SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 5: New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints

The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies.
The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts.
A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8.
The parts are as follows:
Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications                    Clauses 1 ‐ 9
Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects    Clauses 10 ‐ 22
Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures    Clauses 23 ‐ 32
Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing    Clauses 33 ‐ 45
Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints    Clauses 46 ‐ 63
Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection    Clauses 64 ‐ 81
Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies   Clauses 82 ‐ 107
Part 8 Glossary   
NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Konstruktionswerkstoffe - Teil 5: Neue fortschrittliche Werkstoffe, fortschrittliche metallische Werkstoffe, allgemeine Konstruktionsaspekte und Lastabtragung und Auslegung von Verbindungen

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 5 : Matériaux avancés nouveaux, matériaux métalliques avancés, aspects généraux de conception, transferts des charges et conception des jonctions

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov

Priročnik o strukturnih materialih, SMH, združuje informacije o materialih in oblikovanju uveljavljenih polimernih matričnih kompozitov z začasnimi informacijami o nastajajočih skupinah novejših naprednih materialov in njihovih kompozitov. Opisani so vidiki oblikovanja, skupaj z dejavniki združevanja in proizvodnje. Kjer je mogoče, so podani primeri ali študije primerov.
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih vsebuje 8 delov.
Slovar izrazov, opredelitve in okrajšave izrazov za te priročnike so v 8. delu.
Deli so:
1. del: Pregled in lastnosti materialov ter aplikacije                    Točke 1–9
2. del: Metode za izračun zasnove in splošni vidiki zasnove    Točke 10–22
3. del: Prenos obremenitve ter projektiranje spojev in konstrukcij    Točke 23–32
4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja    Točke 33–45
5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov    Točke 46–63
6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov, načrtovanje in nadzor integritete ter inšpekcijski pregled    Točke 64–81
7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije   Točke 82–107
8. del: Slovar   
OPOMBA: Teh 8 delov je označenih s številkami od TR17603-32-01 do TR 17603-32-08.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 24-Oct-2021
• Publication Date: 10-Feb-2022
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 31-Jan-2022
• Due Date: 07-Apr-2022
• Completion Date: 11-Feb-2022
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022 - Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 5: New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022
01-marec-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 5. del: Novi napredni
materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos
obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 5: New advanced materials,
advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of
joints
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Konstruktionswerkstoffe - Teil 5: Neue fortschrittliche
Werkstoffe, fortschrittliche metallische Werkstoffe, allgemeine Konstruktionsaspekte und
Lastabtragung und Auslegung von Verbindungen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 5 : Matériaux avancés
nouveaux, matériaux métalliques avancés, aspects généraux de conception, transferts
des charges et conception des jonctions
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022


TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-05

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2022
ICS 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
5: New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials,
general design aspects and load transfer and design of
joints
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der
- Partie 5 : Matériaux avancés nouveaux, matériaux Konstruktionswerkstoffe - Teil 5: Neue fortschrittliche
métalliques avancés, aspects généraux de conception, Werkstoffe, fortschrittliche metallische Werkstoffe,
transferts des charges et conception des jonctions allgemeine Konstruktionsaspekte und Lastabtragung
und Auslegung von Verbindungen


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 November 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.























CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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CEN/TR 17603-32-05:2022 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 25
Introduction . 26
46 Aluminium alloys and their composites . 27
46.1 Introduction . 27
46.1.1 General . 27
46.1.2 Conventional aluminium alloys . 27
46.1.3 New aluminium alloys . 27
46.1.4 MMC - metal matrix composites . 28
46.1.5 FML - fibre metal laminates . 28
46.1.6 Material availability . 28
46.2 Conventional aluminium alloys. 29
46.2.1 General . 29
46.2.2 Chemical composition . 29
46.2.3 Aerospace alloys . 35
46.2.4 Properties . 35
46.3 New aluminium alloys . 36
46.3.1 Developments . 36
46.3.2 Aluminium-scandium alloys . 36
46.4 Al-Li - Aluminium-lithium alloys . 37
46.4.1 Development . 37
46.4.2 Processing . 37
46.4.3 Applications. 38
46.4.4 Producers . 38
46.4.5 Manufacturing processes . 40
46.5 Al-Li alloys: Characteristics . 41
46.5.1 General . 41
46.5.2 Microstructure . 42
46.5.3 Further development . 43
46.6 Al-Li alloys: Properties . 43
46.6.1 Data . 43
2

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46.6.2 Tensile properties . 43
46.6.3 Fracture properties . 45
46.6.4 Fatigue properties . 47
46.6.5 Design values . 51
46.6.6 Further development alloys . 52
46.7 Al-Li alloys: Stress corrosion cracking . 52
46.7.1 General . 52
46.7.2 Test . 53
46.7.3 Stress corrosion cracking resistance . 53
46.7.4 Recent alloys . 56
46.8 Al-Li alloys: Manufacturing aspects . 57
46.8.1 General . 57
46.8.2 Machining . 57
46.8.3 Welding . 57
46.8.4 Cost implications . 58
46.8.5 Applications. 59
46.8.6 Mass-saving . 59
46.9 Al-Li alloys: Potential applications . 59
46.9.1 General factors . 59
46.9.2 Space Shuttle external tank . 60
46.9.3 A380 - Floor beams . 62
46.10 Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys . 63
46.10.1 Type and effect of dispersions . 63
46.10.2 Processing . 63
46.10.3 Cost factors . 64
46.10.4 Applications. 64
46.10.5 Properties . 65
46.11 Rapidly solidified powder (RSP) alloys . 71
46.11.1 Processing . 71
46.11.2 Microstructure . 72
46.11.3 Development . 72
46.11.4 Ambient temperature . 72
46.11.5 Elevated temperature . 74
46.12 Al-MMCs - Metal matrix composites . 76
46.12.1 Introduction . 76
46.12.2 Manufacturing processes . 76
46.12.3 Reinforcement materials . 77
3

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46.12.4 MMC nomenclature . 77
46.12.5 Advantages of MMC’s . 78
46.12.6 Material availability . 78
46.12.7 Sources of further information . 79
46.13 Discontinuously reinforced Al-MMCs . 80
46.13.1 Features . 80
46.13.2 Development . 80
46.13.3 Matrix alloys . 80
46.13.4 Types of reinforcement . 80
46.13.5 Processing . 83
46.14 Discontinuously reinforced Al-alloys: Properties . 85
46.14.1 General . 85
46.14.2 Powder metallurgy MMCs . 86
46.14.3 MMC’s produced by melt infiltration processes . 92
46.14.4 Spray-formed materials . 99
46.14.5 Further information . 100
46.15 Continuously Reinforced Al-Alloy MMC . 101
46.15.1 General . 101
46.15.2 Fibres . 101
46.15.3 Matrix alloys . 104
46.15.4 Characteristics . 104
46.15.5 Processing . 105
46.16 Continuously reinforced Al-alloy MMC:  Properties . 106
46.16.1 Mechanical properties . 106
46.16.2 Physical properties . 111
46.17 Al-alloy MMC: Potential applications . 111
46.17.1 Benefits of Aluminium-matrix composites . 111
46.17.2 High specific strength and temperature resistance . 112
46.17.3 High specific stiffness and good thermal properties. 112
46.17.4 High conductivity with low thermal expansion . 113
46.17.5 High specific stiffness and dimensional stability . 113
46.17.6 High specific strength and chemical resistance . 113
46.18 References . 113
46.18.1 General . 113
46.18.2 Sources . 122
46.18.3 ECSS documents . 123
46.18.4 ASTM standards . 123
4

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46.18.5 Other standards . 123
47 Titanium alloys and their composites . 125
47.1 Introduction . 125
47.2 Conventional alloys . 125
47.2.1 Material selection factors. 125
47.2.2 Microstructure . 126
47.2.3 Effect of alloy elements . 126
47.2.4 Alloy classes . 127
47.2.5 Alloys for aerospace use . 128
47.2.6 Heat treatment . 130
47.2.7 Mechanical properties . 130
47.2.8 Physical properties . 136
47.3 New alloys . 137
47.3.1 Developments . 137
47.3.2 Processing techniques . 137
47.4 Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding . 138
47.4.1 Superplasticity . 138
47.4.2 Diffusion bonding . 138
47.4.3 SPF/DB fabrication. 138
47.4.4 Materials . 139
47.5 Discontinuously reinforced Ti-alloys . 140
47.5.1 Difficulties . 140
47.5.2 Particulate reinforcements . 140
47.5.3 Processing . 141
47.5.4 Properties . 141
47.5.5 Further development . 141
47.6 Continuous fibre reinforced Ti-alloy MMC . 141
47.6.1 Composite development . 141
47.6.2 Monofilament reinforcements . 142
47.6.3 Matrix selection . 143
47.6.4 Composite process technologies . 143
47.7 Continuous fibre reinforced Ti-alloy MMC: properties . 144
47.7.1 Composite optimisation . 144
47.7.2 Tensile strength and stiffness . 144
47.7.3 Fatigue . 146
47.7.4 Fracture toughness . 147
47.7.5 Elevated temperatures . 147
5

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47.7.6 Thermo-mechanical fatigue . 147
47.8 Titanium alloys: Effect of hydrogen . 149
47.8.1 Material degradation mechanisms . 149
47.9 Titanium alloys: Effect of oxygen . 150
47.9.1 Oxidation . 150
47.9.2 Ignition and burning . 151
47.10 Coatings and protection systems . 151
47.10.1 Requirements . 151
47.10.2 Potential coatings . 151
47.11 Ti-alloys and MMCs: Potential applications . 152
47.11.1 Current use . 152
47.11.2 Developments . 152
47.11.3 Aerospace applications . 153
47.12 References . 154
47.12.1 General . 154
47.12.2 ECSS documents . 157
48 Superalloys and their composites . 158
48.1 Introduction . 158
48.1.1 General . 158
48.1.2 Alloy development . 158
48.1.3 Composites . 158
48.1.4 Service environment . 159
48.1.5 Coating systems . 159
48.2 Conventional alloys . 159
48.2.1 General . 159
48.2.2 Alloy groups . 159
48.2.3 Aircraft engine applications . 160
48.2.4 Spacecraft engine applications . 168
48.3 New alloys . 171
48.3.1 Developments . 171
48.3.2 Directional solidification (DS) . 172
48.3.3 Single crystal (SC) . 172
48.3.4 Powder metallurgy (PM) . 173
48.3.5 Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys . 175
48.4 Discontinuously reinforced composites . 177
48.5 Continuously reinforced composites . 178
48.5.1 Composite development . 178
6

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48.6 Tungsten fibre reinforced superalloy (TFRS) composites . 179
48.6.1 Development . 179
48.6.2 Matrix alloys . 180
48.6.3 Mechanical properties . 180
48.6.4 Characteristics . 186
48.7 Effect of hydrogen. 186
48.7.1 Degradation mechanisms. 186
48.7.2 Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) . 187
48.7.3 Hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) . 188
48.7.4 Material sensitivity . 188
48.7.5 Creep in hydrogen environments . 191
48.7.6 Fatigue in hydrogen environments . 196
48.7.7 Fracture characteristics . 197
48.8 Effect of oxygen . 200
48.8.1 Material selection factors. 200
48.8.2 Oxidation . 200
48.8.3 Oxidation resistance . 200
48.8.4 Ignition and burn . 201
48.9 Coatings and protection systems . 202
48.9.1 Requirements . 202
48.9.2 Types of coatings . 203
48.9.3 Coating systems . 203
48.9.4 Coated components . 203
48.9.5 Hydrogen fuel . 203
48.10 Diffusion coatings . 204
48.10.1 Types of coatings . 204
48.11 Overlay coatings . 207
48.11.1 Development . 207
48.12 Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) . 209
48.12.1 Function . 209
48.12.2 Coating construction . 210
48.13 Coating influence on design . 211
48.13.1 Factors . 211
48.13.2 Effect of coatings on mechanical properties . 213
48.13.3 Chemical interaction . 214
48.13.4 Residual strains . 215
48.13.5 Tensile behaviour . 217
7

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48.13.6 Fatigue resistance . 218
48.13.7 Creep and relaxation . 221
48.13.8 Creep fatigue . 226
48.14 Coatings: Future developments . 227
48.14.1 Materials . 227
48.14.2 Service temperature . 228
48.14.3 Hydrogen environments . 228
48.15 Superalloys: Potential applications . 228
48.15.1 Conventional alloys . 228
48.16 References . 230
48.16.1 General . 230
48.16.2 ECSS doc
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 5.del: Novi napredni
materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos
obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 5: New advanced materials,
advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of
joints
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der Konstruktionswerkstoffe - Teil 5: Neue fortschrittliche
Werkstoffe, fortschrittliche metallische Werkstoffe, allgemeine Konstruktionsaspekte und
Lastabtragung und Auslegung von Verbindungen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 5 : Matériaux avancés
nouveaux, matériaux métalliques avancés, aspects généraux de conception, transferts
des charges et conception des jonctions
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021

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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021


TECHNICAL REPORT
FINAL DRAFT
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT

August 2021
ICS 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
5: New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials,
general design aspects and load transfer and design of
joints
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch der
- Partie 5 : Matériaux avancés nouveaux, matériaux Konstruktionswerkstoffe - Teil 5: Neue fortschrittliche
métalliques avancés, aspects généraux de conception, Werkstoffe, fortschrittliche metallische Werkstoffe,
transferts des charges et conception des jonctions allgemeine Konstruktionsaspekte und Lastabtragung
und Auslegung von Verbindungen


This draft Technical Report is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a Technical Report. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Report.
















CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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kSIST-TP FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021
FprCEN/TR 17603-32-05:2021 (E)
Table of contents
European Foreword . 25
Introduction . 26
46 Aluminium alloys and their composites . 27
46.1 Introduction . 27
46.1.1 General . 27
46.1.2 Conventional aluminium alloys . 27
46.1.3 New aluminium alloys . 27
46.1.4 MMC - metal matrix composites . 28
46.1.5 FML - fibre metal laminates . 28
46.1.6 Material availability . 28
46.2 Conventional aluminium alloys. 29
46.2.1 General . 29
46.2.2 Chemical composition . 29
46.2.3 Aerospace alloys . 35
46.2.4 Properties . 35
46.3 New aluminium alloys . 36
46.3.1 Developments . 36
46.3.2 Aluminium-scandium alloys . 36
46.4 Al-Li - Aluminium-lithium alloys . 37
46.4.1 Development . 37
46.4.2 Processing . 37
46.4.3 Applications. 38
46.4.4 Producers . 38
46.4.5 Manufacturing processes . 40
46.5 Al-Li alloys: Characteristics . 41
46.5.1 General . 41
46.5.2 Microstructure . 42
46.5.3 Further development . 43
46.6 Al-Li alloys: Properties . 43
46.6.1 Data . 43
2

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46.6.2 Tensile properties . 43
46.6.3 Fracture properties . 45
46.6.4 Fatigue properties . 47
46.6.5 Design values . 51
46.6.6 Further development alloys . 52
46.7 Al-Li alloys: Stress corrosion cracking . 52
46.7.1 General . 52
46.7.2 Test . 53
46.7.3 Stress corrosion cracking resistance . 53
46.7.4 Recent alloys . 56
46.8 Al-Li alloys: Manufacturing aspects . 57
46.8.1 General . 57
46.8.2 Machining . 57
46.8.3 Welding . 57
46.8.4 Cost implications . 58
46.8.5 Applications. 59
46.8.6 Mass-saving . 59
46.9 Al-Li alloys: Potential applications . 59
46.9.1 General factors . 59
46.9.2 Space Shuttle external tank . 60
46.9.3 A380 - Floor beams . 62
46.10 Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys . 63
46.10.1 Type and effect of dispersions . 63
46.10.2 Processing . 63
46.10.3 Cost factors . 64
46.10.4 Applications. 64
46.10.5 Properties . 65
46.11 Rapidly solidified powder (RSP) alloys . 71
46.11.1 Processing . 71
46.11.2 Microstructure . 72
46.11.3 Development . 72
46.11.4 Ambient temperature . 72
46.11.5 Elevated temperature . 74
46.12 Al-MMCs - Metal matrix composites . 76
46.12.1 Introduction . 76
46.12.2 Manufacturing processes . 76
46.12.3 Reinforcement materials . 77
3

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46.12.4 MMC nomenclature . 77
46.12.5 Advantages of MMC’s . 78
46.12.6 Material availability . 78
46.12.7 Sources of further information . 79
46.13 Discontinuously reinforced Al-MMCs . 80
46.13.1 Features . 80
46.13.2 Development . 80
46.13.3 Matrix alloys . 80
46.13.4 Types of reinforcement . 80
46.13.5 Processing . 83
46.14 Discontinuously reinforced Al-alloys: Properties . 85
46.14.1 General . 85
46.14.2 Powder metallurgy MMCs . 86
46.14.3 MMC’s produced by melt infiltration processes . 92
46.14.4 Spray-formed materials . 99
46.14.5 Further information . 100
46.15 Continuously Reinforced Al-Alloy MMC . 101
46.15.1 General . 101
46.15.2 Fibres . 101
46.15.3 Matrix alloys . 104
46.15.4 Characteristics . 104
46.15.5 Processing . 105
46.16 Continuously reinforced Al-alloy MMC:  Properties . 106
46.16.1 Mechanical properties . 106
46.16.2 Physical properties . 111
46.17 Al-alloy MMC: Potential applications . 111
46.17.1 Benefits of Aluminium-matrix composites . 111
46.17.2 High specific strength and temperature resistance . 112
46.17.3 High specific stiffness and good thermal properties. 112
46.17.4 High conductivity with low thermal expansion . 113
46.17.5 High specific stiffness and dimensional stability . 113
46.17.6 High specific strength and chemical resistance . 113
46.18 References . 113
46.18.1 General . 113
46.18.2 Sources . 122
46.18.3 ECSS documents . 123
46.18.4 ASTM standards . 123
4

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46.18.5 Other standards . 123
47 Titanium alloys and their composites . 125
47.1 Introduction . 125
47.2 Conventional alloys . 125
47.2.1 Material selection factors. 125
47.2.2 Microstructure . 126
47.2.3 Effect of alloy elements . 126
47.2.4 Alloy classes . 127
47.2.5 Alloys for aerospace use . 128
47.2.6 Heat treatment . 130
47.2.7 Mechanical properties . 130
47.2.8 Physical properties . 136
47.3 New alloys . 137
47.3.1 Developments . 137
47.3.2 Processing techniques . 137
47.4 Superplastic forming and diffusion bonding . 138
47.4.1 Superplasticity . 138
47.4.2 Diffusion bonding . 138
47.4.3 SPF/DB fabrication. 138
47.4.4 Materials . 139
47.5 Discontinuously reinforced Ti-alloys . 140
47.5.1 Difficulties . 140
47.5.2 Particulate reinforcements . 140
47.5.3 Processing . 141
47.5.4 Properties . 141
47.5.5 Further development . 141
47.6 Continuous fibre reinforced Ti-alloy MMC . 141
47.6.1 Composite development . 141
47.6.2 Monofilament reinforcements . 142
47.6.3 Matrix selection . 143
47.6.4 Composite process technologies . 143
47.7 Continuous fibre reinforced Ti-alloy MMC: properties . 144
47.7.1 Composite optimisation . 144
47.7.2 Tensile strength and stiffness . 144
47.7.3 Fatigue . 146
47.7.4 Fracture toughness . 147
47.7.5 Elevated temperatures . 147
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47.7.6 Thermo-mechanical fatigue . 147
47.8 Titanium alloys: Effect of hydrogen . 149
47.8.1 Material degradation mechanisms . 149
47.9 Titanium alloys: Effect of oxygen . 150
47.9.1 Oxidation . 150
47.9.2 Ignition and burning . 151
47.10 Coatings and protection systems . 151
47.10.1 Requirements . 151
47.10.2 Potential coatings . 151
47.11 Ti-alloys and MMCs: Potential applications . 152
47.11.1 Current use . 152
47.11.2 Developments . 152
47.11.3 Aerospace applications . 153
47.12 References . 154
47.12.1 General . 154
47.12.2 ECSS documents . 157
48 Superalloys and their composites . 158
48.1 Introduction . 158
48.1.1 General . 158
48.1.2 Alloy development . 158
48.1.3 Composites . 158
48.1.4 Service environment . 159
48.1.5 Coating systems . 159
48.2 Conventional alloys . 159
48.2.1 General . 159
48.2.2 Alloy groups . 159
48.2.3 Aircraft engine applications . 160
48.2.4 Spacecraft engine applications . 168
48.3 New alloys . 171
48.3.1 Developments . 171
48.3.2 Directional solidification (DS) . 172
48.3.3 Single crystal (SC) . 172
48.3.4 Powder metallurgy (PM) . 173
48.3.5 Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys . 175
48.4 Discontinuously reinforced composites . 177
48.5 Continuously reinforced composites . 178
48.5.1 Composite development . 178
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48.6 Tungsten fibre reinforced superalloy (TFRS) composites . 179
48.6.1 Development . 179
48.6.2 Matrix alloys . 180
48.6.3 Mechanical properties . 180
48.6.4 Characteristics . 186
48.7 Effect of hydrogen. 186
48.7.1 Degradation mechanisms. 186
48.7.2 Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) . 187
48.7.3 Hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) . 188
48.7.4 Material sensitivity . 188
48.7.5 Creep in hydrogen environments . 191
48.7.6 Fatigue in hydrogen environments . 196
48.7.7 Fracture characteristics . 197
48.8 Effect of oxygen . 200
48.8.1 Material selection factors. 200
48.8.2 Oxidation . 200
48.8.3 Oxidation resistance . 200
48.8.4 Ignition and burn . 201
48.9 Coatings and protection systems . 202
48.9.1 Requirements . 202
48.9.2 Types of coatings . 203
48.9.3 Coating systems . 203
48.9.4 Coated components . 203
48.9.5 Hydrogen fuel . 203
48.10 Diffusion coatings . 204
48.10.1 Types of coatings . 204
48.11 Overlay coatings . 207
48.11.1 Development . 207
48.12 Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) . 209
48.12.1 Function . 209
48.12.2 Coating construction . 210
48.13 Coating influence on design . 211
48.13.1 Factors . 211
48.13.2 Effect of coatings on mechanical properties . 213
48.13.3 Chemical interaction . 214
48.13.4 Residual strains . 215
48.13.5 Tensile behaviour . 217
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48.13.6 Fatigue resistance . 218
48.13.7 Creep and relaxation . 221
48.13.8 Creep fatigue . 226
48.14 Coatings: Future developments . 227
48.14.1 Materials . 227
48.14.2 Service temperature . 228
48.14.3 Hydrogen environments . 228
48.15 Superalloys: Potential applications .
...