SIST EN 60865-1:2012
(Main)Short-circuit currents - Calculation of effects - Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
Short-circuit currents - Calculation of effects - Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
This part of IEC 60865 is applicable to the mechanical and thermal effects of short-circuit currents. It contains procedures for the calculation of - the electromagnetic effect on rigid conductors and flexible conductors, - the thermal effect on bare conductors. For cables and insulated conductors, reference is made, for example, to IEC 60949 and IEC 60986. For the electromagnetic and thermal effects in d.c. auxiliary installations of power plants and substations reference is made to IEC 61660-2. Only a.c. systems are dealt with in this standard. The following points should, in particular, be noted: a) The calculation of short-circuit currents should be based on IEC 60909. For the determination of the greatest possible short-circuit current, additional information from other IEC standards may be referred to, e.g. details about the underlying circuitry of the calculation or details about current-limiting devices, if this leads to a reduction of the mechanical stress. b) Short-circuit duration used in this standard depends on the protection concept and should be considered in that sense. c) These standardized procedures are adjusted to practical requirements and contain simplifications which are conservative. Testing or more detailed methods of calculation or both may be used. d) In Clause 5 of this standard, for arrangements with rigid conductors, only the stresses caused by short-circuit currents are calculated. Furthermore, other stresses can exist, e.g. caused by dead-load, wind, ice, operating forces or earthquakes. The combination of these loads with the short-circuit loading should be part of an agreement and/or be given by standards, e.g. erection-codes. The tensile forces in arrangements with flexible conductors include the effects of deadload. With respect to the combination of other loads the considerations given above are valid. e) The calculated loads are design loads and should be used as exceptional loads without any additional partial safety factor according to installation codes of, for example, IEC 61936-1.
Kurzschlussströme - Berechnung der Wirkung - Teil 1: Begriffe und Berechnungsverfahren
Courants de court-circuit - Calcul des effets - Partie 1: Définitions et méthodes de calcul
La CEI 60865-1:2011 s'applique aux effets mécaniques et thermiques des courants de court-circuit. Elle contient les modes opératoires de calcul de: l'effet électromagnétique sur les conducteurs rigides et souples; l'effet thermique sur les conducteurs nus. Pour les câbles et les conducteurs isolés, se référer par exemple à la CEI 60949 et à la CEI 60986. Pour les effets électromagnétiques et thermiques dans les installations auxiliaires alimentées en courant continu dans les centrales et les postes, il est fait référence à la CEI 61660-2. Seuls les systèmes alimentés en courant alternatif sont abordés dans la présente norme. Cette troisième édition annule et remplace la deuxième édition parue en 1993 et constitue une révision technique. Les modifications principales par rapport à l'édition précédente sont les suivantes: - Les déterminations liées à la refermeture automatique ainsi qu'aux conducteurs rigides ont été révisées. - L'influence des billettes de support en milieu de portée sur la portée a été incluse. Pour le raccordement de câbles verticaux, le déplacement et la force de traction sur le point de fixation le plus bas peuvent à présent être calculés. Des recommandations supplémentaires liées aux charges pour les fondations dues aux forces de traction ont été ajoutées. Le paragraphe relatif à la détermination du courant de court-circuit thermique équivalent a été supprimé (il fait à présent partie de la CEI 60909-0). Les régulations concernant les effets thermiques du matériel électrique ont été supprimées. La norme a été restructurée et certains symboles ont été modifiés afin de mieux correspondre aux caractéristiques conceptuelles des normes internationales.
Kratkostični toki - Izračun učinkov - 1. del: Definicije in računski postopki (IEC 60865-1:2011)
Ta del standarda IEC 60865 se uporablja za mehanske in toplotne učinke kratkostičnega toka. Vsebuje postopke za izračun – elektromagnetnega učinka na toge in gibke vodnike, – toplotnega učinka na neizolirane vodnike. V zvezi s kabli in izoliranimi vodniki se standard na primer sklicuje na IEC 60949 in IEC 60986. V zvezi z elektromagnetnimi in termalnimi učinki v pomožnih enosmernih napeljavah elektrarn in transformatorskih postaj se standard sklicuje na IEC 61660-2. V tem standardu so obravnavani samo sistemi z izmenično napetostjo. Upoštevati je treba zlasti naslednje točke: a) Izračun kratkostičnega toka mora temeljiti na standardu IEC 60909. Pri določanju največjega mogočega kratkostičnega toka je mogoče sklicevanje na dodatne informacije iz drugih standardov IEC, npr. na podatke o osnovnem tokokrogu izračuna ali podatke o napravah za omejevanje toka, če se s tem zmanjša mehanska obremenitev. b) Trajanje kratkega stika, ki se uporablja v tem standardu, je odvisno od koncepta zaščite in ga je treba v tem smislu tudi obravnavati. c) Ti standardizirani postopki so prilagojeni praktičnim zahtevam in vsebujejo manjše poenostavitve. Uporabijo se lahko preskusne ali podrobnejše metode izračuna ali oboje. d) V točki 5 tega standarda je za razporeditve s togimi vodniki izračunana le obremenitev zaradi kratkostičnega toka. Poleg tega lahko obstajajo tudi druge obremenitve, ki jih na primer povzroča lastna teža, veter, led, sile zaradi delovanja ali potresi. Kombinacija teh obremenitev z obremenitvijo kratkega stika mora biti del dogovora in/ali mora biti navedena v standardih, npr. predpisih za postavitev. Natezne sile v razporeditvah z gibkimi vodniki vključujejo učinke lastne teže. Zgornje navedbe se uporabljajo za kombinacijo drugih obremenitev. e) Izračunane obremenitve so obtežbe, pri čemer jih je treba uporabljati kot izjemne obremenitve brez kakršnega koli dodatnega delnega varnostnega faktorja v skladu s pravili za inštalacije, na primer iz standarda IEC 61936-1.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 60865-1:2012
01-maj-2012
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 60865-1:1998
.UDWNRVWLþQLWRNL,]UDþXQXþLQNRYGHO'HILQLFLMHLQUDþXQVNLSRVWRSNL,(&
Short-circuit currents - Calculation of effects - Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
Kurzschlussströme - Berechnung der Wirkung - Teil 1: Begriffe und
Berechnungsverfahren
Courants de court-circuit - Calcul des effets - Partie 1: Définitions et méthodes de calcul
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60865-1:2012
ICS:
17.220.01 Elektrika. Magnetizem. Electricity. Magnetism.
Splošni vidiki General aspects
SIST EN 60865-1:2012 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60865-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2012
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.220.01; 29.240.20 Supersedes EN 60865-1:1993
English version
Short-circuit currents -
Calculation of effects -
Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
(IEC 60865-1:2011)
Courants de court-circuit - Kurzschlussströme -
Calcul des effets - Berechnung der Wirkung -
Partie 1: Définitions et méthodes de calcul Teil 1: Begriffe und Berechnungsverfahren
(CEI 60865-1:2011) (IEC 60865-1:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2011-11-28. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2012 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60865-1:2012 E
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
EN 60865-1:2012 - 2 -
Foreword
The text of document 73/152/CDV, future edition 3 of IEC 60865-1, prepared by IEC/TC 73 "Short-circuit
currents" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as
EN 60865-1:2012.
The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2012-09-23
• latest date by which the document has
to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
(dow) 2014-11-28
• latest date by which the national
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 60865-1:1993.
EN 60865-1:2012 includes the following significant technical changes with respect to EN 60865-1:1993:
— The determinations for automatic reclosure together with rigid conductors have been revised.
— The influence of mid-span droppers to the span has been included.
— For vertical cable-connection the displacement and the tensile force onto the lower fixing point may
now be calculated.
— Additional recommendations for foundation loads due to tensile forces have been added.
— The subclause for determination of the thermal equivalent short-circuits current has been deleted (it
is now part of EN 60909-0).
— The regulations for thermal effects of electrical equipment have been deleted.
— The standard has been reorganized and some of the symbols have been changed to follow the
conceptual characteristic of international standards.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60865-1:2011 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following note has to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 61936-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61936-1.
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
- 3 - EN 60865-1:2012
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60909 Series Short-circuit currents calculation in three- EN 60909 Series
phase a.c. systems
IEC 60909-0 - Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. EN 60909-0 -
systems -
Part 0: Calculation of currents
IEC 60949 - Calculation of thermally permissible - -
short-circuit currents, taking into account
non-adiabatic heating effects
IEC 60986 - Short-circuit temperature limits of electric - -
cables with rated voltages from 6 kV (U =
m
7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U = 36 kV)
m
IEC 61660-2 - Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary EN 61660-2 -
installations in power plants and substations -
Part 2: Calculation of effects
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
IEC 60865-1
®
Edition 3.0 2011-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Short-circuit currents – Calculation of effects –
Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
Courants de court-circuit – Calcul des effects –
Partie 1: Définitions et méthodes de calcul
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XA
ISBN 978-2-88912-771-9
ICS 17.220.01; 29.240.20
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
– 2 – 60865-1 IEC:2011
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols and units . 9
4 General . 12
5 Rigid conductor arrangements . 13
5.1 General . 13
5.2 Calculation of electromagnetic forces . 13
5.2.1 Calculation of peak force between the main conductors during a
three-phase short-circuit . 13
5.2.2 Calculation of peak force between the main conductors during a line-
to-line short-circuit . 13
5.2.3 Calculation of peak value of force between coplanar sub-conductors . 14
5.3 Effective distance between main conductors and between sub-conductors . 14
5.4 Calculation of stresses in rigid conductors . 16
5.4.1 Calculation of stresses . 16
5.4.2 Section modulus and factor q of main conductor composed of sub-
conductors . 17
5.4.3 Permitted conductor stress . 20
5.5 Structure loads due to rigid conductors . 21
5.6 Consideration of automatic reclosing . 21
5.7 Calculation with special regard to conductor oscillation . 22
5.7.1 General . 22
5.7.2 Determination of relevant natural frequency . 23
5.7.3 The factors V , V , V , V and V . 23
F σm σs rm rs
6 Flexible conductor arrangements . 26
6.1 General . 26
6.2 Effects on horizontal main conductors . 27
6.2.1 General . 27
6.2.2 Characteristic dimensions and parameter . 27
6.2.3 Tensile force F during short-circuit caused by swing out (short-
t,d
circuit tensile force) without dropper in midspan . 30
6.2.4 Dynamic change of sag due to elongation of conductor and change of
shape of the conductor curve . 31
6.2.5 Tensile force F during short-circuit caused by swing out (short-
t,d
circuit tensile force) with dropper in the middle of the span . 32
6.2.6 Tensile force F after short-circuit caused by drop (drop force) . 33
f,d
6.2.7 Horizontal span displacement b and minimum air clearance a . 33
h min
6.3 Effects on vertical main conductors (droppers) . 34
6.4 Effects on bundled conductors . 35
6.4.1 Characteristic dimensions and parameter . 35
6.4.2 Tensile force F in the case of clashing sub-conductors . 38
pi,d
6.4.3 Tensile force F in the case of non-clashing sub-conductors . 38
pi,d
6.5 Structure loads due to flexible conductors . 41
6.5.1 Design load for post insulators, their supports and connectors . 41
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
60865-1 IEC:2011 – 3 –
6.5.2 Design load for structures, insulators and connectors with tensile
forces transmitted by insulator chains . 41
6.5.3 Design load for foundations . 42
7 The thermal effect on bare conductors . 42
7.1 General . 42
7.2 Calculation of thermal equivalent short-circuit current . 42
7.3 Calculation of temperature rise and rated short-time withstand current
density for conductors . 43
7.4 Calculation of thermal short-time strength for different durations of the short-
circuit . 44
Annex A (normative) Equations for calculation of diagrams . 46
Bibliography . 51
Figure 1 – Factor k for calculating the effective conductor distance . 15
1s
Figure 2 – Loading direction and bending axis for multiple conductor arrangements . 18
Figure 3 – Factor e for the influence of connecting pieces in Equation (17) . 24
Figure 4 – Factors V , V and V to be used with the three-phase and line-to-line
F σm σs
short-circuits . 25
Figure 5 – Factors V and V to be used with three-phase automatic reclosing . 26
rm rs
Figure 6 – Maximum swing out angle δ for a given maximum short-circuit duration T . 30
max k1
Figure 7 – Factor ψ for tensile force in flexible conductors . 31
Figure 8 – Geometry of a dropper . 33
Figure 9 – ν as a function of ν . 37
2 1
180°
Figure 10 – ν ·sin as a function of a /d . 37
3 s
n
Figure 11 – ξ as a function of j and ε . 38
st
Figure 12 – η as a function of j and ε . 41
st
Figure 13 – Relation between rated short-circuit withstand current density (T = 1 s)
kr
and conductor temperature . 44
Table 1 – Effective distance a between sub-conductors for rectangular cross-section
s
dimensions . 16
Table 2 – Maximum possible values of V V , V V , V V . 19
σm rm σs rs F rm
Table 3 – Factors α, β, γ for different busbar support arrangements . 20
Table 4 – Factor q . 22
Table 5 – Section moduli W of main conductors with two or more stiffening elements
m
between two adjacent supports. The stiffening elements are black. . 22
Table 6 – Recommended highest temperatures for mechanically stressed conductors
during a short-circuit . 43
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
– 4 – 60865-1 IEC:2011
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS –
CALCULATION OF EFFECTS –
Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60865-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 73: Short-
circuit currents.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1993. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below:
• The determinations for automatic reclosure together with rigid conductors have been
revised.
• The influence of mid-span droppers to the span has been included.
• For vertical cable-connection the displacement and the tensile force onto the lower fixing
point may now be calculated.
• Additional recommendations for foundation loads due to tensile forces have been added.
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
60865-1 IEC:2011 – 5 –
• The subclause for determination of the thermal equivalent short-circuits current has been
deleted (it is now part of IEC 60909-0).
• The regulations for thermal effects of electrical equipment have been deleted.
• The standard has been reorganized and some of the symbols have been changed to
follow the conceptual characteristic of international standards.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
73/152/CDV 73/153/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the IEC 60865 series, under the general title, Short-circuit currents –
Calculation of effects can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
– 6 – 60865-1 IEC:2011
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS –
CALCULATION OF EFFECTS –
Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60865 is applicable to the mechanical and thermal effects of short-circuit
currents. It contains procedures for the calculation of
– the electromagnetic effect on rigid conductors and flexible conductors,
– the thermal effect on bare conductors.
For cables and insulated conductors, reference is made, for example, to IEC 60949 and
IEC 60986. For the electromagnetic and thermal effects in d.c. auxiliary installations of power
plants and substations reference is made to IEC 61660-2.
Only a.c. systems are dealt with in this standard.
The following points should, in particular, be noted:
a) The calculation of short-circuit currents should be based on IEC 60909. For the
determination of the greatest possible short-circuit current, additional information from
other IEC standards may be referred to, e.g. details about the underlying circuitry of the
calculation or details about current-limiting devices, if this leads to a reduction of the
mechanical stress.
b) Short-circuit duration used in this standard depends on the protection concept and should
be considered in that sense.
c) These standardized procedures are adjusted to practical requirements and contain
simplifications which are conservative. Testing or more detailed methods of calculation or
both may be used.
d) In Clause 5 of this standard, for arrangements with rigid conductors, only the stresses
caused by short-circuit currents are calculated. Furthermore, other stresses can exist, e.g.
caused by dead-load, wind, ice, operating forces or earthquakes. The combination of
these loads with the short-circuit loading should be part of an agreement and/or be given
by standards, e.g. erection-codes.
The tensile forces in arrangements with flexible conductors include the effects of dead-
load. With respect to the combination of other loads the considerations given above are
valid.
e) The calculated loads are design loads and should be used as exceptional loads without
any additional partial safety factor according to installation codes of, for example,
1
IEC 61936-1 [1] .
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60909 (all parts) Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a.c. systems
—————————
1
Figures in square brackets refer to the bibliography.
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
60865-1 IEC:2011 – 7 –
IEC 60909-0, Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems – Part 0: Calculation of
currents
IEC 60949, Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents, taking into account
non-adiabatic heating effects
IEC 60986, Short-circuit temperature limits of electric cables with rated voltages from 6 kV
(U = 7,2 kV) up to 30 kV (U = 36 kV)
m m
IEC 61660-2, Short-circuit currents in d.c. auxiliary installations in power plants and
substations – Part 2: Calculation of effects
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
main conductor
conductor or arrangement composed of a number of conductors which carries the total current
in one phase
3.1.2
sub-conductor
single conductor which carries a certain part of the total current in one phase and is a part of
the main conductor
3.1.3
fixed support
support of a rigid conductor in which moments are imposed in the regarded plane
3.1.4
simple support
support of a rigid conductor in which no moments are imposed in the regarded plane
3.1.5
connecting piece
any additional mass within a span which does not belong to the uniform conductor material,
includingamong others, spacers, stiffening elements, bar overlappings, branchings, etc.
3.1.6
spacer
mechanical element between sub-conductors, rigid or flexible, which, at the point of
installation, maintains the clearance between sub-conductors
3.1.7
stiffening element
special spacer intended to reduce the mechanical stress of rigid conductors
3.1.8
relevant natural frequency
f
cm
first natural frequency of the free vibration of a single span beam without damping and natural
frequency of order ν of beams with ν spans without damping
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
– 8 – 60865-1 IEC:2011
3.1.9
short-circuit tensile force
F
t,d
maximum tensile force (design value) in a flexible main conductor due to swing out reached
during the short-circuit
3.1.10
drop force
F
f,d
maximum tensile force (design value) in a flexible main conductor which occurs when the
span drops down after swing out
3.1.11
pinch force
F
pi,d
maximum tensile force (design value) in a bundled flexible conductor during the short-circuit
due to the attraction of the sub-conductors in the bundle
3.1.12
duration of the first short-circuit current flow
T
k1
time interval between the initiation of the short-circuit and the first breaking of the current
3.1.13
thermal equivalent short-circuit current
I
th
r.m.s. value of current having the same thermal effect and the same duration as the actual
short-circuit current, which can contain d.c. component and can subside in time
3.1.14
thermal equivalent short-circuit current density
S
th
ratio of the thermal equivalent short-circuit current and the cross-section area of the
conductor
3.1.15
rated short-time withstand current density, S , for conductors
thr
r.m.s. value of the current density which a conductor is able to withstand for the rated short
time
3.1.16
duration of short-circuit current
T
k
sum of the time durations of the short-circuit current flow from the initiation of the first short-
circuit to the final breaking of the current in all phases
3.1.17
rated short-time
T
kr
time duration for which a conductor can withstand a current density equal to its rated short-
time withstand current density
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SIST EN 60865-1:2012
60865-1 IEC:2011 – 9 –
3.2 Symbols and units
All equations used in this standard are quantity equations in which quantity symbols represent
physical quantities possessing both numerical values and dimensions.
The symbols used in this standard and the SI-units concerned are given in the following lists.
2
A Cross-section of one main-conductor m
2
A Cross-section of one sub-conductor m
s
a Centre-line distance between conductors m
a Effective distance between main conductors m
m
a Minimum air clearance m
min
a Effective distance between sub-conductors m
s
a Centre-line distance between sub-conductor 1 and m
1n
sub-conductor n
a Centre-line distance between sub-conductors m
1s
b Maximum horizontal displacement m
h
b Dimension of a main conductor perpendicular to the direction of m
m
the force
b Dimension of a sub-conductor perpendicular to the direction m
s
of the force
C Dilatation factor 1
D
C Form factor 1
F
c Dimension of a main conductor in the direction of the force m
m
c Dimension of a sub-conductor in the direction of the force m
s
4 2
c Material constant m /(A s)
th
d Outer diameter of a tubular or flexible conductor m
2
E Young's modulus N/m
2
E Actual Young's modulus N/m
eff
e Factor for the influence of connecting pieces 1
F Force acting between two parallel long conductors during a short- N
circuit
Characteristic electromagnetic force per unit length on flexible N/m
F′
main conductors
F Force between main conductors during a short-circuit N
m
F Force between main conductors during a line-to-line short-circuit N
m2
F Force on the central main conduct
...
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