a
check valve and permits the fuel sample reservoir to be filled and cleaned in a remote well, ventilated area when used in
conjunction with remote filling/cleaning station. Refer to manufacturer’s instructions for the details of this larger volume fuel
reservoir and filling station.
4) The nitrogen adaptor is used as in B.5 to permit nitrogen to be blown through the fuel injection system when using a
larger volume fuel sample reservoir with a check valve.
10
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10.1.3 Warm up the system.
NOTE At the end of the automated warm-up sequence, the ramp-up and total warm-up times will be indicated on the
computer monitor. Typical values are 1 300 s to 1 800 s for ramp-up time and 1 500 s to 2 300 s for the total warm-up time.
Significant increases in the average ramp-up time (more than 5 %) or total warm-up time (more than 10 %) indicates a
potential malfunction of the heating elements of the combustion chamber. For diagnostic procedures, refer to the
manufacturer’s manual.
10.2 Standard operating and test conditions
10.2.1 Adjust the pressure (P5) of the nitrogen supply to the sample fuel reservoir to approximately 345 kPa
(50 psi).
10.2.2 Adjust the pressure (P3) of the injection actuating air to meet the requirements of Table 1.
10.2.3 Check that the coolant temperatures (T6 and T7) are in accordance with the temperatures and
tolerances as given in Table 1. If they are not then follow the diagnostic procedures given in the
manufacturer’s manual.
10.2.4 Adjust the fuel injection pump temperature (T2) to meet the requirements of Table 1.
10.2.5 Set the charge air pressure (P2) in accordance with the requirement of Table 1.
10.2.6 Check the sealing of the combustion chamber by measuring the pressure drop during a charge test
in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual. If the pressure drop is greater than 3,5 kPa/s (0,5 psi/s) follow
the diagnostic procedures as given in the manufacturer’s manual.
10.2.7 Check that the operating temperatures and pressures are within the tolerances given in Table 1 and
that the tolerances in Table 2 for a single test are met, by conducting a test using the calibration reference
fluid (6.3), in accordance with Clause 12.
NOTE T6, T6 , T6 , T3 and T3 are printed out as a supplemental output result. T6 is also shown on the
min max min max
computer display during the test run.
10.2.8 If one or more conditions in Table 1 are not met, follow the diagnostic procedures in the
manufacturer’s manual to identify, and then remedy the problem.
NOTE 1 The charge air temperature is initially set by factory calibration and subsequently tuned by user calibration of
the apparatus performance characteristics. The charge air temperature typically ranges from 545 °
...
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