SIST EN 15776:2011
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from cast iron with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 %
Unfired pressure vessels - Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from cast iron with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 %
This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, material, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts made from materials for which details are specified from the following material standards for specific grades which meet the criterion of an elongation after fracture less than or equal to 15 %: EN 1561, Founding - Grey cast irons; EN 1563, Founding - Spheroidal graphite cast irons; EN 13835, Founding - Austenitic cast irons. The allowed content of the vessel or pressure part is a fluid of group 2 only, according to the Directive 97/23/EC.
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Zusätzliche Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von 15% oder weniger
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Anforderungen an die Konstruktion, den Werkstoff, die Herstellung sowie die Prüfung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen fest. Die zulässigen Werkstoffe sind spezifische Sorten mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von 15% oder weniger, wie in den folgenden Werkstoffnormen festgelegt:
EN 1561, Gießereiwesen — Gußeisen mit Lamellengraphit
EN 1563, Gießereiwesen — Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
EN 13835, Gießereiwesen — Austenitische Gusseisen
Diese Norm ist zusätzlich zu den allgemeinen Anforderungen für unbefeuerte Druckbehälter nach EN 13445, Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter, anzuwenden.
Zulässige Gusseisensorten, entsprechende Auslegungsgrenzen und Betriebsbedingungen sind in den Tabellen 4.1-1 und 4.1-2 angegeben.
Bei der Anwendung von Gusseisen mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von 15% oder weniger sind spezielle Vorsichtsmaßnahmen zu ergreifen, um das gleiche Sicherheitsniveau zu erreichen wie bei der Anwendung von Gusseisen mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von mehr als 15%. Einschränkungen und Grenzen für den Betrieb sind Abschnitt 4 zu entnehmen.
Gusseisen mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von 15% oder weniger dürfen statt der in EN 13445-6 festgelegten Gusseisensorten nur dann für Druckgeräte verwendet werden, wenn dies durch betriebliche und technische Vorteile geboten ist.
Zum Zusammenhang mit EG-Richtlinien siehe informativen Anhang ZA, der Bestandteil dieses Dokuments ist.
ANMERKUNG Anforderungen an die Konstruktion, den Werkstoff, die Herstellung sowie die Prüfung von Druck¬behältern und Druckbehälterteilen mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von mehr als 15% sind in EN 13445-6 festgelegt.
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Exigences supplémentaires pour la conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte à allongement inférieur ou égal à 15 %
La présente Norme européenne spécifie les exigences pour la conception, les matériaux, la fabrication et le contrôle des récipients sous pression et de leurs parties sous pression. Les matériaux admis sont des nuances spécifiques avec un allongement inférieur ou égal à 15 % tel que spécifié dans les normes de matériau suivantes :
EN 1561 Fonderie – Fontes grises ;
EN 1563 Fonderie – Fontes à graphite sphéroïdal ;
EN 13835 Fonderie – Fontes austénitiques.
La présente norme doit être utilisée en complément des exigences générales pour les récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme contenues dans l'EN 13445 : Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme.
Les nuances de fonte admises, les limites de conception et de conditions de service sont données dans les Tableaux 4.1-1 et 4.1-2.
Des précautions particulières s'appliquent à la fonte à allongement inférieur ou égal à 15 % pour obtenir le même niveau de sécurité que celui obtenu avec la fonte à allongement supérieur à 15 %. Des restrictions et des limites de service sont données à l'Article 4.
La fonte à allongement inférieur ou égal à 15 % ne doit être utilisée qu'avec les équipements sous pression pour lesquels les avantages fonctionnels et techniques dictent son usage à la place des nuances de fonte données dans l'EN 13445-6.
Pour la relation avec les directives UE, voir l'Annexe ZA informative, qui fait partie intégrante de la présente norme.
NOTE Les exigences pour la conception, les matériaux, la fabrication et le contrôle des récipients sous pression et de leurs parties sous pression moulés en fonte à allongement supérieur à 15 % sont données dans l'EN 13445-6.
Neogrevane tlačne posode - Zahteve za konstruiranje in izdelavo tlačnih posod in njihovih delov iz litega železa z raztezkom ob porušitvi, enakim ali manjšim kot 15 %
Ta evropski standard določa zahteve za konstruiranje, material, izdelavo in preskušanje tlačnih posod in delov tlačnih posod, narejenih iz materialov, za katere so podrobnosti določene v enem od naslednjih standardov za materiale za določene razrede, ki ustrezajo kriteriju raztezka ob porušitvi, enakemu ali manjšemu od 15 %: EN 1561, Livarstvo – Siva litina; EN 1563, Livarstvo – Litina s kroglastim grafitom; EN 13835, Livarstvo – Avstenitna litina. Dovoljena vsebina posode ali dela posode je izključno tekočina skupine 2 v skladu z Direktivo 97/23/ES.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Zusätzliche Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit einer Dehnungseigenschaft von 15% oder wenigerRécipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Exigences supplémentaires pour la conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte à allongement inférieur ou égal à 15 %Unfired pressure vessels - Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from cast iron with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 %23.020.30MHNOHQNHPressure vessels, gas cylindersICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15776:2011SIST EN 15776:2011en,fr,de01-november-2011SIST EN 15776:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 15776:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15776
February 2011 ICS 23.020.30 English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from cast iron with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 %
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte
à allongement après rupture inférieur ou égal à 15 %
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit einer Bruchdehnung von 15 % oder weniger This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 January 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15776:2011: ESIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms, definitions, units and symbols .64Materials, limitations and service conditions . 105Design requirements . 136Founding, material and casting testing . 277Final assessment . 308Pressure vessels assembled of a combination of parts in different materials . 309Marking and documentation . 30Annex A (normative)
Technical data for design calculations . 32Annex B (informative)
Recommendations for in-service validation and inspection . 35Annex C (informative)
Examples of fatigue design curves . 36Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC . 39Bibliography . 40 SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15776:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 4 Introduction For pressure equipment, special precautions are required when using grey cast iron grades or spheroidal graphite cast iron grades with an elongation after fracture equal to or less than 15 % to attain the same safety level as when using spheroidal graphite cast iron grades with an elongation after fracture higher than 15 %. Service restrictions and limitations are given in Clause 4. Attention is drawn to the references to EN 13445-6 for design and fabrication according to specific grades of material standards EN 1563 and EN 13835 which are found in some clauses of this standard, EN 15776. Requirements for the design, material, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts made from ferritic or austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades with an elongation after fracture higher than 15 % are given in EN 13445-6.
Cast iron with elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 % may only be used for pressure equipment when operational and technical advantages are dictating its use instead of the cast iron grades given in EN 13445-6 with elongation after fracture higher than 15 %. SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, material, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts made from materials for which details are specified from the following material standards for specific grades which meet the criterion of an elongation after fracture less than or equal to 15 %: EN 1561, Founding — Grey cast irons; EN 1563, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons; EN 13835, Founding — Austenitic cast irons. The allowed content of the vessel or pressure part is a fluid of group 2 only, according to the Directive 97/23/EC. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 764-5:2002, Pressure Equipment — Part 5: Compliance and Inspection Documentation of Materials EN 1370, Founding — Surface roughness inspection by visual tactile comparators EN 1371-1:1997, Founding — Liquid penetrant inspection — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings EN 1559-1, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General EN 1559-3, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 3: Additional requirements for iron castings EN 1561, Founding — Grey cast irons EN 1563, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons EN 12680-3, Founding — Ultrasonic examination — Part 3: Spheroidal graphite cast iron castings EN 13445-3:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design EN 13445-5:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing EN 13445-6:2009, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron EN 13835, Founding — Austenitic cast irons EN ISO 8062-3, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts — Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings (ISO 8062-3:2007) SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 6 3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 grey cast iron cast material, mainly iron and carbon based, carbon being present mainly in the form of flake (lamellar) graphite particles (EN 1561) NOTE Grey cast iron is also known as flake graphite cast iron, and less commonly as lamellar graphite cast iron. 3.1.2 spheroidal graphite cast iron cast material, mainly iron and carbon-based, the carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite particles (EN 1563) NOTE Spheroidal graphite cast iron is also known as ductile iron, and less commonly as nodular iron. 3.1.3 austenitic cast iron cast material with an austenitic matrix which is iron and carbon based and alloyed with nickel and manganese, copper and/or chromium in order to stabilize the austenitic structure at room temperature NOTE The graphite can be present in flake or spheroidal form (EN 13835). 3.1.4 relevant wall thickness section of the casting, agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, to which the guaranteed mechanical properties apply 3.1.5 critical zone highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test NOTE 1 It can be caused, for example, by any of the following: — sudden change in cross section; —
sharp edges; —
sharp radii; —
peak stresses; —
bending stresses; —
stresses due to other than membrane stress; —
changes in curvature. NOTE 2
A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric method, strain gauge methods, burst test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis, etc. NOTE 3 Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures are to be considered in defining critical zones. SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 7 3.1.6 purchaser individual or organisation that buys pressure equipment, including assemblies or parts, for its own use or on behalf of the user and/or operator
3.1.7 manufacturer individual or organisation responsible for the design, fabrication, testing, inspection, installation of pressure equipment and assemblies where relevant NOTE 1 The manufacturer may subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under its responsibility. 3.1.8 casting manufacturer subcontractor that produces the castings used in the manufacture of pressure equipment 3.1.9 temperature factor reduction factor applied to the 0,2 % proof strength to take account of temperature influence 3.1.10 wall thickness factor reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of reduced mechanical properties 3.1.11 stress factor ratio of peak stress to total stress 3.1.12 total stress total stress in a design model which includes all stress concentration effects, non-local and local 3.2 Symbols For the purposes of this document, symbols used in EN 13445-6:2009 are listed in Table 1. Table 1 — Symbols Symbol Quantity Unit c corrosion allowance mm e required thickness mm ea analysis thickness
mm eact actual thickness mm emax maximum local thickness at the location of a possible fatigue crack initiation mm emin minimum thickness as specified on drawing mm SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 8 Table 1 (continued) Symbol Quantity Unit f nominal design stress MPa fe thickness correction factor
fm mean stress correction factor
ftest nominal design stress for testing condition
MPa fT temperature correction factor
fs surface finish correction factor
mC exponent in equation of fatigue design curve
n shell shape factor
neq number of equivalent full pressure cycles
T,Tc calculation temperature °C A, A5 minimum elongation after fracture % CC coefficient in equation of fatigue design curve
Ce wall thickness reduction factor
CT temperature reduction factor
E modulus of elasticity MPa F test factor used in experimental fatigue assessment
Keff effective stress concentration factor
Kt theoretical elastic stress concentration factor
M mean stress sensitivity factor MPa mc value from appropriate Tables 10, 11, 13, 14 in the appropriate number of cycle number range used in fatigue calculations
N total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude
Nall allowable number of cycles obtained from the fatigue design curve
Nmin minimum number of cycles obtained in experimental fatigue assessment
ni number of cycles with amplitude ∆Pi
PC,pc calculation pressure MPa a Pb burst test pressure MPa a Pb,act actual burst test pressure MPa a SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 9 Table 1 (continued) Symbol Quantity Unit PD,pd design pressure MPa a Pmax maximum permissible pressure b MPa a PS,ps maximum allowable pressure b
bar a PT, pt test pressure b MPa Rm minimum tensile strength MPa R*m average tensile strength of three test bars taken from the same cast for design according to DBE route MPa Rp0,2 minimum 0,2 % - proof strength MPa Rp0,2/T minimum 0,2 % - proof strength at temperature T in degrees Celsius MPa Rz surface roughness parameter – peak – to - valley height µm RM material strength parameter MPa S safety factor
TSmax, TSmin maximum / minimum allowable temperature °C V volume L ∆P pressure range MPa a ∆Pi pressure cycle amplitude
∆σ allowable stress range MPa ∆σ* pseudo elastic stress range MPa ∆σCut cut-off limit MPa ∆σD endurance limit MPa ∆σeq,struc structural stress range MPa ∆σR stress range in fatigue design curve MPa δ casting tolerance mm 0 extra thickness due to casting process mm γR partial safety factor
η Stress factor
ν Poisson’s ratio
σe nominal design stress for external pressure MPa a MPa for calculation purposes only, otherwise the unit shall be bar (1 MPa = 10 bar). b See also EN 13445-3:2009, Table 4-1.
SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 10 3.3 Inter relation of thicknesses definitions (EN 13445-6) εδ emin eact ea e c
Key e required thickness ea analysis thickness emin minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as indicated on drawings eact
actual
thickness c corrosion allowance ε extra thickness due to casting process δ casting tolerance Figure 1 4 Materials, limitations and service conditions 4.1 Materials and limitations on temperature, maximum allowable pressure and energy content All material grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1561 for grey cast iron, EN 1563 for spheroidal graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic cast iron. The material grades and corresponding limitations are given in Table 2 and Table 3.
SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 11 Table 2 — Allowable material grades and limitations for grey cast iron and austenitic lamellar graphite cast iron Material standard Material designation Design temperature limits
Maximum allowable pressure PS
Maximum energy content PS × V for a single casting Symbol Number °C bar Lbar⋅ EN 1561 EN-GJL-200 EN-JL1030 - 10 ≤ T ≤ 200 25 65 000 EN-GJL-250 EN-JL1040 EN-GJL-300 EN-JL1050 - 10 ≤ T ≤ 200 EN-GJL-350 EN-JL1060 EN 13835 EN-GJLA-XNiCuCr15-6-2EN-JL3011 - 10 ≤ T ≤ 200 EN-GJLA-XNiMn13-7 EN-JL3021
The product PS × V and the design temperature limit of Table 2 for a single casting may be exceeded when all the following conditions are met: maximum allowable temperature TSmax ≤ 300 °C; maximum allowable pressure PS ≤ 15 bar; material grades shall be limited to EN-GJL-300 or EN-GJL-350; documented stress factor ≤ 2 throughout the casting; stress relief heat treatment is carried out when the maximum cooling rate in the mould exceeds 30 °C/h for the temperature range from 600 °C decreasing to 150 °C. NOTE An in-service inspection to Annex B of this standard may be considered to be mentioned in the operating instructions of the part or vessel.
SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 12 Table 3 — Allowable material grades and design limits for spheroidal graphite cast iron Material standard Material designation Design temperature limits Maximum allowable pressure PS Maximum energy content PS × V for a single casting Symbol Number °C bar Lbar⋅ EN 1563 EN-GJS-400-15 EN-JS1030 - 10 ≤ T ≤ 300 100 100 000 EN-GJS-400-15U EN-JS1072 EN-GJS-450-10 EN-JS1040 64 80 000 EN-GJS-450-10U EN-JS1132 EN-GJS-500-7 EN-JS1050 EN-GJS-500-7U EN-JS1082 EN-GJS-600-3 EN-JS1060 25 65 000 EN-GJS-600-3U EN-JS1092 EN-GJS-700-2 EN-JS1070 EN-GJS-700-2U EN-JS1102 EN 13835 EN-GJSA-XNiCr20-2 EN-JS3011 - 10 ≤ TS ≤ 540 64 80 000 EN-GJSA-XNiCrNb20-2 EN-JS3031 EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr35-5-2 EN-JS3061 EN-GJSA-XNiCr30-3 EN-JS3081 EN-GJSA-XNiSiCr30-5-5 EN-JS3091 25 65 000 EN-GJSA-XNiCr35-3 EN-JS3101 64 80 000
The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions, given in EN 1559-1 and EN 1559-3, shall also apply. 4.2 Cyclic loading Lamellar and spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for cyclic operation. A fatigue analysis shall be performed if the service conditions require more than the maximum number of full pressure cycles as given in Table 4, or more than an equivalent number of cycles neq with smaller amplitude according to Equation (1). Table 4 — Full pressure cycle number for dynamic loading consideration Material grade Maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis according to Equation (1)
(if stress factor η ≤ 3) Grades according to Table 2 8 000 Grades according to Table 3 50 000
The calculation of an equivalent number of full pressure cycles neq when the operating pressure is less than the maximum pressure shall be calculated according to Equation (1): SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 13 cmNj1jmaxijeqPPnn∑==∆⋅= (1) where N
is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude;
ni
is the number of cycles with amplitude iP∆; iP∆ is the pressure cycle amplitude; maxP is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in EN 13445-3:2009, 3.16; mC
is the value from Table 10 (lamellar graphite cast iron grades) or Table 11 (spheroidal graphite cast iron grades) in the appropriate number of cycle range value for 103 < N < 106 or 106 < N < 108
whichever is the case. NOTE A stress factor – defined in 3.1.11 (ratio of peak stress to total stress-defined in 3.1.12) − greater than 3, determined by any of the design methods given in 5.8, can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other small changes, an acceptable design may be generated. It is recommended to carry out a finite element analysis to determine areas with possible excessive stress concentrations. 5 Design requirements 5.1 Design principle The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2009, Clause 5. The materials, limitations and service conditions of Clause 4 of this standard shall be considered. Design methods shall be in accordance with this European Standard and, when indicated in a clause of this standard, with the relevant clauses of EN 13445-6:2009. If the geometry of the component or the loading case does not allow calculation by the formulas given in EN 13445-3:2009, design by analysis (DBA) or design by experiment (DBE) shall be applied. Depending on the complexity of the component, the loading conditions and the level of NDT, the designer may choose one of the following available design methods mentioned below. Correlation between safety factor, testing factor and the method to assess dynamic loading is given in Table 5. 5.2 Conceptual design and construction drawings The manufacturer analysis of hazards identifying those which apply to the pressure vessel on account of pressure shall be documented and be of sufficient detail. Details of the conceptual design including the design methods adopted, performance criteria and construction drawings shall be provided. Guidance about the detailed dimensional information that shall be provided is given in Annex B of EN 13445-5:2009. Process diagrams, sub-assemblies or other data relevant to conceptual design shall also be maintained. SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 14 5.3 Static loading 5.3.1 General In order to design the part for static loading, the following shall be considered by the designer. 5.3.2 Design by formula (DBF) Equations for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3:2009 and EN 13445-6:2009, Annex G. This Annex G gives additional equations for non-standard shaped parts often used in casting design. Nominal design stress for component forms other than bolts shall be calculated in accordance with Table 5. If design by experimental method is used, it shall be in conformity with 5.3.4 of this standard. In general, the manufacturer shall specify to the casting manufacturer which zones are critical related to the design and design loads. Other critical zones may be indicated by the casting manufacturer related to the casting process and shall be taken into account by the manufacturer. Table 5 — Safety factor and nominal design stress
Item Material grades
according to
Table 3
Material grades according to
Table 2 Grade according to As cast Stress relieve annealed Safety factor S
−⋅+=1A155,075,3S EN 1561 S = 9 S = 7 EN 13835 S = 8 * S = 6 Nominal design stress f SCCRfeT2,0p⋅⋅= SRfm= where
CT is defined in 5.4;
Ce is defined in 5.5;
Rm
is the tensile strength value for a given wall thickness according to Table A.1;
Rp0,2 is 0,2 % proof strength value according to Table A.4
where A5 is the elongation after fracture in percent according to EN 1563 and EN 13835. * If a risk of stress corrosion cracking may exist, especially for austenitic grades at higher temperatures, a stress relief heat treatment is beneficial depending on the service conditions but is left to the agreement between the parties concerned.
5.3.3 Design by analysis (DBA) a) Decide whether the direct route (limit load, EN 13445-3:2009, Annex B) or the stress categorization method (EN 13445-3:2009, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear or non-linear approach will be used; b) base modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thickness (ea) and material characteristics at operation temperature; SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 15 c) for interpretation of calculation results, follow the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria in order to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related procedures are typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes, see EN 13445-3:2009. 5.3.4 Design by experiment (DBE) Where design by equations (DBF) according to EN 13445-3:2009 is not considered appropriate due to the complex shape of the component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness ea and the minimum thickness emin shall be performed according to the procedure in 5.8.2.4. This test is also a part of the technical documentation. NOTE 1 For vessels for which PS × V < 6 000 bar × L (600 MPa × L) an experimental method may be applied as an alternative to the design by formulae (DBF) or design by analysis (DBA) methods. NOTE 2 For vessels for which PS × V ≥ 6 000 bar × L (600 MPa × L) the experimental method may be used in addition to detailed design. 5.4 Temperature reduction factor
For grey cast iron material grades according to EN 1561 and austenitic lamellar graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 13835 mechanical properties shall be considered to remain constant for the temperature range - 10 °C up to 200 °C. For spheroidal graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 1563: CT = 1 for T ≤ 20 °C (2) CT = 1 – 0,001(T - 20) for 20 °C < T ≤ 300 °C 1)
(3) For austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 13835: CT = 1 for T ≤ 20 °C (4) CT = 1 – 0, 000 5 (T - 20) for 20 °C < T ≤ 540 °C (5) 5.5 Wall thickness reduction factor For spheroidal graphite cast iron material grades according to EN 1563 and EN 13835: Ce = 1 for emin ≤ 60 mm (6) Ce = 0,8 for 60 mm < emin ≤ 200 mm (7) NOTE The wall thickness reduction factor for lamellar graphite cast iron grades according to EN 1561 is already included in Table A.1 in this standard and needs no extra
thickness correction factor. 5.6 Design for external pressure Design for external pressure shall be carried out according to EN 13445-3:2009, Clause 8, with the following modifications: Replace Equations 8.4.2-1, 8.4.2-2, 8.4.3-1, 8.4.3-2 by:
1) See Bibliography ref. [13]. SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 16 eTpeCR⋅=/2,0σ (8) The minimum safety factor, which applies throughout this clause, is given by: for material grades according to Table 2: S = (safety factor according to Table 5) + 1 (9) for material grades according to Table 3:
S = (safety factor according to Table 5) + 0,5 (10) 5.7 Testing conditions The test pressure may exceed the value given in Equation (15) either intentionally or occasionally. However, the nominal design stress for testing conditions, ftest shall not exceed the following values. For material grades according to Table 2: 2mtestRf= (11) For material grades according to Table 3: 33,1/2,0eTtestptestCRf⋅= (12) 5.8 Design methods 5.8.1 General Design methods shall be in accordance with this standard and, when indicated in the clauses of this standard, with the clauses of EN 13445-6. 5.8.2 Static loading 5.8.2.1 General In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer. 5.8.2.2 Design by formula (DBF) Formulas for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3. 5.8.2.3 Design by analysis (DBA) For cast iron pressure vessels the general procedures and corresponding rules are covered by EN 13445-6:2009, Annex E "Design by analysis for castings" with the following modifications: additional to EN 13445-6:2009, Annex E.2.1 "Design checks for normal operating load cases" Material strength parameters (RM) and partial safety factors (γR) shall be as given in Table 6: SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 17 Table 6 — RM and γγγγR for normal operating load cases Material grade RM γγγγR According to Table 2 Rm S/1,8 a According to Table 3 Rp0,2/T S/(1,8 × Ce) a a) S according to Table 5.
additional to EN 13445-6:2009, Annex E.2.2 "Design checks for testing load cases" RM and γR shall be as given in Table 7 and Table 8: Table 7 — RM and γγγγR for test load case lamellar cast iron grades Material grade RM γγγγR According to Table 2 Rm 2,0
Table 8 — RM and γγγγR
for test load case spheroidal graphite cast iron grades Material grade RM γγγγR According to Table 3 Rp0,2/Ttest 1,33/Ce
5.8.2.4 Design by experiment (DBE) Design by experiment shall be carried out according to EN 13445-6:2009, 5.2.2.1.5, where: for material grades according to Table 2 of this standard, the following formula applies: 2/1,)3(⋅⋅⋅⋅=mactbmactaRPRPSSee (13) for material grades according to Table 3 of this standard, the following formula applies: neTpactbmactaCCRPRPSSee/12,0,)3(⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= (14) where n = 1 for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles α ≤ 60°, stayed surfaces and stressed parts when it can be shown that the bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress; n = 2 for all other surfaces except when it can be shown that the bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress. 5.8.2.5 R*m Determination and general test requirements For determining R*m three tensile test specimen shall be performed in accordance with EN 1561, EN 1563 or EN 13835 material standards for each of the required positions taken from the same cast. SIST EN 15776:2011
EN 15776:2011 (E) 18 The specimen positions shall be in accordance with the specifications in the technical delivery conditions of the product form for materials for pressure equipment. In addition to the requirements of the material, the manufacturer and the purchaser
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