SIST EN IEC 62232:2023
(Main)Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
IEC 62232:2022 addresses the evaluation of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) levels in the vicinity of base stations (BS), also called products or equipment under test (EUT), intentionally radiating in the radio frequency (RF) range 110 MHz to 300 GHz in accordance with the scope, see Clause 1. It does not address the evaluation of current density.
RF exposure evaluation methods to be used for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments are specified in this document. Exposure limits are not specified in this document. The entity conducting RF exposure assessments refers to the set of exposure limits applicable where exposure takes place. Examples of applicable exposure limits considered in this document are provided in the Bibliography, for example ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 [3] and Safety Code 6 [4].
Bestimmung der HF-Feldstärke, der Leistungsdichte und der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) in der Nachbarschaft von Funkkommunikations-Basisstationen zur Ermittlung der menschlichen Exposition
Détermination de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base de radiocommunication dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine
IEC 62232:2022 traite de l’évaluation de l’intensité du champ RF, de la densité de puissance et des niveaux de débit d’absorption spécifique (DAS) à proximité des stations de base (BS), également appelées produits ou équipements sous test (EUT), rayonnant intentionnellement dans la gamme des radiofréquences (RF) de 110 MHz à 300 GHz conformément au domaine d’application, voir Article 1. Il ne traite pas de l’évaluation de la densité actuelle.
Les méthodes d’évaluation de l’exposition aux RF à utiliser pour la conformité du produit, la conformité de l’installation du produit et les évaluations in situ de l’exposition aux RF sont spécifiées dans le présent document. Les limites d’exposition ne sont pas spécifiées dans le présent document. L’entité qui effectue les évaluations de l’exposition aux RF fait référence à l’ensemble des limites d’exposition applicables là où l’exposition a lieu. Des exemples de limites d’exposition applicables examinées dans le présent document sont fournis dans la bibliographie, par exemple ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1-2019™ [3] et Safety Code 6 [4].
Določitev RF poljske jakosti, gostote moči in SAR v okolici baznih postaj za namene ocenjevanja izpostavljenosti ljudi
Ta dokument opisuje metode za določitev radiofrekvenčne (RF) poljske jakosti, gostote moči in specifične hitrosti absorpcije (SAR) v okolici baznih postaj (BS) za namene ocenjevanja izpostavljenosti ljudi. Ta dokument: a) obravnava namerno sevajoče bazne postaje, ki oddajajo prek ene ali več anten z eno ali več frekvencami v območju od 110 MHz do 300 GHz; b) upošteva vpliv okoliških virov na radiofrekvenčno izpostavljenost vsaj v frekvenčnem območju od 100 kHz do 300 GHz; c) določa metode, ki se uporabljajo za oceno radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti za oceno skladnosti, in sicer: 1) skladnost izdelka – določitev meje skladnosti za izdelek bazne postaje, preden je uveden na trg; 2) skladnost namestitve izdelka – določitev ravni skupne radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti v dostopnih območjih pri bazni postaji in drugih ustreznih virih, preden se izdelek začne uporabljati; 3) ocena radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti na mestu uporabe – merjenje ravni radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti na mestu uporabe v bližini bazne postaje, ko izdelek začne obratovati; d) določa, kako izvesti oceno radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti na podlagi dejanskega največjega pristopa; e) opisuje več metodologij za merjenje in izračun radiofrekvenčne poljske jakosti, gostote moči ter SAR z navodili za njihovo uporabo pri obravnavi vrednotenja na lokaciji nameščene bazne postaje in vrednotenj v laboratoriju; f) opisuje, kako nadzorniki vzpostavijo posebne postopke vrednotenja, ki ustrezajo njihovemu namenu; g) podaja smernice o tem, kako poročati, razlagati in primerjati rezultate iz različnih metodologij vrednotenja ter, če to zahteva namen vrednotenja, določiti utemeljeno odločitev glede mejne vrednosti; h) zagotavlja metode za oceno radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti bazne postaje z uporabo časovno spremenljivih tehnologij za usmerjanje snopa, kot je nova radijska (NR) bazna postaja z uporabo več vhodov in več izhodov (MIMO). OPOMBA 1: V spremnem tehničnem poročilu IEC TR 62669:2019 [5] so kot primer na voljo študije primerov praktične izvedbe. OPOMBA 2: Čeprav je za trenutne vrste baznih postaj določeno, da delujejo do 200 GHz (glej na primer [6] in [7]), je zgornja frekvenca 300 GHz skladna z veljavnimi omejitvami izpostavljenosti. OPOMBA 3: Nižja frekvenca 100 kHz, upoštevana za okoljske vire, izhaja iz določil ICNIRP-1998 [2] in ICNIRP-2020 [1]. Vendar nekatere veljavne smernice za izpostavljenost zahtevajo, da se okoljska polja ocenijo že pri 3 kHz, npr. varnostni predpis 6 [4] in IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]. OPOMBA 4: Specifikacije ustreznih ukrepov za zmanjšanje radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti, kot so znaki, nadzor dostopa in usposabljanje, ne spadajo na področje uporabe tega dokumenta. Pri teh temah se je mogoče sklicevati na veljavne predpise ali priporočene prakse. OPOMBA 5: Čeprav ta dokument temelji na trenutnem mednarodnem soglasju o dobri inženirski praksi za ocenjevanje skladnosti radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti z veljavnimi mejami izpostavljenosti, je možno, da nacionalne regulativne agencije določijo drugačne zahteve. Subjekt, ki izvaja oceno radiofrekvenčne izpostavljenosti, mora poznati veljavne predpise.
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN IEC 62232:2022 (adopted by CLC/CENELEC) provides standardized methods for the determination of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of radio base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure. It applies to intentionally radiating base stations and equipment under test (EUT) operating in the 110 MHz to 300 GHz frequency range. The standard specifies evaluation methods for product compliance, product installation compliance and in‑situ RF exposure assessments but does not specify exposure limits - users must apply the exposure limits relevant to their jurisdiction (examples in the Bibliography include ICNIRP-2020, IEEE C95.1-2019 and Safety Code 6).
Key topics and requirements
- Evaluation categories: product compliance, product installation compliance, in-situ assessments.
- Metrics covered: RF field strength, power density, SAR (current density not addressed).
- Evaluation methods: measurement methods (broadband and frequency-selective), computational methods (FDTD, FEM and other modelling approaches referenced), and combined approaches.
- Compliance boundaries: defining iso-surface and simple compliance boundaries around sources; methods to establish boundaries using actual transmitted power or EIRP.
- Source-environment plane: guidance for selecting evaluation points and appropriate methods based on source/environment geometry.
- Averaging and uncertainty: spatial and temporal averaging procedures, uncertainty estimation and reporting requirements.
- Special topics: assessment of multiple sources, methods for “actual maximum” monitoring/control, site analysis, and reporting formats.
Practical applications and users
- Mobile network operators and system integrators: to evaluate installation compliance of base stations and to document exposure assessments.
- Equipment manufacturers (BS/EUT vendors): to define product compliance boundaries and demonstrate safe emission characteristics.
- Consultants and testing laboratories: for conducting in-situ measurements, computational exposure assessments and formal reporting.
- Regulators and local authorities: as a referenced methodology for reviewing RF exposure assessments submitted for permitting and planning.
- Health & safety teams: to assess occupational and public exposure near radio sites.
Related standards (informative)
Normative and informative cross-references include IEC/IEEE 62209 series (SAR measurement), IEC 62311 (equipment assessment), IEC 62479 (low‑power equipment), IEC/IEEE 62704 (FDTD/FEM SAR modelling) and newer millimetre-wave power-density standards (IEC/IEEE 63195). These standards support measurement and modelling techniques referenced by EN IEC 62232:2022.
Keywords: EN IEC 62232:2022, RF field strength, power density, SAR, base stations, human exposure, EIRP, in-situ measurements, computational methods, product installation compliance.
Frequently Asked Questions
SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 is a standard published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure". This standard covers: IEC 62232:2022 addresses the evaluation of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (<em>SAR</em>) levels in the vicinity of base stations (BS), also called products or equipment under test (EUT), intentionally radiating in the radio frequency (RF) range 110 MHz to 300 GHz in accordance with the scope, see Clause 1. It does not address the evaluation of current density. RF exposure evaluation methods to be used for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments are specified in this document. Exposure limits are not specified in this document. The entity conducting RF exposure assessments refers to the set of exposure limits applicable where exposure takes place. Examples of applicable exposure limits considered in this document are provided in the Bibliography, for example ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 [3] and Safety Code 6 [4].
IEC 62232:2022 addresses the evaluation of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (<em>SAR</em>) levels in the vicinity of base stations (BS), also called products or equipment under test (EUT), intentionally radiating in the radio frequency (RF) range 110 MHz to 300 GHz in accordance with the scope, see Clause 1. It does not address the evaluation of current density. RF exposure evaluation methods to be used for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments are specified in this document. Exposure limits are not specified in this document. The entity conducting RF exposure assessments refers to the set of exposure limits applicable where exposure takes place. Examples of applicable exposure limits considered in this document are provided in the Bibliography, for example ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 [3] and Safety Code 6 [4].
SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 13.280 - Radiation protection; 17.240 - Radiation measurements. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST EN 62232:2019, SIST EN IEC 62232:2025. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of SIST standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 62232:2019
Določitev RF poljske jakosti, gostote moči in SAR v okolici baznih postaj za
namene ocenjevanja izpostavljenosti ljudi
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base
stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Bestimmung der HF-Feldstärke, der Leistungsdichte und der spezifischen
Absorptionsrate (SAR) in der Nachbarschaft von Funkkommunikations-Basisstationen
zur Ermittlung der menschlichen Exposition
Détermination de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de puissance et
du DAS à proximité des stations de base de radiocommunication dans le but d'évaluer
l'exposition humaine
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 62232:2022
ICS:
13.280 Varstvo pred sevanjem Radiation protection
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 62232
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2022
ICS 13.280; 17.240 Supersedes EN 62232:2017
English Version
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the
vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human
exposure
(IEC 62232:2022)
Détermination de l'intensité de champ de radiofréquences, Bestimmung der HF-Feldstärke, der Leistungsdichte und
de la densité de puissance et du DAS à proximité des der spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) in der
stations de base dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine Nachbarschaft von Funkkommunikations-Basisstationen zur
(IEC 62232:2022) Ermittlung der menschlichen Exposition
(IEC 62232:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2022-11-18. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 62232:2022 E
European foreword
The text of document 106/576/FDIS, future edition 3 of IEC 62232, prepared by IEC/TC 106 "Methods
for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure"
was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2023-08-18
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2025-11-18
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 62232:2017 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62232:2022 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
ISO/IEC 17025 NOTE Harmonized as EN ISO/IEC 17025
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod),
the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available
here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC/IEEE 62209- - Measurement procedure for the EN IEC/IEEE 62209- -
1528 assessment of specific absorption rate of 1528
human exposure to radio frequency fields
from hand-held and body-worn wireless
communication devices - Part 1528:
Human models, instrumentation and
procedures (Frequency range of 4 MHz to
10 GHz)
IEC 62209-3 - Measurement procedure for the EN IEC 62209-3 -
assessment of specific absorption rate of
human exposure to radio frequency fields
from hand-held and body-mounted
wireless communication devices - Part 3:
Vector measurement-based systems
(Frequency range of 600 MHz to 6 GHz)
IEC 62311 - Assessment of electronic and electrical EN IEC 62311 -
equipment related to human exposure
restrictions for electromagnetic fields (0
Hz to 300 GHz)
IEC 62479 - Assessment of the compliance of low- EN 62479 -
power electronic and electrical equipment
with the basic restrictions related to
human exposure to electromagnetic fields
(10 MHz to 300 GHz)
IEC/IEEE 62704-1 - Determining the peak spatial-average - -
specific absorption rate (SAR) in the
human body from wireless
communications devices, 30 MHz to 6
GHz - Part 1: General requirements for
using the finite difference time-domain
(FDTD) method for SAR calculations
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC/IEEE 62704-2 - Determining the peak spatial-average - -
specific absorption rate (SAR) in the
human body from wireless
communications devices, 30 MHz to 6
GHz - Part 2: Specific requirements for
finite difference time domain (FDTD)
modelling of exposure from vehicle
mounted antennas
IEC/IEEE 62704-3 - Determining the peak spatial-average - -
specific absorption rate (SAR) in the
human body from wireless
communications devices, 30 MHz to 6
GHz - Part 3: Specific requirements for
using the finite difference time domain
(FDTD) method for SAR calculations of
mobile phones
IEC/IEEE 62704-4 - Determining the peak spatial-average - -
specific absorption rate (SAR) in the
human body from wireless
communication devices, 30 MHz to 6 GHz
- Part 4: General requirements for using
the finite element method for SAR
calculations
IEC/IEEE 63195-1 - IEC/IEEE 63195-1 ED1: Measurement - -
procedure for the assessment of power
density of human exposure to radio
frequency fields from wireless devices
operating in close proximity to the head
and body – Frequency range of 6
GHz to 300 GHz
IEC/IEEE 63195-2 - IEC/IEEE 63195-2 ED1: Determining the - -
power density of the electromagnetic field
associated with human exposure to
wireless devices operating in close
proximity to the head and body using
computational techniques, 6 GHz to 300
GHz
IEC 62232 ®
Edition 3.0 2022-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of
base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.280; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8322-5778-4
– 2 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 16
INTRODUCTION . 18
1 Scope . 19
2 Normative references . 20
3 Terms and definitions . 21
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 36
4.1 Physical quantities . 36
4.2 Constants . 36
4.3 Abbreviated terms . 36
5 How to use this document . 39
5.1 Quick start guide . 39
5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories . 42
5.3 Implementation case studies . 42
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and
in-situ RF exposure assessments . 42
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance . 42
6.1.1 General . 42
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries . 42
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition . 43
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries . 43
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary . 45
6.1.6 Uncertainty . 49
6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance . 49
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance . 50
6.2.1 General . 50
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations . 50
6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum
transmitted power or EIRP . 52
6.2.4 Product installation data collection . 55
6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process . 56
6.2.6 Assessment area selection . 59
6.2.7 Measurements . 60
6.2.8 Computations . 62
6.2.9 Uncertainty . 62
6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance . 63
6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process . 64
6.3.1 General . 64
6.3.2 In-situ measurement process . 64
6.3.3 Site analysis . 65
6.3.4 Case A evaluation . 66
6.3.5 Case B evaluation . 66
6.3.6 Uncertainty . 67
6.3.7 Reporting . 67
6.4 Averaging procedures . 67
6.4.1 Spatial averaging . 67
6.4.2 Time averaging . 68
7 Determining the evaluation method . 68
IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022 – 3 –
7.1 Overview. 68
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method . 68
7.2.1 General . 68
7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment
plane . 69
7.2.3 Exposure metric selection . 70
8 Evaluation methods . 71
8.1 General . 71
8.2 Measurement methods . 72
8.2.1 General . 72
8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements . 72
8.2.3 SAR measurements . 73
8.3 Computation methods . 74
8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach . 76
8.4.1 General requirements . 76
8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring . 76
8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control . 77
8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources . 78
8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP . 79
9 Uncertainty . 80
10 Reporting. 80
10.1 General requirements . 80
10.2 Report format . 81
10.3 Opinions and interpretations . 82
Annex A (informative) Source-environment plane and guidance on the evaluation
method selection . 83
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane . 83
A.1.1 General . 83
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example . 83
A.1.3 Source regions . 84
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches . 90
A.3 Select measurement method . 91
A.3.1 Selection stages . 91
A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR
measurement approaches . 91
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement . 92
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures . 93
A.4 Select computation method . 93
A.5 Additional considerations . 95
A.5.1 Simplicity . 95
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking . 95
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation . 95
Annex B (normative) Evaluation methods . 96
B.1 Overview. 96
B.2 General . 96
B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points . 96
B.2.2 Variables . 97
B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles . 98
B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density . 98
– 4 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density . 102
B.3.3 Spatial averaging . 104
B.3.4 Time averaging . 107
B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values . 109
B.3.6 Personal RF monitors . 109
B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements . 109
B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements . 109
B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements . 109
B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements . 121
B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty . 131
B.5 SAR measurements . 136
B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements . 136
B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements . 136
B.5.3 SAR measurement description . 138
B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty. 143
B.6 Basic computation methods . 146
B.6.1 General . 146
B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density
evaluation . 146
B.6.3 Basic whole-body SAR and peak spatial-average SAR evaluation
formulas . 153
B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic
dish antennas . 160
B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally
radiating cables . 163
B.7 Advanced computation methods. 164
B.7.1 General . 164
B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms . 164
B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation . 171
B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation . 180
B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values . 185
B.8.1 Extrapolation method . 185
B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density
using broadband measurements . 187
B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using
frequency or code selective measurements . 187
B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network . 188
B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS . 189
B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) . 191
B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach . 192
B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions . 192
B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description . 193
B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies . 195
B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites . 196
B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters . 198
B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters . 198
B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation . 200
B.10.1 General . 200
B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode . 200
B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions . 201
IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions . 201
B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions . 202
Annex C (informative) Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features
and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach . 203
C.1 Overview. 203
C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters . 203
C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions . 204
C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode –
test procedure . 204
C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test
procedure . 206
C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions . 209
C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements . 212
C.4 Validation test report . 214
C.5 Case studies . 215
C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation . 215
C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation . 219
C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation . 222
Annex D (informative) Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria. 227
D.1 General . 227
D.2 Class E2 . 227
D.3 Class E10 . 228
D.4 Class E100 . 229
D.5 Class E+ . 231
D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or
beam steering . 232
Annex E (informative) Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance . 234
E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies . 234
E.2 Summary of technology-specific information . 234
E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings . 235
E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings . 235
E.3.2 Detection algorithms . 236
E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing . 236
E.3.4 Integration per service . 239
E.4 Stable transmitted power signals . 239
E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 239
E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology . 240
E.4.3 OFDM technology . 241
E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser . 241
E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General. 241
E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics . 241
E.5.3 Calibration . 242
E.6 Wi-Fi measurements . 244
E.6.1 General . 244
E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements . 245
E.6.3 Channel occupation . 245
E.6.4 Some considerations . 246
E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps. 246
E.6.6 Influence of the application layers . 247
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E.6.7 Power control . 247
E.7 LTE measurements . 248
E.7.1 Overview . 248
E.7.2 LTE transmission modes . 248
E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure . 249
E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure . 250
E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 252
E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation . 257
E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS . 258
E.8 NR BS measurements . 258
E.8.1 General . 258
E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation . 258
E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO
array antennas emitting correlated waveforms . 268
E.9.1 General . 268
E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the
purpose of establishing compliance boundaries . 268
E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed
columns . 269
E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas . 270
E.10 Massive MIMO antennas . 270
E.10.1 Overview . 270
E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach . 270
E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach. 270
E.10.4 Example approaches . 271
Annex F (informative) Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliance with ICNIRP-
2020 brief exposure limits . 288
F.1 General . 288
F.2 Brief exposure limits . 288
F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty
cycle . 290
F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach . 290
Annex G (informative) Uncertainty . 294
G.1 Background. 294
G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty . 294
G.3 How to estimate uncertainty . 295
G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes . 295
G.4.1 General . 295
G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes . 295
G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes . 296
G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities . 299
G.5 Guidance on uncertainty . 301
G.5.1 Overview . 301
G.5.2 Measurement uncertainty and confidence levels . 302
G.6 Applying uncertainty for compliance assessments . 303
G.7 Example influence quantities for field measurements . 304
G.7.1 General . 304
G.7.2 Calibration uncertainty of measurement antenna or field probe . 304
G.7.3 Frequency response of the measurement antenna or field probe . 304
G.7.4 Isotropy of the measurement antenna or field probe . 306
IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022 – 7 –
G.7.5 Frequency response of the spectrum analyser . 306
G.7.6 Temperature response of a broadband field probe . 306
G.7.7 Linearity deviation of a broadband field probe . 307
G.7.8 Mismatch uncertainty . 307
G.7.9 Deviation of the experimental source from numerical source . 307
G.7.10 Meter fluctuation uncertainty for time-varying signals . 307
G.7.11 Uncertainty due to power variation in the RF source . 308
G.7.12 Uncertainty due to field gradients . 308
G.7.13 Mutual coupling between measurement antenna or isotropic probe and
object . 309
G.7.14 Uncertainty due to field scattering from the surveyor's body . 310
G.7.15 Measurement device . 312
G.7.16 Fields out of measurement range . 312
G.7.17 Noise . 313
G.7.18 Integration time . 313
G.7.19 Power chain . 313
G.7.20 Positioning system . 313
G.7.21 Matching between probe and the EUT . 313
G.7.22 Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature, and humidity . 313
G.7.23 Perturbation by the environment . 313
G.8 Example influence quantities for RF field strength computations by ray
tracing or full wave methods . 314
G.8.1 General . 314
G.8.2 System . 314
G.8.3 Technique uncertainties . 315
G.8.4 Environmental uncertainties . 315
G.9 Influence quantities for SAR measurements . 316
G.9.1 General . 316
G.9.2 Post-processing . 316
G.9.3 EUT holder . 316
G.9.4 EUT positioning . 317
G.9.5 Phantom shell uncertainty . 318
G.9.6 SAR correction depending on target liquid permittivity and conductivity . 318
G.9.7 Liquid permittivity and conductivity measurements . 319
G.9.8 Liquid temperature . 319
G.10 Influence quantities for SAR calculations . 319
G.11 Spatial averaging . 319
G.11.1 General . 319
G.11.2 Small-scale fading variations . 320
G.11.3 Error on the estimation of local average power density . 321
G.11.4 Characterization of environment statistical properties . 322
G.11.5 Characterization of different spatial averaging schemes . 322
G.12 Influence of human body on measurements of the electric RF field strength. 327
G.12.1 Simulations of the influence of human body on measurements based on
the method of moments (surface equivalence principle) . 327
G.12.2 Comparison with measurements . 329
G.12.3 Conclusions . 330
Annex H (informative) Guidance on comparing evaluated parameters with a limit value . 331
H.1 Overview. 331
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H.2 Information recommended to compare evaluated value against limit value . 331
H.3 Performing a limit comparison at a given confidence level. 331
H.4 Performing a limit comparison using a process-based assessment scheme . 332
Bibliography . 333
Figure 1 – Quick start guide to the evaluation process . 40
Figure 2 – Example of iso-surface compliance boundary . 43
Figure 3 – Example of cylindrical and half-pipe compliance boundaries . 44
Figure 4 – Example of box shaped compliance boundary . 45
Figure 5 – Example of truncated box shaped compliance boundary . 45
Figure 6 – Example illustrating the linear scaling procedure . 46
Figure 7 – Example of massive MIMO antenna and corresponding beams and envelope
patterns . 48
Figure 8 – Example of compliance boundary shape for BS antennas with beam
steering . 48
Figure 9 – Example of dish antenna compliance boundary . 49
Figure 10 – Flowchart describing the product installation evaluation process . 51
Figure 11 – Example of a CDF curve representing the normalized actual transmitted
power or EIRP . 53
Figure 12 – Flow chart for product installation compliance based on the actual
maximum transmitted power or EIRP threshold(s) . 55
Figure 13 – Simplified compliance assessment process using installation classes . 56
Figure 14 – Example of DI within a square-shaped assessment domain boundary
(ADB) with dimension L . 60
ADB
Figure 15 – In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process flow chart . 65
Figure 16 – Source-environment plane concept .
...
제목: SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 - 인간 노출 평가를 위한 기지국 주변의 RF 필드 강도, 전력 밀도 및 SAR 결정 본 문서는 인간 노출 평가를 위해 기지국(BS) 주변에서 RF 필드 강도, 전력 밀도 및 특정 흡수율(SAR)을 결정하기 위한 방법을 제공합니다. 이 문서는 다음을 고려합니다: a) 110 MHz에서 300 GHz 범위의 한 개 이상의 주파수를 사용하여 한 개 이상의 안테나에서 발사되는 의도적으로 방사되는 BS를 고려합니다. b) 주파수 범위인 100 kHz에서 300 GHz에서 주변 소스의 RF 노출에 대한 영향을 고려합니다. c) 다음과 같은 RF 노출 평가에 대한 적합성 평가에 사용될 방법을 지정합니다: 1) 제품 적합성 - BS 제품이 시장에 출시되기 전에 적합성 경계 정보를 결정합니다. 2) 제품 설치 적합성 - BS 제품 및 기타 관련 소스로부터 접근 가능한 영역에서의 총 RF 노출 수준을 결정합니다. 3) 현장 RF 노출 평가 - 제품이 운영된 후 BS 설치 근처에서의 현장 RF 노출 수준을 측정합니다. d) 실제 최대 접근에 기반한 RF 노출 평가를 수행하는 방법을 지정합니다. e) 설치된 BS와 연구실 기반 평가 모두를 해결하기 위한 RF 필드 강도, 전력 밀도 및 SAR 측정 및 계산 방법론에 대해 여러 가지 설명하며, 적용 가능성에 대한 지침을 제공합니다. f) 평가 목적에 적절한 특정 평가 절차를 수립하는 조사가 어떻게 하는지에 대한 설명을 제공합니다. g) 서로 다른 평가 방법론에서 결과를 보고, 해석, 비교하고, 평가 목적에 필요한 경우 근거 있는 결정을 내릴 수 있는 지침을 제공합니다. h) 대량 다중 입력 다중 출력(MIMO)를 사용하는 새로운 무선(NR) BS와 같은 시간 변동 빔 스티어링 기술을 사용하는 BS의 RF 노출 평가 방법을 제공합니다. ※1 동반 기술 보고서 IEC TR 62669:2019 [5]에서 실용적인 사례 연구가 예로 제공됩니다. ※2 현재 BS 제품 유형은 최대 200 GHz까지 작동하는 것으로 명시되어 있지만(예: [6] 및 [7]), 300 GHz의 상한 주파수는 적용 가능한 노출 한계와 일치합니다. ※3 주변 소스 고려 대상인 최저 주파수 100 kHz는 ICNIRP-1998 [2] 및 ICNIRP-2020 [1]에서 유도된 것입니다. 그러나 일부 적용 가능한 노출 가이드라인에서는 주변 필드를 3 kHz 이하로 평가해야 하는 경우도 있습니다. 예를 들어, Safety Code 6 [4] 및 IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]. ※4 표지, 출입 제한 및 교육과 같은 적절한 RF 노출 완화 조치의 정의는 본 문서의 범위를 벗어납니다. 해당 규정 또는 권장 사항을 참조할 수 있습니다. ※5 본 문서는 해당 노출 한계에 대한 RF 노출 준수 평가의 최고의 엔지니어링 관행에 대한 현재 국제 합의를 기반으로 하지만, 국가 규제 기관에서 다른 요구 사항을 지정할 수도 있습니다. RF 노출 평가를 수행하는 단체는 해당 규정을 인식해야 합니다.
記事のタイトル：SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 - 人間の露出評価を目的とした基地局周辺のRF電界強度、電力密度、およびSARの決定 本文書では、人間の露出評価のために基地局（BS）の周辺でのRF電界強度、電力密度、および特異吸収率（SAR）の決定方法を提供しています。この文書は次の点を考慮しています： a）110 MHzから300 GHzの範囲で1つ以上の周波数を使用し、1つ以上のアンテナで送信される故意に放射されるBSを考慮しています。 b）周波数範囲である100 kHzから300 GHzでの周囲のソースのRF露出への影響を考慮しています。 c）次のいくつかのRF露出評価方法を指定しています： 1）製品の適合性 - BS製品が市場に出荷される前に適合性の境界情報を決定します。 2）製品の設置適合性 - 製品の運用前にBS製品および関連する他のソースからのアクセス可能な領域の総RF露出レベルを決定します。 3）現地でのRF露出評価 - 製品が運用された後のBS設置周辺での現地のRF露出レベルを測定します。 d）実際の最大アプローチに基づいてRF露出評価を実施する方法を指定しています。 e）実際にインストールされたBSと研究室での評価の両方に対応するためのいくつかのRF電界強度、電力密度、およびSARの測定および計算方法について説明しています。 f）調査者が評価目的に適した特定の評価手順を確立する方法について説明しています。 g）異なる評価手法からの結果を報告、解釈、比較し、評価目的に必要な場合は正当化された決定を行うための指針を提供しています。 h）新しい無線（NR）BSのような時間変動ビームステアリング技術を使用して時間変動ビームスピーリング技術を使用してBSのRF露出評価を行う方法についてのメソッドを提供しています。 ※1付属の技術レポート IEC TR 62669:2019 [5]では、実装の実践的な事例が提供されています。 ※2現在のBS製品タイプは最大200 GHzまで動作することが明示されていますが（例：[6]および[7]）、300 GHzの上限周波数は適用可能な露出制限と一致しています。 ※3周囲のソースを考慮する最小周波数は、ICNIRP-1998 [2]およびICNIRP-2020 [1]から導かれています。ただし、一部の適用可能な露出ガイドラインでは、周囲の磁場を3 kHz以下で評価する必要がある場合もあります。たとえばSafety Code 6 [4]およびIEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]。 ※4看板、アクセス制御、トレーニングなどの適切なRF露出緩和対策の具体的な仕様は、この文書の範囲外です。該当する規制または推奨事項を参照することが可能です。 ※5この文書は該当する露出制限に対するRF露出の適合性評価のための最良の技術プラクティスについての現在の国際的な合意に基づいていますが、国の規制機関が異なる要件を指定する可能性があります。RF露出評価を実施する主体は適用される規制に注意する必要があります。
기사 제목: SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 - 기지국 주변에서 인체 노출 평가를 위한 RF 전장 강도, 전력 밀도 및 SAR 결정 기사 내용: 이 문서는 인체 노출 평가를 위해 기지국(BS) 주변에서의 RF 전장 강도, 전력 밀도 및 특이 흡수율(SAR)의 결정 방법을 제공합니다. 이 문서는 다음을 고려합니다: a) 의도적으로 번진 BS로, 110 MHz에서 300 GHz 범위의 한 개 이상의 안테나와 한 개 이상의 주파수를 사용하여 전송하는 BS를 고려합니다. b) 주파수 대역 100 kHz에서 300 GHz 이상의 주파수 범위에서 주변 소스의 RF 노출에 미치는 영향을 고려합니다. c) 규정 준수 평가 애플리케이션에서 RF 노출 평가를 위해 사용할 메소드를 구체화합니다. 이는 다음을 포함합니다: 1) 제품 규정 준수 - 제품이 시장에 출시되기 전에 BS 제품의 규정 준수 경계 정보 결정. 2) 제품 설치 규정 준수 - 제품이 가동되기 전에 BS 제품 및 기타 관련 소스에서 접근 가능한 영역의 총 RF 노출 수준 결정. 3) 현장 RF 노출 평가 - 제품이 가동된 후 BS 설치 주변에서의 실시간 RF 노출 수준 측정. d) 실제 최대 접근에 기반한 RF 노출 평가 방법 수행 방법을 구체화합니다. e) 다양한 RF 전장 강도, 전력 밀도 및 SAR 측정 및 계산 방법론에 대한 설명과 적용 가능성에 대한 지침을 제공하여 설치된 BS의 실내 평가와 실험실 기반 평가를 처리합니다. f) 조사원들이 평가 목적에 맞게 특정 평가 절차를 설정하는 방법에 대한 지침을 제공합니다. g) 다른 평가 방법론에서의 결과 보고, 해석 및 비교 방법에 대한 지침을 제공하며, 평가 목적에 따라 정당화된 결정을 한 가지 한도값에 대해 결정하는 방법을 제시합니다. h) 대량 다중 입력 다중 출력(MIMO) 기술을 사용하는 새로운 라디오(NR) 기지국을 포함한 시간 변동 빔 스티어링 기술을 사용하는 BS의 RF 노출 평가 방법을 제공합니다. 참고 1: 동반 기술 보고서인 IEC TR 62669:2019 [5]에서 예시로 실제 구현 사례 연구가 제공됩니다. 참고 2: 현재 BS 제품 유형은 200 GHz까지 동작하도록 지정되어 있지만(예: [6] 및 [7]), 300 GHz까지의 상한 주파수는 해당 노출 한도와 일치합니다. 참고 3: 주변 소스에 대해 고려된 최저 주파수인 100 kHz는 ICNIRP-1998 [2] 및 ICNIRP-2020 [1]에서 유도되었습니다. 그러나 일부 적용 가능한 노출 지침은 주변 전자기장을 3 kHz로 평가해야 한다는 요구, 예를 들어 Safety Code 6 [4] 및 IEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3], 또한 있습니다. 참고 4: 표지, 출입 통제 및 훈련과 같은 적합한 RF 노출 완화 조치의 사양은 이 문서의 범위를 벗어납니다. 이러한 주제에 대한 적용 가능한 규정 또는 권장 사항을 참조할 수 있습니다. 참고 5: 이 문서는 해당 노출 한도와의 RF 노출 규정 준수를 평가하기 위한 최선의 엔지니어링 관행에 대한 현재 국제적 합의를 기반으로 하지만, 국가 규제 기관에서 다른 요구 사항을 지정할 수 있습니다. RF 노출 평가를 수행하는 기관은 적용 가능한 규정을 인지해야 합니다.
記事タイトル：SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 - 人間の被曝評価を目的とした基地局周辺のRF電界強度、電力密度およびSARの測定方法 記事内容：この文書は、人間の被曝評価の目的で基地局（BS）周辺のRF電界強度、電力密度、および特異吸収率（SAR）を測定するための方法を提供しています。 この文書は以下を考慮しています： a）故意に放射される1つ以上のアンテナおよび110 MHzから300 GHzの範囲で1つ以上の周波数を使用して送信するBSを考慮しています。 b）周辺源がRF被曝に及ぼす影響を100 kHzから300 GHzの周波数範囲で考慮しています。 c）規制適合評価アプリケーションのためのRF被曝評価のために使用される方法を指定しており、次のようになります： 1）製品の規制適合 - 製品が市場に出る前のBS製品の規制適合境界情報の測定。 2）製品の設置規制適合 - 製品が稼働前にBS製品および他の関連ソースからアクセス可能エリアにおける総RF被曝レベルの測定。 3）インシチュRF被曝評価 - 製品が稼働後のBS設置周辺でのインシチュRF被曝レベルの測定。 d）現実の最大アプローチに基づいてRF被曝評価を実施する方法を指定しています。 e）RF電界強度、電力密度、およびSARの測定および計算方法論を複数提供し、設置されたBSの現地評価および実験室ベースの評価の両方に対応するための適用性についての指示を説明します。 f）調査員が自分たちの評価目的に応じた具体的な評価手順を確立する方法についてのガイドを提供します。 g）異なる評価方法論からの結果の報告、解釈、および比較方法についての指示を提供し、評価目的に基づいて適切な判断を行い、限界値に対して正当化された結論を導く方法を説明します。 h）巨大な複数の入力多出力（MIMO）を使用する新しい無線（NR）BSを含む、時間変動ビームステアリング技術を使用するBSのRF被曝評価方法を提供します。 注1：関連する技術レポートIEC TR 62669:2019 [5]には、実装の実際の事例を提供しています。 注2：現在のBS製品タイプは200 GHzまで動作するよう指定されていますが（例：[6]および[7]を参照）、300 GHzの上限周波数は適用可能な被曝制限と一致しています。 注3：周辺源の最低周波数である100 kHzはICNIRP-1998 [2]およびICNIRP-2020 [1]から導かれます。ただし、一部の適用可能な被曝ガイドラインでは、周辺電界を3 kHzまで評価する必要がある場合があります。例えばSafety Code 6 [4]およびIEEE Std C95.1-2019 [3]など。 注4：看板、アクセス制御、トレーニングなどの適切なRF被曝緩和措置の仕様は、この文書の範囲外です。該当する規制や推奨事項に関連する法令を参照することが可能です。 注5：この文書は、該当する被曝制限とのRF被曝の合致性評価についての現在の国際的なベストエンジニアリングプラクティスに基づいていますが、国内の規制機関が異なる要件を指定する可能性があることに注意が必要です。RF被曝評価を実施する組織は、該当する規制を把握する必要があります。
The article discusses the SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 standard, which provides methods for determining RF field strength, power density, and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the vicinity of base stations. It covers base stations that transmit on one or more antennas using frequencies ranging from 110 MHz to 300 GHz. The standard considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure and specifies methods for compliance assessment, product installation compliance, and in-situ RF exposure assessment. It also describes different measurement and computation methodologies for RF field strength, power density, and SAR. The standard provides guidance on reporting, interpreting, and comparing evaluation results, as well as determining a justified decision against a limit value when necessary. It also addresses the assessment of RF exposure for base stations using time-varying beam-steering technologies. The article includes notes on practical case studies, frequency limits, applicable exposure guidelines, and the scope of RF exposure mitigation measures. It emphasizes the importance of being aware of national regulatory agency requirements when conducting RF exposure assessments.
The article discusses the SIST EN IEC 62232:2023 standard, which provides methods for determining RF field strength, power density, and specific absorption rate (SAR) near base stations. The document covers base stations that transmit at frequencies between 110 MHz and 300 GHz and considers the impact of ambient sources on RF exposure. It specifies various methods for RF exposure evaluation, including product compliance assessment, product installation compliance, and in-situ RF exposure assessment. The standard also details how to perform RF exposure assessment based on the actual maximum approach and describes measurement and computation methodologies for RF field strength, power density, and SAR. It provides guidance on establishing evaluation procedures, reporting and interpreting results, and comparing different evaluation methodologies. The standard also addresses the RF exposure assessment of base stations using time-varying beam-steering technologies. It notes that while the current base station product types operate up to 200 GHz, the upper frequency limit of 300 GHz aligns with applicable exposure limits. The document acknowledges that different regulations may exist at the national level and emphasizes the need to comply with applicable regulations when conducting an RF exposure assessment.
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