SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
(Main)Space engineering - Radio frequency and modulation
Space engineering - Radio frequency and modulation
EN 16603-50-05 defines the radio communication techniques used for the transfer of information between spacecraft and Earth stations in both directions, and for the tracking systems used for orbit determination. It includes the following: - frequency allocation, assignment and use; - requirements on transmitted signals concerning, for example, spectral occupation, RF power levels, protection of other radio services; - definition of the permissible modulation methods and parameters; - specification of the major technical requirements relevant for the interface between spacecraft and Earth stations; - operational aspects, such as acquisition; - cross-support. This Standard is applicable to all spacecraft supported by Earth stations1 and to all controlled Earth stations operating in the Space Operation, Space Research and Earth Exploration-Satellite services as defined in the ITU Radio Regulations.2 Other space telecommunication services are not covered in this issue. All requirements in this Standard are equally applicable to both the customer and the supplier with exception of clauses 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 which are applicable to the customer only. Further provisions and guidance on the application of this Standard can be found, respectively, in ECSS-E-ST-50 "Communications", and in the handbook ECSS-E-HB-50A "Communications guidelines". ECSS-E-ST-50 defines the principle characteristics of communication protocols and related services for all communication layers relevant for space communication (physical- to application-layer), and their basic relationship to each other. The handbook ECSS-E-HB-50 provides information on specific implementation characteristics of these protocols in order to support the choice of a certain communications profile for the specific requirements of a space mission. Users of the present standard are invited to consult these documents before taking decisions on the implementation of the present one. This Standard may be tailored for the specific characteristics and constraints of a space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.
Raumfahrttechnik - Funkfrequenzen und -modulation
Ingénierie spatiale - Radio fréquence et modulation
Vesoljska tehnika - Radijske frekvence in modulacija
Standard EN 16603-50-05 določa tehnike radijske komunikacije, ki se uporabljajo za prenos informacij med vesoljskimi plovili in zemeljskimi postajami v obeh smereh ter za sisteme za sledenje, ki se uporabljajo za določanje orbite. Zajema naslednje: - dodelitev frekvenc in uporabo; - zahteve za prenesene signale glede, npr. spektralne zasedenosti, stopnje radiofrekvenčne moči, zaščite drugih radijskih storitev; - opredelitev dovoljenih metod modulacije in parametrov; - specifikacijo večjih tehničnih zahtev, pomembnih za povezavo med vesoljskim plovilom in zemeljskimi postajami; - operativne vidike, kot je pridobivanje; - navzkrižno podporo. Ta standard se uporablja za vsa vesoljska plovila, ki jih podpirajo zemeljske postaje1 in vse nadzorovane zemeljske postaje, ki delujejo v okviru storitev za vesoljsko obratovanje, vesoljske raziskave in satelitskega raziskovanja Zemlje, kot je opredeljeno v pravilniku o radiokomunikacijah Mednarodne telekomunikacijske zveze.2 Druge vesoljske telekomunikacijske storitve niso zajete v tej izdaji. Vse zahteve v tem standardu veljajo tako za kupca kot dobavitelja z izjemo točk 4.3.1 in 4.3.2, ki veljata samo za stranko. Nadaljnje določbe in smernice o uporabi tega standarda je mogoče najti v dokumentu ECSS-E-ST-50 »Komunikacije« in v priročniku ECSS-E-HB-50A »Komunikacijske smernice«. ECSS-E-ST-50 določa glavne značilnosti komunikacijskih protokolov in z njimi povezanih storitev za vse ravni komunikacije, pomembne za vesoljsko komunikacijo (od fizične do aplikacijske ravni), in njihove osnovne medsebojne povezave. Priročnik ECSS-E-HB-50 zagotavlja informacije o posebnih značilnostih vpeljave teh protokolov za podporo pri izbiri določenega komunikacijskega profila za posebne zahteve vesoljske misije. Uporabniki obstoječega standarda so vabljeni k ogledu teh dokumentov, preden sprejmejo odločitve o izvajanju trenutnega standarda. Ta standard se lahko prilagodi posameznim lastnostim in omejitvam vesoljskega projekta v skladu s standardom ECSS-S-ST-00.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Vesoljska tehnika - Radijske frekvence in modulacijaRaumfahrttechnik - Funkfrequenzen und -modulationIngénierie spatiale - Radio fréquence et modulationSpace engineering - Radio frequency and modulation49.140Vesoljski sistemi in operacijeSpace systems and operations33.060.01Radijske komunikacije na splošnoRadiocommunications in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16603-50-05:2014SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014en,fr,de01-november-2014SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16603-50-05
September 2014 ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Radio frequency and modulation
Ingénierie spatiale - Radio fréquence et modulation
Raumfahrttechnik - Funkfrequenzen und -modulation This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 March 2014.
CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN and CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 16603-50-05:2014 E SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
2 Table of contents Foreword . 6 Introduction . 7 1 Scope . 8 2 Normative references . 9 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 10 3.1 Terms from other standards . 10 3.2 Terms specific to the present standard . 10 3.3 Abbreviated terms. 12 4 Frequency allocations, assignment and use . 15 4.1 Frequency allocations to the Space Operation, Space Research and Earth Exploration-Satellite services . 15 4.1.1 Overview . 15 4.1.2 Frequency bands allocated to the Space Radiocommunications services . 15 4.2 Specific conditions for the use of certain frequency bands . 17 4.2.1 2 025 MHz – 2 120 MHz and 2 200 MHz – 2 300 MHz bands . 17 4.2.2 8 025 MHz – 8 400 MHz band . 18 4.2.3 8 400 MHz - 8 450 MHz band . 19 4.2.4 8 450 MHz – 8 500 MHz band . 19 4.2.5 25,5 GHz – 27,0 GHz, 37,0 GHz – 38 GHz and 40,0 GHz – 40,5 GHz bands . 19 4.3 Frequency assignment procedure . 20 4.3.1 Choice of frequencies . 20 4.3.2 Advance publication, coordination and notification of frequencies . 21 5 Transmitted signals . 22 5.1 Turnaround frequency ratio for coherent transponders . 22 5.1.1 Generation of the transmitted carrier . 22 5.1.2 Band pairs . 22 5.2 Carrier frequency stability . 24 5.2.1 Spacecraft transmitter . 24 SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 3 5.2.2 Spacecraft receiver . 25 5.2.3 Ground station equipment . 25 5.3 Polarization . 26 5.4 Occupied bandwidth considerations . 26 5.5 Emissions . 28 5.5.1 Unwanted emission power level . 28 5.5.2 Cessation of emissions . 32 5.5.3 Power flux density limits at the Earth's surface . 32 5.5.4 Power flux density limits at the GSO in the 25,5 GHz - 27,0 GHz band . 33 5.5.5 Power limits for Earth station emissions . 34 5.5.6 Time limitations on transmissions . 35 6 Modulation . 36 6.1 Phase modulation with residual carriers . 36 6.1.1 Application . 36 6.1.2 Modulating waveforms . 36 6.1.3 PCM waveforms and data rates . 37 6.1.4 Use of subcarriers . 39 6.1.5 Data transition density . 41 6.1.6 Carrier modulation index . 42 6.1.7 Sense of modulation . 42 6.1.8 Modulation linearity . 42 6.1.9 Residual amplitude modulation . 42 6.1.10 Carrier phase noise . 43 6.1.11 Residual carrier, out-of-band emission and discrete spectral lines . 43 6.2 Suppressed carrier modulation,
.............................................................................. 44 6.2.1 Application and modulation schemes ........................................................ 44 6.2.2 Modulating waveforms .............................................................................. 45 6.2.3 Carrier modulation..................................................................................... 45 6.2.4 Data transition density ............................................................................... 51 6.2.5 Symbol rate stability .................................................................................. 51 6.2.6 Carrier phase noise ................................................................................... 51 6.2.7 Carrier suppression, out-of-band emission and discrete spectral lines ...... 51 6.3 Spectral roll-off ....................................................................................................... 52 7 Link acquisition procedures ................................................................................ 53 7.1 Space-Earth............................................................................................................ 53 7.1.1 Normal operation ...................................................................................... 53 SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
4 7.1.2 Alternative mode of operation . 53 7.1.3 Coherent mode . 53 7.2 Earth-space . 54 7.2.1 2 025 MHz - 2 110 MHz category A . 54 7.2.2 2 110 MHz - 2 120 MHz category B . 55 7.2.3 7 145 MHz - 7 190 MHz category B . 55 7.2.4 7 190 MHz – 7 235 MHz category A . 55 8 RF interface control . 57 8.1 RF interface control documents . 57 8.2 Spacecraft-Earth station interface control document . 57 8.2.1 Overview . 57 8.2.2 Process . 57 8.3 Link budget tables. 58 8.3.1 General . 58 8.3.2 Parameters . 58 8.4 Spacecraft-ground network compatibility test . 61 9 GMSK and 8PSK TCM modulation formats . 63 9.1 GMSK modulation format . 63 9.2 8PSK TCM modulation format . 64 9.2.1 General principles . 64 9.2.2 4 dimensional 8PSK-TCM encoder . 64 9.2.3 Differential encoders for SEF = 2 and 2,5. 65 9.2.4 Trellis encoder structure . 66 9.2.5 Constellation mapper for 4 dimensional 8PSK-TCM . 66 9.2.6 Channel filtering . 68 Annex A (normative) Spacecraft-Earth station interface control document - DRD . 71 Annex B (informative) Cross-support from other networks . 72 Annex C (informative) Protection of Ariane-5 RF system . 73 Annex D (informative) Differences from CCSDS recommendations . 76 Annex E (informative) Tailoring guidelines . 78 Bibliography . 79
SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 5 Figures Figure 4-1: Maximum allowable bandwidth in the band 8 400 MHz - 8 450 MHz . 20 Figure 6-1: PCM waveforms and symbol duration definition . 38 Figure 6-2: Symbol rate reference point . 39 Figure 6-3: QPSK/OQPSK constellation mapping . 46 Figure 6-4: OQPSK post-amplifier filter transfer function . 49 Figure 6-5: Spectral emission masks for telemetry transmission at symbol rates above 60 ksps . 52 Figure 8-1: Parameter distributions and their equations. 60 Figure 9-1: General principle of the 4D-8PSK TCM modulator . 65 Figure 9-2: Codes to eliminate 22,5 phase ambiguity on carrier synchronization . 66 Figure 9-3: Representation of a 64 state L=7, rate 3/4 systematic trellis encoder . 66 Figure 9-4: Constellation mapper for SEF = 2. 67 Figure 9-5: Constellation mapper for SEF = 2,5 . 67 Figure 9-6: Transmit structure for baseband, square root raised-cosine shaping . 69 Figure 9-7: Transfer function for a 4 poles/2 zeros elliptic filter . 69 Figure 9-8: Transmit structure for post-amplifier shaping . 70
Tables Table 4-1: Frequency allocations to the Space Operation, Space Research and Earth Exploration-Satellite services . 16 Table 5-1: Turnaround frequency ratios for coherent transponder operation . 23 Table 5-2 Alternative turnaround frequency ratios for coherent transponder operation . 24 Table 5-3: Frequency stability for spacecraft transmitters . 24 Table 5-4: Frequency stability for spacecraft receivers . 25 Table 5-5: Occupied bandwidth . 27 Table 5-6: Maximum level of spurious emissions . 28 Table 5-7: Threshold levels of interference detrimental to radio astronomy spectral line (i.e. narrow bandwidth) observations at the surface of the Earth due to terrestrial interference sources (Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2) . 30 Table 5-8: Threshold levels of interference detrimental to radio astronomy continuum (i.e. wide bandwidth) observations at the surface of the Earth due to terrestrial interference sources (Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2) . 31 Table 5-9: Harmful interference levels at deep space antenna sites . 32 Table 5-10: Power flux density limits at the Earth’s surface . 33 Table 6-1: PCM waveforms and rates for residual carrier modulation . 37 Table 6-2: Subcarriers used with phase-modulated carriers . 39 Table 6-3: Limits of the peak modulation index . 42 Table 6-4: PCM waveforms . 45 Table 8-1: Probability density functions for link budgets . 60 SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
6 Foreword This document (EN 16603-50-05:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/CLC/TC 5 “Space”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This standard (EN 16603-50-05:2014) originates from ECSS-E-ST-50-05C Rev. 2. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2015, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by March 2015. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This document has been developed to cover specifically space systems and has therefore precedence over any EN covering the same scope but with a wider domain of applicability (e.g. : aerospace). According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 7 Introduction This Standard contains requirements to ensure the following: • Compatibility of frequency usage and modulation schemes between space agencies' spacecraft and Earth stations for the Space Operation, Space Research and Earth Exploration-Satellite services. • Compatibility between the spacecraft and the networks that they interact with, as far as possible. • Standardization of frequency usage and modulation schemes within the space projects. • Conformity of spacecraft and Earth station parameters to international radio regulatory provisions (Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)) and with national regulatory provisions (e.g. national frequency plans). • Selection of the appropriate parameters of spacecraft and Earth stations that are listed in advance of their use, thus enabling coordination with other interested parties. • Optimization of the frequency usage and modulation schemes within the above limitation. SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
8 1 Scope This Standard defines the radio communication techniques used for the transfer of information between spacecraft and Earth stations in both directions, and for the tracking systems used for orbit determination. It includes the following: • frequency allocation, assignment and use; • requirements on transmitted signals concerning, for example, spectral occupation, RF power levels, protection of other radio services; • definition of the permissible modulation methods and parameters; • specification of the major technical requirements relevant for the interface between spacecraft and Earth stations; • operational aspects, such as acquisition; • cross-support. This Standard is applicable to all spacecraft supported by Earth stations1 and to all controlled Earth stations operating in the Space Operation, Space Research and Earth Exploration-Satellite services as defined in the ITU Radio Regulations.2 Other space telecommunication services are not covered in this issue. All requirements in this Standard are equally applicable to both the customer and the supplier with exception of clauses 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 which are applicable to the customer only. Further provisions and guidance on the application of this Standard can be found, respectively, in ECSS-E-ST-50 "Communications", and in the handbook ECSS-E-HB-50A "Communications guidelines". ECSS-E-ST-50 defines the principle characteristics of communication protocols and related services for all communication layers relevant for space communication (physical- to application-layer), and their basic relationship to each other. The handbook ECSS-E-HB-50 provides information on specific implementation characteristics of these protocols in order to support the choice of a certain communications profile for the specific requirements of a space mission. Users of the present standard are invited to consult these documents before taking decisions on the implementation of the present one. This Standard may be tailored for the specific characteristics and constraints of a space project in conformance with ECSS-S-ST-00.
1
This Standard is not applicable to spacecraft supported by data relay satellites. 2
Under the term Earth Exploration-Satellite service, the Meteorological Satellite service is also included. SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 9 2 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this ECSS Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of any of these publications, do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this ECSS Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN reference Reference in text Title EN 16601-00-01 ECSS-S-ST-00-01 ECSS system – Glossary of terms EN 16603-10-03 ECSS-E-ST-10-03 Space engineering – Testing EN 16603-50 ECSS-E-ST-50
Space engineering – Communications EN 16603-50-01 ECSS-E-ST-50-01 Space engineering – Space data links - Telemetry synchronization and channel coding
ITU/RR:2004 3,4
ITU Radio Regulations
3 In this Standard the relevant articles are specified after the reference name. For example, ITU/RR/1.23 refers to Article 1.23. 4
For possible changes to the ITU/RR, contact the responsible frequency coordinator. SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
10 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms from other standards For the purpose of this Standard, the terms and definitions from ECSS-S-ST-00-01 and ECSS-E-ST-50 apply. 3.2 Terms specific to the present standard 3.2.1 category A category of spacecraft having an altitude above the Earth’s surface of less than 2 × 106 km 3.2.2 category B category of spacecraft having an altitude above the Earth’s surface of equal to, or greater than 2 × 106 km 3.2.3 deep space space at distances from the Earth of equal to, or greater than 2 × 106 km
[ITU/RR/1.177] 3.2.4 Earth Exploration-Satellite service a radio communication service between Earth stations and one or more space stations, which may include links between space stations, in which: • information relating to the characteristics of the Earth and its natural phenomena, including data relating to the state of the environment, is obtained from active sensors or passive sensors on Earth orbiting satellites; • similar information is collected from airborne or ground-based platforms; • such information may be distributed to Earth stations within the system concerned; • platform interrogations may be included. This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation. [ITU/RR/1.51] SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 11 3.2.5 frequency coordinator manager responsible for ensuring conformity with ITU/RR
3.2.6 Meteorological-Satellite service an Earth Exploration-Satellite service for meteorological purposes [ITU/RR/1.52] 3.2.7 necessary bandwidth for a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at a rate and with the quality required under the specified conditions [ITU/RR/1.152] NOTE
This is taken to be equal to the occupied bandwidth. 3.2.8 occupied bandwidth the width of a frequency band such that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to 0,5 % of the total mean power of a given emission [ITU/RR/1.153] 3.2.9 out-of-band emission emission on a frequency or frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth, which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions [ITU/RR/1.144] 3.2.10 proximate orbits two circular orbits whose difference in altitude is smaller than 500m and whose difference in orbital plane angle is smaller than 1,5. 3.2.11 Space Operation service (SO) a radio communication service concerned exclusively with the operation of spacecraft, in particular space tracking, space telemetry and space telecommand (TTC) NOTE
These functions are normally provided as part of the service in which the spacecraft is operating. [ITU/RR/1.23] 3.2.12 Space Research service (SR) a radio communication service in which spacecraft and other objects in space are used for scientific and technological research [ITU/RR/1.55] SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
12 3.2.13 spurious emission emissions on a frequency, or frequencies, which are outside ±2,5 times the occupied bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information NOTE
Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions. [ITU/RR/1.145] 3.2.14 symbol rate reciprocal of the symbol duration NOTE
See Figure 6-1. 3.2.15 unwanted emissions consists of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions [ITU/RR/1.146] 3.3 Abbreviated terms For the purpose of this Standard, the abbreviated terms from ECSS-ST-00-01 and the following apply: Abbreviation Meaning @ at 2BL double sideband noise bandwidth 8PSK phase shift keying of 8 states BPSK binary phase shift keying (see PSK) BTs product of bandwidth and symbol duration CCSDS Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems CLCW command link control word dB decibel dBi dB with respect to isotropic emission dBc dB with respect to the unmodulated carrier dBW dB with respect to power DRS data relay satellite DS deep space DSN Deep Space Network of NASA EES Earth Exploration-Satellite service EHF extremely high frequency, frequency from 30 GHz to 300 GHz EIRP equivalent isotropically radiated power SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 13 epfd equivalent power flux density ESA European Space Agency E/S Earth station FIR finite impulse response fN Nyquist frequency ft ranging tone frequency GMSK Gaussian minimum shift keying GSO geostationary orbit G/T ratio of antenna gain to system noise temperature ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-R radio communication sector of the ITU ITU/RR ITU radio regulations ksps kilo symbol per second LHC left hand circular LSB least significant bit MSB most significant bit Msps mega symbol per second NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NRZ non return to zero NRZ-L non return to zero-level NRZ-M non return to zero-mark OQPSK offset quadrature phase shift keying PCM pulse code modulation PFD power flux density PLL phase locked loop PM phase modulation PSK phase shift keying
Q-DNRZ quaternary differential NRZ QPSK quadrature phase shift keying RF radio frequency RFI radio frequency interference RHC right hand circular r.m.s. root-mean-square RS symbol rate Rchs channel symbol rate RES equivalent symbol rate RSS root-sum-square SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E)
14 Rx receiver S/C spacecraft SEF spectral efficiency factor SFCG Space Frequency Co-ordination Group SHF super high frequency, frequency
from 3 GHz to 30 GHz SP-L split phase-level sps symbol per second SO Space Operation service SR Space Research service SRRC square-root raised-cosine TCM trellis-coded modulation TTC telemetry, tracking and telecommand Tx transmitter UHF ultra high frequency, frequency from 300 MHz to 3 000 MHz UQPSK unbalanced quadrature phase shift keying SIST EN 16603-50-05:2014
EN 16603-50-05:2014 (E) 15 4 Frequency allocations, assignment and use 4.1 Frequency allocations to the Space Operation, Space Research and Earth Exploration-Satellite5 services 4.1.1 Overview The use of frequencies by radio communication services is governed by the provisions of the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU/RR), which: • define the various radio communication services (see clause 3.2); • allocate frequency bands to them (see clause 4.1.2); • lay down procedures to be followed for a frequency assignment and the frequency notification with the Radio communications Bureau of the ITU (see clause 4.3); • specify technical cond
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