SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
(Main)Precast concrete products - Box culverts
Precast concrete products - Box culverts
This standard deals with both large (structural) and small (non-structural or light structural) box culverts of rectangular cross-section formed monolithically and designed as continuous elements with a joint detail shaped to allow the possible incorporation of sealing materials. Box culverts can be used for creation of voids below ground for conveyance and storage of materials. e.g. conveyance and storage of wastewater, cable tunnels and subways
For the purposes of this standard, box culverts having internal cross-sectional dimensions (W and H in Figure 1) less than or equal to 1 250 mm should be considered as small (non-structural or light structural). All other units should be defined as large. The elements are generally manufactured in factories using either normal weight or lightweight concrete and usually require reinforcing steel. This standard does not include units manufactured from autoclaved aerated concrete, nor prefabricated reinforced box culverts of lightweight concrete with open structure.
Each unit is structurally complete. They are used in combination to form a total structure of appropriate length (including joints) and capacity.
Betonfertigteile - Hohlkastenelemente
Diese Europäische Norm behandelt sowohl große (tragende) als auch kleine (nicht tragende oder eine
geringe Tragfähigkeit aufweisende) Hohlkastenelemente mit rechteckigem Querschnitt, die monolithisch
hergestellt werden und als aneinander gereihte Elemente mit einer Fugenausbildung entworfen sind, wobei
die Fuge so geformt ist, dass Dichtstoffe eingebracht werden können. Hohlkastenelemente können dazu
verwendet werden, unterirdische Hohlräume zu schaffen, die für den Transport oder die Lagerung von
Materialien, z. B. für den Transport und Lagerung von Abwasser, als Kabelkanäle oder als Unterführungen,
genutzt werden.
Für die Anwendung dieser Norm sollten Hohlkastenelemente mit Innenquerschnittsmaßen (W und H in Bild 1)
≤ 1 250 mm als klein (nicht tragend oder eine geringe Tragfähigkeit aufweisend) angesehen werden. Sämtliche
anderen Elemente sollten als groß definiert werden. Im Allgemeinen werden die Elemente in Werken aus
Normal- oder Leichtbeton hergestellt und erfordern meist eine Betonstahlbewehrung. Die vorliegende Norm
behandelt weder Elemente, die aus Porenbeton hergestellt werden, noch vorgefertigte Hohlkastenelemente
aus Leichtbeton mit offenem Gefüge.
Alle Elemente sind in statisch-konstruktiver Hinsicht vollständig ausgebildet. Sie werden aneinander gereiht
eingesetzt, sodass sich eine Gesamtkonstruktion passender Länge (einschließlich Fugen) und Tragfähigkeit
ergibt.
Produits préfabriqués en béton - Cadres enterrés
La présente norme traite à la fois des cadres enterrés grands (structurels) et petits (non structurels ou peu structurels) de section transversale rectangulaire, monolithiques et conçus comme des éléments continus avec un détail de joint formé pour permettre l’incorporation éventuelle de matériaux d’étanchéité. Les cadres enterrés peuvent être utilisés pour créer des vides au-dessous du niveau du sol à des fins de transport et de stockage, par exemple pour le transport et le stockage des eaux résiduaires, les galeries techniques et les passages souterrains.
Pour les besoins de la présente norme, il convient de considérer les cadres enterrés présentant des dimensions internes de section transversale (W et H dans la Figure 1) inférieures ou égales à 1 250 mm comme petits (non structurels ou peu structurels). Il convient de considérer tous les autres éléments comme grands. Les éléments sont généralement fabriqués en usine avec du béton de granulats normaux ou légers et nécessitent généralement de l’acier de béton armé passif. La présente norme n’inclut pas les éléments fabriqués à partir de béton cellulaire autoclavé, ni les cadres enterrés en béton armé réalisés en béton léger à structure ouverte.
Tous les éléments sont structurellement fermés. Ils sont combinés pour former une structure complète de longueur (avec les joints) et de capacité appropriées.
Montažni betonski izdelki - Škatlasti nosilci
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Montažni betonski izdelki - Škatlasti nosilciBetonfertigteile - HohlkastenelementeProduits préfabriqués en béton - Cadres enterrésPrecast concrete products - Box culverts91.100.30Beton in betonski izdelkiConcrete and concrete productsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14844:2006+A1:2008SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009en,fr01-marec-2009SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14844:2006+A1
October 2008 ICS 91.100.30 Supersedes EN 14844:2006English Version
Precast concrete products - Box culverts
Produits préfabriqués en béton - Cadres enterrés
Betonfertigteile - Hohlkastenelemente This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 April 2006 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 22 August 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 14844:2006+A1:2008: ESIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Page !The numbering of clauses is strictly related to EN 13369:2004 Common rules for precast concrete products, at least for the first three digits. When a clause of EN 13369:2004 is not relevant or included in a more general reference of this standard, its number is omitted and this may result in a gap on numbering." Foreword.4 Introduction.6 1 Scope.7 2 Normative references.7 3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms.7 3.1 Terms and definitions.7 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations.7 4 Requirements.8 4.1 Material requirements.8 4.1.1 General.8 4.2 Production requirements.8 4.2.1 Concrete production.8 4.2.2 Hardened concrete.9 4.3 Finished product requirements.9 4.3.1 Geometrical properties.9 4.3.2 Surface characteristics.11 4.3.3 Mechanical resistance.11 4.3.7 Durability.12 4.3.8 Other requirements.12 5 Test methods.12 5.1 Tests on concrete.12 5.2 Measuring of dimensions and surface characteristics.12 5.3 Weight of the products.13 6 Evaluation of conformity.13 6.2.2 Initial Type Testing.13 7 Marking.14 8 Technical documentation.14 Annex A (informative)
Additional information for the design of box culverts.15 A.1 Characteristic horizontal load.15 A.2 Reinforcement of inner wall faces.15 A.3 Stability.15 A.4 Horizontal surface loads.15 A.5 Deflection of roof slab.15 A.6 Differential settlement.16 Annex B (normative)
Verification by calculation aided by physical testing.17 B.1 Introduction.17 B.2 Limit of use of this test.17 B.3 Test arrangements.17 B.4 Test criteria.18 B.5 Definition of the dimensional parameters.18 B.6 Definition of the main sections.19 B.7 Determination of the test parameters (wp, wa, F).19 SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 3 B.8 Test method.21 B.9 Interpretation of the test results.21 Annex C (informative)
Installation.22 C.1 Products/Units.22 C.2 Preparing the site.22 C.3 Bedding.22 C.4 Laying.22 C.5 Backfilling.23 Annex ZA (informative)
!!!!Relationship between this European Standard and the essential requirements of EU Directive 89/106/EEC, EU Construction Products Directive.25 ZA.1 Scope and relevant characteristics.25 ZA.2 Procedure(s) for the attestation of conformity of box culvert units.27 ZA.2.1 Systems of attestation of conformity.27 ZA.2.2 EC Certificate and Declaration of conformity.29 ZA.3 CE marking and labelling.30 ZA.3.1 General.30 ZA.3.2 Declaration of geometrical data and material properties (method 1).32 ZA.3.3 Declaration of product properties (method 2).34 ZA.3.4 Declaration of compliance with a given design specification provided by the client (method 3a).36 ZA.3.5 Declaration of compliance with a given design specification provided by the manufacturer according to the client's order (method 3b)".37 Bibliography.40
SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 14844:2006+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 229 “Precast concrete products”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR !and was examined by and agreed with a joint working party appointed by the Liaison Group CEN/TC 229-CEN/TC 250, particularly for its compatibility with structural Eurocodes". This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by April 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-08-22. This document supersedes EN 14844:2006. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). This European Standard was examined by and agreed with a joint working party appointed by the Liaison Group CEN/TC 229 – TC 250, particularly for its compatibility with structural Eurocodes. This standard is one of a series of product standards for precast concrete products. For common aspects reference is made to EN 13369, Common rules for precast concrete products, from which also the relevant requirements of the EN 206-1, Concrete – Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity are taken. The references to EN 13369:2004 by CEN/TC 229 product standards are intended to make them homogeneous and to avoid repetitions of similar requirements. Eurocodes are taken as a common reference for design aspects. The installation of some structural precast concrete products is dealt with by ENV 13670-1: Execution of concrete structures – Part 1: Common rules, which has at the moment the status of a European Prestandard. In all countries it can be accompanied by alternatives for national application and it should not be treated as a European Standard. The programme of standards for structural precast concrete products comprises the following standards, in some cases consisting of several parts: EN 1168, Precast concrete products – Hollow core slabs EN 12794, Precast concrete products – Foundation piles EN 12843, Precast concrete products – Masts and poles EN 13225, Precast concrete products – Linear structural elements EN 13693, Precast concrete products – Special roof elements EN 13747, Precast concrete products – Floor plates for floor systems SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 5 !EN 13978-1, Precast concrete products – Precast concrete garages – Part 1: Requirements for reinforced garages monolithic or consisting of single sections with room dimensions" EN 13224, Precast concrete products – Ribbed floor elements !EN 14843", Precast concrete products – Stairs EN 14844, Precast concrete products – Box culverts !EN 14991", Precast concrete products – Foundation elements !EN 14992", Precast concrete products - Wall elements : Products properties and performances prEN 15037-1, Precast concrete products - Beam-and-block floor systems - Part 1: Beams prEN 15037-2, Precast concrete products - Beam-and-block floor systems - Part 2: Concrete blocks prEN 15037-3, Precast concrete products - Beam and block floor system - Part 3: Clay blocks prEN 15037-4, Precast concrete products - Beam and blocks floor system - Part 4: Polystyrene blocks prEN 15037-5, Precast concrete products - Beam and blocks floor system - Part 5: Lightweight blocks !EN 15050", Precast concrete bridge elements prEN 15258, Precast concrete products – Retaining wall elements This standard defines in Annex ZA the application methods of CE marking to products designed using the relevant EN Eurocodes (EN 1992). Where, in default of applicability conditions of EN Eurocodes to the works of destination, design provisions other than EN Eurocodes are used for mechanical strength, the conditions to affix CE marking to the product are described in ZA.3.4. For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this European Standard. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 6 Introduction The Construction Products Directive sets out Essential Requirements to be considered, depending upon the use made of the product. For box culverts it was mandated that the requirements for mechanical resistance and stability should be considered. For these requirements this standard will mainly refer to clauses of EN 1992-1-1, Eurocode 2, Design of concrete structures, Part 1-1 : General rules and rules for buildings. The mandate also requires consideration of durability, from the point of view of freeze thaw action and corrosion, which is also addressed by the Eurocodes referred to above. The numbering of clauses is strictly related to EN 13369:2004: Common rules for precast concrete products, at least for the first three digits. When a clause of EN 13369:2004 is not relevant or included in a more general reference of this standard, its number is omitted and this may result in a gap on numbering.
SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 7 1 Scope This standard deals with both large (structural) and small (non-structural or light structural) box culverts of rectangular cross-section formed monolithically and designed as continuous elements with a joint detail shaped to allow the possible incorporation of sealing materials. Box culverts can be used for creation of voids below ground for conveyance and storage of materials. e.g. conveyance and storage of wastewater, cable tunnels and subways For the purposes of this standard, box culverts having internal cross-sectional dimensions (W and H in Figure 1) less than or equal to 1 250 mm should be considered as small (non-structural or light structural). All other units should be defined as large. The elements are generally manufactured in factories using either normal weight or lightweight concrete and usually require reinforcing steel. This standard does not include units manufactured from autoclaved aerated concrete, nor prefabricated reinforced box culverts of lightweight concrete with open structure. Each unit is structurally complete. They are used in combination to form a total structure of appropriate length (including joints) and capacity. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1992-2, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Concrete bridges - Design and detailing rules EN 13369:2004, Common rules for precast concrete products 3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 13369:2004 and the following apply. 3.1.1 corner splay internal chamfering of the corners 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations Principal and other dimensions and their symbols are given in Figure1. The symbols comply with EN 1992-1-1 as far as possible and are listed: W internal width H internal height L unit length (measured from end of spigot to base of socket for rebated joint– see Figure 1a) tr roof/floor slab thickness SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 8 tw wall thickness e, f - geometry of the splay, see Figure 1b below Effective roof span (We) = W + tw Effective wall span (He) = H + tr Spigot and Socket inner and outer overlapping nibs of a rebated joint profile (see Figure 2a)
Figure 1a — Unit Length
Figure 1b — Explanation of symbols Figure 1 — Principal dimensions and symbols See Figure 2 for alternative joint configurations. 4 Requirements 4.1 Material requirements 4.1.1 General Subclause 4.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.2 Production requirements 4.2.1 Concrete production Subclause 4.2.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 9 4.2.2 Hardened concrete 4.2.2.1 Strength classes Subclause 4.2.2.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. The minimum concrete strength class shall be C30/37. 4.2.2.2 Compressive strength The compressive strength of hardened concrete shall be declared by the manufacturer. Subclause 4.2.2.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. The design values of strength properties should be based on partial safety factors for material properties, according to Annex C of EN 13369:2004. 4.2.2.3 Drying shrinkage of lightweight aggregate concrete For lightweight concrete, the drying shrinkage shall be declared by the manufacturer. 4.2.2.4 Density of lightweight aggregate concrete The manufacturer shall declare the density of lightweight concrete and it shall be in accordance with
EN 206-1:2000, 4.3.2. 4.2.3 Structural reinforcement 4.2.3.1 Processing of reinforcing steel Subclauses 4.2.3 and 4.2.3.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3 Finished product requirements 4.3.1 Geometrical properties 4.3.1.1 Production tolerances Units shall have an appropriate joint detail capable of providing sealing and location integrity. Typical arrangements are shown in Figure 2 below. Types of joints (see Figure 2): rebated joint (A); nib joint (B); butt joint (C). SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 10
2a)
2b)
2c) Figure 2 — Examples of box culvert joints For the types of rebated joint illustrated, the spigot and socket shall have a thickness of not less than 45 mm at the root (a + b) and a nib length (d) of not less than 45 mm. !deleted text" Early casts from each mould shall be checked to ensure that joints mate satisfactorily. !NOTE It is suitable that, except for dimensions close to the minimum specified hereafter, the length d of the nib should be in the range from 1,3 to 2 times the nib root dimension a + b." The maximum permissible tolerance from the manufacturer’s declared dimensions, measured in accordance with 5.2, shall be as follows: thickness of roof/floor slab and wall : ± 10 mm; internal width and height of the opening : ± 1 % !(min. -10 mm, max. 15 mm)"; length of units : ± 1 % !(min. ± 15 mm)"; joints: (see Figure 2) ; a, b, c, d, e, f, g : !± 10 mm". 4.3.1.2 Minimum dimensions The nominal thickness for roof, floor and wall shall be not less than 100 mm. NOTE The length of unit is determined by the maximum weight and overall dimensions which can conveniently be lifted, transported and placed into the works but is not likely to be less than 1 000 mm except where handling or special considerations apply. 4.3.1.3 Nominal size Box culverts shall be described by their principal dimensions according to 3.2, expressed in sequence: WxHxL The manufacturer shall declare the box culvert nominal dimensions. The opening may be provided with corner splays, which shall not reduce the rectangular area by more than 10 %. SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 11 4.3.1.4 Shape tolerance Squareness: the difference between the diagonal dimensions of any face or end shall not exceed the following values : for any internal dimensions up to 2 000 mm: 10 mm; for any internal dimensions greater than 2 000 mm up to 4 000 mm: 15 mm; for any internal dimensions greater than 4 000 mm: 20 mm. NOTE Tolerances might influence the watertightness characteristic of the joints. 4.3.1.5 Cumulative effect Deviations can be cumulative and the overall effect may need to be considered. For initial production from a new mould, where required with regard to fit, overlap and stepping shall be determined by placing at least three units onto a common level support, with the units just touching each other. Measured inside the units, the joint width between successive units shall not vary by more than 10 mm and the maximum step between adjacent units should not be more than 15 mm. 4.3.2 Surface characteristics 4.3.2.1 General Subclause 4.3.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. Flatness : the deviation from a 1 500 mm straight edge placed in any position on an internal surface shall not exceed 10 mm. 4.3.2.2 Cracking Crazing within the cement rich layer, shrinkage or temperature hairline cracks with a surface width not exceeding 0,15 mm and residual cracks caused by testing, having the same limiting surface width are permissible. 4.3.3 Mechanical resistance 4.3.3.1 General Subclause 4.3.3.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.3.2 Verification by calculation Subclause 4.3.3.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply, see also EN 1992-2. For the design of box culverts, additional specific information is given in Annex A. Different calculation methods may be applied provided they are confirmed by testing (see 4.3.3.3 below). 4.3.3.3 Verification by calculation aided by physical testing In the case of testing 4.3.3.3 of EN 13369 shall apply and the appropriate design parameters shall be simulated in the test arrangement. The testing rig shall have the capability to apply load in varying positions and intensities to simulate the critical bending, shear and cracking conditions. SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 12 Testing rig details are given in Annex B. 4.3.3.5 Safety factors Subclause 4.3.3.5 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.3.6 Transient situations Subclause 4.3.3.6 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 4.3.7 Durability Subclause 4.3.7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. In addition the strength requirement as defined in 4.2.2.1 shall be observed. 4.3.7.4 Steel corrosion resistance Subclause 4.3.7.4 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. Properly designed spacing devices shall be used to maintain design covers. 4.3.8 Other requirements 4.3.8.1 Safety in handling 4.3.8.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply 4.3.8.2 Weight of units The manufacturer shall declare the weight of each unit.
5 Test methods 5.1 Tests on concrete Subclause 5.1 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 5.2 Measuring of dimensions and surface characteristics In addition to the requirements of 5.2 of EN 13369:2004, the following requirements for box culverts shall be followed. The tolerances stated in 4.3.1.1 shall be checked using the procedure described below: a) Roof, floor and wall thickness Measure thickness of section at mid position of each face at each end of unit. Compare values with value given in 4.3.1.1. b) Width and depth Measure internal width and depth at each end of unit. Compare values with value given in 4.3.1.1. SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 13
c) Length Measure length of each side (from end of spigot to base of socket) at mid position. Compare values with value given in 4.3.1.1. d) Flatness Take measurements at random positions on the walls, floor and roof. Compare values with value given in 4.3.2. e) Squareness With the unit in the "as-laid" position, measure the diagonals of the exposed sides, top and ends. Compare the differences in the diagonals for each face with the values given in 4.3.1.4. 5.3 Weight of the products The method of determining the weight shall be either by weighing or by calculation, in accordance with 5.3 of EN 13369:2004. 6 Evaluation of conformity The evaluation of conformity shall be in accordance with Clause 6 of EN 13369:2004 except that Table D.4 of EN 13369:2004 shall be replaced by Table 1 below and that 6.2.2 of EN 13369:2004 shall be supplemented by the following method of initial type testing. Table 1 — Finished product inspection
SUBJECT METHOD PURPOSE FREQUENCY 1 Final inspection Reference tests as described in the standard Conformity with the requirements of this standard and the requirements for the manufacturer declared properties In accordance with the requirements of factory production control 2 Marking/labelling Visual check Conformity with the requirements of this standard Daily 3 Storage Visual check Conformity with the requirements of this standard Daily 4 Delivery Visual check Correct delivery age, loading and loading documents Daily 6.2.2 Initial Type Testing Initial type testing shall be subject to one of the following methods: a) in case of verification by calculation using 4.3.3.2 of EN 13369:2004, initial type testing shall be based on checking of calculations; b) where appropriate (see 4.3.3.3) physical testing for the mechanical resistance of the units shall be performed according to Annex B. SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 14
7 Marking Clause 7 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. 8 Technical documentation Clause 8 of EN 13369:2004 shall apply. For installation recommendations it should be referred to Annex C. SIST EN 14844:2006+A1:2009
EN 14844:2006+A1:2008 (E) 15 Annex A (informative)
Additional information for the design of box culverts A.1 Characteristic horizontal load Maximum and minimum horizontal loads from fill pressure should be assessed by the principles of soil mechanics. It should take into account the type of fill, the method of installation of the culvert, the backfilling and possible presence of groundwater. A.2 Reinforcement of inner wall faces Even when analysis indicates that there is no tension in a face, minimum reinforcement being not less than the minimum reinforcement of EN 1992-1–2 should be provided. It should be able to resist an ultimate bending moment of 0,8 3eH kNm/m (where He is the effective span of the wall in metres) but should be not less than the minimum rein
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