SIST EN 15296:2011
(Main)Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
This European Standard gives equations, which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that may be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In the informative Annex A tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In the informative Annex B conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. The informative Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can be found in analytical standards of CEN/TC 335.
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Umwandlung von Analysenergebnissen einer Bezugsbasis in Ergebnisse mit anderer Bezugsbasis
Diese Europäische Norm stellt Gleichungen zur Verfügung, die es ermöglichen, auf feste Biobrennstoffe bezogene Analysendaten hinsichtlich der verschiedenen, allgemein gebräuchlichen Bezugsbasen anzugeben. Es werden Korrektionen berücksichtigt, die auf gewisse bestimmte Werte für feste Biobrennstoffe vor deren Berechnung auf anderen Bezugsbasen angewendet werden können. Im informativen Anhang A sind Instrumente für Integritätsprüfungen von Analysenergebnissen angegeben. Im informativen Anhang B sind Umrechnungsfaktoren zur Berechnung in andere Einheiten angeführt. Der informative Anhang C ist ein Leitfaden für die Anwendung von Validierungsparametern, wie sie in Analysen-normen vom CEN/TC 335 zu finden sind.
Biocombustibles solides - Conversion de résultats analytiques d'une base en une autre base
La présente Norme européenne fournit des équations permettant aux données analytiques relatives aux
biocombustibles solides d'être exprimées sur différentes bases communément utilisées. Il faut prendre en
considération les corrections qui peuvent s’appliquer à certaines valeurs déterminées pour les
biocombustibles solides avant de procéder à des calculs sur d'autres bases.
L’Annexe informative A donne des outils destinés aux vérifications d’intégrité des résultats analytiques.
L’Annexe informative B donne les facteurs de conversion pour un calcul dans d’autres unités. L’Annexe
informative C est une directive d’utilisation des paramètres de validation tels qu’ils peuvent être trouvés dans
les normes analytiques du CEN/TC 335.
Trdna biogoriva - Preračun analiz na različne osnove
Ta evropski standard podaja enačbe, ki dopuščajo izražanje analitičnih podatkov, povezanih s trdnimi biogorivi, na različnih osnovah pri splošni uporabi. Upoštevani so popravki, ki lahko veljajo za nekatere določene vrednosti trdnih biogoriv, pred njihovim izračunom za druge osnove.
V informativnem dodatku A so podana orodja za pregled celovitosti analitičnih rezultatov. V informativnem dodatku B so podani faktorji pretvorbe za izračun v druge enote. Informativni dodatek C je smernica za uporabo potrditve parametrov, ki so lahko v analitičnih standardih CEN/TC 335.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Feste Biobrennstoffe - Umwandlung von Analysenergebnissen einer Bezugsbasis in Ergebnisse mit anderer BezugsbasisBiocombustibles solides - Conversion de résultats analytiques d'une base en une autre baseSolid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15296:2011SIST EN 15296:2011en,de01-april-2011SIST EN 15296:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 15296:20061DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 15296:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15296
February 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15296:2006English Version
Solid biofuels - Conversion of analytical results from one basis toanother
Biocombustibles solides - Conversion de résultats analytiques d'une base en une autre base
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Umwandlung von Analysenergebnissen einer Bezugsbasis in Ergebnisse mit anderer Bezugsbasis This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 December 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15296:2011: ESIST EN 15296:2011
EN 15296:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Symbols .54Principle .65Calculations for analyses of solid biofuels .65.1General .65.2Extra calculations for hydrogen, oxygen and net calorific value .65.2.1Hydrogen .65.2.2Oxygen .65.2.3Net calorific value .65.3General equations for the conversion from one basis to another basis .7Annex A (informative)
Tools for integrity check .8A.1General .8A.2Integrity check based on the carbon results .8A.3Integrity check based on the major elements and the ash results .8A.4Integrity check based on the C H N O and ash results .9Annex B (informative)
Tables with units and conversion factors . 11Annex C (informative)
Guideline for the use of validation parameters . 12Bibliography . 14 SIST EN 15296:2011
EN 15296:2011 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 15296:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by August 2011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15296:2006. In the pre-normative project BIONORM I&II a robustness test has been performed to find out if all critical parameters in the standard were addressed. Based on the results of that test it has been concluded that all critical parameters were covered. Only minor technical changes were necessary which have been implemented in the revised text. The revision also includes a change of deliverable from Technical Specification to European Standard and updated normative references. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 15296:2011
EN 15296:2011 (E) 4 Introduction In the CEN Standards covering the analysis of solid biofuels it is generally specified that the determination should be carried out on the air-dried or in air equilibrated general analysis test sample, prepared according to FprEN 14780 [1]. However, in making use of these analyses, it is necessary to express the results on dry basis and sometimes also on some other basis. The bases in common use for solid biofuels are “air-dried” (sometimes stated as “as determined”), “as received” (sometimes stated “as sampled” or “as delivered”), “dry” and “dry, ash free”. SIST EN 15296:2011
EN 15296:2011 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard gives equations, which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that may be applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases. In the informative Annex A tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In the informative Annex B conversion factors for calculation into other units are given. The informative Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can be found in analytical standards of CEN/TC 335. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14774 (all parts), Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content Oven dry method EN 14775, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash content EN 14918, Solid biofuels — Determination of calorific value EN 14961-1, Solid biofuels Fuel specifications and classes Part 1: General requirements EN 15104:2011, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen — Instrumental methods EN 15289, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of sulfur and chlorine 3 Symbols The symbols employed in the subsequent clauses are as follows, with the indices "ad" (air-dried), "ar" (as received), "d" (dry), "daf" (dry, ash free) where appropriate: A ash (percentage by mass) according to EN 14775; C total carbon content (percentage by mass) according to EN 15104; Cl total chlorine content (percentage by mass) according to EN 15289; qp,net
net calorific value at constant pressure (J/g) according to EN 14918 or (MJ/kg) according to
EN 14961-1; H total hydrogen content (percentage by mass) according to EN 15104; M moisture content (percentage by mass) according to EN 14774 (all parts); N total nitrogen content (percentage by mass) according to EN 15104; O total oxygen content (percentage by mass); S total sulfur content (percentage by mass) according to EN 15289. SIST EN 15296:2011
EN 15296:2011 (E) 6 4 Principle In order to convert an analytical result expressed as one basis to another basis, it is multiplied by a factor calculated from the appropriate equations (see Table 1) after insertion of the requisite numerical values into the equations in question. 5 Calculations for analyses of solid biofuels 5.1 General Most analytical values on a particular basis may be converted to any other basis by multiplying it by a factor calculated from the appropriate equation given in Table 1, after insertion of the requisite numerical values into the equation in question. However, for some parameters there is a direct involvement of the moisture content. In these cases a correction as specified in 5.2 of the air-dried result shall be carried out before calculation to dry basis or dry, ash free basis. Also, if a result for these parameters expressed on a dry or a dry, ash free basis is to be recalculated to a moist basis, the corrections stated in 5.2 shall be added back to the actual moist basis after applying the appropriate equation from the table. 5.2 Extra calculations for hydrogen, oxygen and net calorific value 5.2.1 Hydrogen The hydrogen content determined on the air-dried basis (Had, as analysed) includes both the hydrogen content of the combustible part of the solid biofuel as well as the hydrogen present in the sample as moisture (total hydrogen content). Before calculation to any other basis the determined hydrogen content, Had, shall be corrected of the moisture bound hydrogen by calculation to dry basis, Hd:
)100(100)937,8/(adaddMMHH−×−=ad (1) This hydrogen content, related to the combustible part of the solid biofuel, may be converted to any other basis using the equations in Table 1. 5.2.2 Oxygen The oxygen content related to the combustible part of the solid biofuel can be calculated by difference on the dry basis using the equation: ddddddd100AClSNHCO−−−−−−= (2) NOTE If high precision is required, the values of Sd and Cld should be corrected for eventual remaining contents of sulfur and chlorine in the ash (Ad). 5.2.3 Net calorific value The net calorific value at constant pressure on a moist basis (Mnet,p,q) includes a correction for the heat of vaporization concerning the actual moisture content, M (M being e.g. Mad or Mar). Before conversion to any other basis, using the equations in Table 1, this correction corresponding to 24,43 J/g per weight percent moisture (24,43 x M) shall be undone by adding 24,43 × M to the value of the net calorific value. After multiplying this
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