SIST EN 280:2002+A2:2009

Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests

1.1   This European Standard specifies technical safety requirements and measures for all types and sizes of Mobile Elevating Work Platform (MEWP) intended to move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work from the work platform (WP) with the intention that persons are getting on and off the work platform at one defined access position.
1.2   This European Standard is applicable to the structural design calculations and stability criteria, construction, safety examinations and tests before MEWPs are first put into service. It identifies the hazards arising from the use of MEWPs and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards.
It does not cover the hazards arising from:
a)   operation by radio and other wire-less controls;
b)   use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
c)   electromagnetic incompatibility;
d)   work on live electric systems;
e)   use of compressed gases for load bearing components;
f)   getting on and off the work platform at changing levels.
1.3   This European standard does not apply to:
a)   permanently installed personnel lifting appliances serving defined levels (see e.g. EN 81-1:1998 and
EN 81-2:1998);
b)   fire-fighting and fire rescue appliances (see e.g. prEN 1777:1994);
c)   unguided work cages suspended from lifting appliances (see e.g. EN 1808:1999);
d)   elevating operator position on rail dependent storage and retrieval equipment (see EN 528:1996);
e)   tail lifts (see prEN 1756-1:1994 and prEN 1756-2:1997);
f)   mast climbing work platforms (see EN 1495:1997);
g)   fairground equipment;
h)   lifting tables with a lifting height of less than 2 m (see EN 1570:1998);
i)   builders hoists for persons and materials (see prEN 12159:1995);
j)   aircraft ground support equipment (see e.g. prEN 1915-1 and 2:1995);
k)   elevating operator positions on industrial trucks (see prEN 1726-2:1999).
1.4   Classification
MEWPs are divided into two main groups:
Group A:   MEWPs where the vertical projection of the centre of gravi

Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Berechnung - Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit - Prüfungen

Diese Europäische Norm legt technische Sicherheitsanforderungen und Maßnahmen für alle Arten und
Größen von Fahrbaren Hubarbeitsbühnen (FHAB) fest, die dafür vorgesehen sind, Personen zu Arbeitsplätzen,
an denen sie von der Arbeitsbühne aus Arbeiten verrichten, unter der Bedingung zu befördern, dass
Personen die Arbeitsbühne an einer festgelegten Zugangsstelle betreten und verlassen.
Diese Europäische Norm ist anwendbar auf die Festigkeitsberechnungen und die Standsicherheit, den
Bau, die Sicherheitsanforderungen und die Prüfung von FHABn. Sie weist auf die Gefährdungen, die durch
den Einsatz von FHABn entstehen, hin und beschreibt Verfahren zur Beseitigung oder Verminderung dieser
Gefährdungen.
Sie deckt keine Gefährdungen ab, die durch:
a) Bedienung durch Funk und andere drahtlose Steuereinrichtungen;
b) Einsatz in explosionsfähiger Atmosphäre;
c) elektromagnetische Unverträglichkeit;
d) Arbeiten an unter Spannung stehenden elektrischen Systemen;
e) Einsatz von unter Druck stehenden Gasen bei lasttragenden Bauteilen;
f) Betreten und Verlassen der Arbeitsbühne auf wechselnden Ebenen
verursacht werden.

Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Calculs de conception - Critère de stabilité - Construction - Sécurité - Examen et essais

1.1   La présente Norme européenne spécifie des prescriptions et mesures techniques de sécurité pour les types et tailles de plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel (PEMP), destinées à déplacer des personnes vers une position de travail étant exécuté depuis la plate-forme, la position d'accès et de sortie de la plate-forme étant définie.
1.2   La présente Norme européenne est applicable aux calculs de conception de la structure, aux critères de stabilité, à la construction, aux examens et essais de sécurité avant la première mise en service des PEMP. Elle identifie les phénomènes dangereux résultant de l'utilisation des PEMP et décrit des méthodes pour éliminer ou réduire ces phénomènes.
Elle ne couvre pas les risques résultant :
a)   du fonctionnement par radio commande ou autre commande sans fil ;
b)   de l'utilisation en atmosphère potentiellement explosible ;
c)   de l'incompatibilité électromagnétique ;
d)   des travaux sur systèmes électriques sous tension ;
e)   de l'emploi de gaz comprimés pour les organes supports de charge ;
f)   de l’accès ou la sortie de la plate-forme à des niveaux différents.
1.3   La présente Norme européenne ne s'applique pas aux :
a)   élévateurs de personnel installés à demeure et desservant des niveaux définis (voir par exemple l’EN 81-1:1998 et l’EN 81-2:1998) ;
b)   élévateurs de lutte contre l'incendie et de sauvetage (voir par exemple le prEN 1777:1994) ;
c)   nacelles non guidées, suspendues à des appareils de levage (voir par exemple l'EN 1808:1999) ;
d)   postes de conduite élevables sur transtockeurs (voir l’EN 528:1996) ;
e)   hayons élévateurs (voir le prEN 1756-1:1994 et le prEN 1756-2:1997) ;
f)   plates-formes de travail se déplaçant le long de mâts (voir l’EN 1495:1997) ;
g)   matériels spécifiques pour fêtes foraines et parcs d'attractions ;
h)   tables élévatrices d'une hauteur de levage inférieure à 2 m (voir l’EN 1570:1998) ;
i)   ascenseurs de chantier pour personnes et marchandises (voir le prEN 12159:1995) ; (...)

Premične dvižne delovne ploščadi - Izračuni - Merila stabilnosti - Konstrukcijske izvedbe - Varnost - Pregledi in preskusi

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 13-Sep-2009
• Withdrawal Date: 17-Nov-2013
• ICS: 53.020.99 - Other lifting equipment
• Technical Committee: DTN - Lift and transport appliances
• Current Stage: 9900 - Withdrawal (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 18-Nov-2013
• Due Date: 11-Dec-2013
• Completion Date: 18-Nov-2013
• Directive: 2006/42/EC - Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC (recast)
• Directive: 98/37/EC - Machinery
• Mandate: M/079 - Mandate to CEN and CENELEC for standardization in the field of machines
• Mandate: M/396 - Mandate to CEN and Cenelec for standardisation in the field of machinery
• Ref Project: EN 280:2001+A2:2009 - Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 280:2002/A1:2004 - Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2010
• Replaces: SIST EN 280:2002 - Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Replaced By: SIST EN 280:2013 - Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2013
• Consolidates: SIST EN 280:2002 - Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023
• Consolidates: SIST EN 280:2002/A1:2004 - Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2009
3UHPLþQHGYLåQHGHORYQHSORãþDGL,]UDþXQL0HULODVWDELOQRVWL.RQVWUXNFLMVNH
L]YHGEH9DUQRVW3UHJOHGLLQSUHVNXVL
Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction -
Safety - Examinations and tests
Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Berechnung - Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit -
Prüfungen
Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Calculs de conception - Critère de
stabilité - Construction - Sécurité - Examen et essais
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 280:2001+A2:2009
ICS:
53.020.99 Druga dvigalna oprema Other lifting equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 280:2001+A2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2009
ICS 53.020.99 Supersedes EN 280:2001
English Version
Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability
criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Calculs Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Berechnung -
de conception - Critère de stabilité - Construction - Sécurité Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit - Prüfungen
- Examen et essais
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 June 2001 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 13 May 2004 and
Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 16 July 2009.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 280:2001+A2:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 List of hazards . 11
5 Safety requirements and/or measures . 17
5.1 General . 17
5.2 Structural and stability calculations . 17
5.3 Chassis and stabilisers . 28
5.4 Extending structure . 32
5.5 Extending structure drive systems . 36
5.6 Work platform . 41
5.7 Controls . 43
5.8 Electrical equipment . 44
5.9 Hydraulic systems . 45
5.10 Hydraulic cylinders . 46
5.11 Safety devices . 52
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures . 54
6.1 Examinations and tests . 54
6.2 Type tests of MEWPs . 57
6.3 Tests before placing on the market . 57
7 Information for use . 58
7.1 Instruction handbook . 58
7.2 Marking . 61
Annex A (informative) Use of MEWPs in wind speeds greater than 12.5 m/s (Beaufort-Scale 6) . 64
Annex B (informative) Dynamic factors in stability and structural calculations . 65
Annex C (normative) Calculation of wire rope drive systems . 67
Annex D (informative) Calculation example - wire rope drive systems . 74
Annex E (informative) Calculation example - factor "s", kerb test . 81
Annex ZA (informative) ####Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC amended by Directive 98/79/EC$$ . 82
$$
Annex ZB (informative) ####Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC$$ . 83
$$
Bibliography . 84

Foreword
This document (EN 280:2001+A2:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 98 “Lifting
platforms”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2004-05-13 and Amendment 2, approved by
CEN on 2009-07-16.
This document supersedes EN 280:2001.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags
!" and # $.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
#For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this
document.$
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

Introduction
#This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100.$
The object of this European Standard is to define rules for safeguarding persons and objects against the risk
of accidents associated with the operation of Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs).
 This European Standard does not repeat all the general technical rules applicable to every electrical,
mechanical or structural component.
 The safety requirements of this European Standard have been drawn up on the basis that MEWPs are
periodically maintained according to manufacturers' instructions, working conditions, frequency of use
and national regulations.
It is also assumed that MEWPs are checked for function daily before start of work and are not put into
operation unless all required control- and safety-devices are available and in working order.
If a MEWP is seldom used, the checks may be made before start of work.
Furthermore it is assumed that persons on the work platform in case of power supply failure are not
incapacitated and can assist in the operation of the overriding emergency device.
 As far as possible this European Standard sets out only the requirements that materials and equipment
have to meet in the interest of safety, and it is assumed that persons operating MEWPs are adequately
trained.
 Where for clarity an example of a safety measure is given in the text, this shall not be considered as the
only possible solution. Any other solution leading to the same risk reduction is permissible if an equivalent
level of safety is achieved.
 As no satisfactory explanation could be found for the dynamic factors used for stability calculations in
previous national standards, the results of the tests carried out by the former CEN/TC98/WG1 to
determine a suitable factor and stability calculation method for MEWPs have been adopted. The test
method is described in annex B (informative) as a guide for manufacturers wishing to use higher or lower
operating speeds and to take advantage of developments in control systems.
Similarly, to avoid the unexplained inconsistencies in coefficients of utilisation for wire ropes found in other
standards for lifting devices, appropriate extracts of the widely accepted standard DIN 15020 have been taken
into 5.4.2 and annex C (normative) with a worked example in annex D (informative).
1 Scope
1.1 This European Standard specifies technical safety requirements and measures for all types and sizes of
Mobile Elevating Work Platform (MEWP) intended to move persons to working positions where they are
carrying out work from the work platform (WP) with the intention that persons are getting on and off the work
platform at one defined access position.
1.2 This European Standard is applicable to the structural design calculations and stability criteria,
construction, safety examinations and tests before MEWPs are first put into service. It identifies the hazards
arising from the use of MEWPs and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards.
It does not cover the hazards arising from:
a) operation by radio and other wire-less controls;
b) use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
c) electromagnetic incompatibility;
d) work on live electric systems;
e) use of compressed gases for load bearing components;
f) getting on and off the work platform at changing levels.
1.3 This European standard does not apply to:
a) permanently installed personnel lifting appliances serving defined levels (see e.g. EN 81-1:1998 and
EN 81-2:1998);
b) fire-fighting and fire rescue appliances (see e.g. prEN 1777:1994);
c) unguided work cages suspended from lifting appliances (see e.g. EN 1808:1999);
d) elevating operator position on rail dependent storage and retrieval equipment (see EN 528:1996);
e) tail lifts (see prEN 1756-1:1994 and prEN 1756-2:1997);
f) mast climbing work platforms (see EN 1495:1997);
g) fairground equipment;
h) lifting tables with a lifting height of less than 2 m (see EN 1570:1998);
i) builders hoists for persons and materials (see prEN 12159:1995);
j) aircraft ground support equipment (see e.g. prEN 1915-1 and 2:1995);
k) elevating operator positions on industrial trucks (see prEN 1726-2:1999).
1.4 Classification
MEWPs are divided into two main groups:
Group A: MEWPs where the vertical projection of the centre of gravity of the load is always inside the
tipping lines.
Group B: MEWPs where the vertical projection of the centre of gravity of the load may be outside the
tipping lines.
Relating to travelling, MEWPs are divided into three types:
type 1 Travelling is only allowed with the MEWP in its transport position;
type 2 Travelling with raised work platform is controlled from a point of control at the chassis;
type 3 Travelling with raised work platform is controlled from a point of control at the work platform.
NOTE The types 2 and 3 can be combined
1.5 This standard applies to machines which are manufactured 12 months after publication of this standard.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
#deleted text$
EN 349, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body.
EN 418, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects - Principles for design.
!EN 954-1:1996, Safety of machinery — Safety related parts of control systems — Part 1: General
principles for design"
!CR 954-100:1999, Safety of machinery — Safety related parts of control systems — Part 100: Guide on
the use and application of EN 954-1:1996"
#deleted text$
EN 60204-1:1997, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines – Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:1997).
EN 60529:1991, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) (IEC 60529:1989).
!deleted text"
#EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1:
Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1:
Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003)$
!EN ISO 13849-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Safety related parts of control systems — Part 2:
Validation"
ISO 3864:1984, Safety colours and safety signs.
ISO 4302, Cranes - Wind load assessment.
ISO 4305, Mobile cranes - Determination of stability.
ISO 4309, Cranes - Wire ropes - Code of practice for examination and discard.
NOTE Only documents which had reached the status of a standard at the end of January 2000 have been
considered.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions of EN 1070:1998 and the following
apply:
3.1
mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)
mobile machine that is intended to move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work from
the work platform with the intention that persons are getting on and off the work platform at one defined
access position and which consists as a minimum of a work platform with controls, an extending structure and
a chassis. In this standard the abbreviation MEWP is used for mobile elevating work platform
3.2
work platform (see Figure 1)
fenced platform or a cage which can be moved under load to the required working position and from which
erection, repair, inspection or similar work can be carried out
3.3
extending structure (see Figure 1)
structure which is connected to the chassis and supports the work platform. It allows movement of the work
platform to its required position. It may, for example, be a single or a telescoping or a articulating boom or
ladder, or a scissors mechanism or any combination of them, and may or may not slew on the base
3.4
chassis (see Figure 1)
base of the MEWP. It may be pulled, pushed, self propelled, etc.
3.5
stabilisers (see Figure 1)
all devices and systems used to stabilise MEWPs by supporting and/or levelling the complete MEWP or the
extending structure, e.g. jacks, suspension locking devices, extending axles
3.6
1)
access position
position to provide access to the work platform
3.7
1)
transport position
position of the work platform prescribed by the manufacturer in which the MEWP is brought to the place of use
3.8
lowering (see Figure 2)
all operations to move the work platform to a lower level

1) Access position and transport position can be identical

3.9
raising (see Figure 2)
all operations to move the work platform to a higher level
3.10
rotating (see Figure 2)
circular movement of the work platform about a vertical axis
3.11
slewing (see Figure 2)
circular movement of the extending structure about a vertical axis
3.12
travelling (see Figure 2)
all movements of the chassis with work platform out of transport position
3.13
vehicle mounted MEWP
MEWP that has travelling controls located within the cab of the vehicle
3.14
pedestrian controlled MEWP
MEWP that has the controls for powered transport located so that they are capable of being operated by a
person walking close to the MEWP
3.15
self propelled MEWP
MEWP that has the travelling controls located at the work platform
3.16
rated load
load for which the MEWP has been designed for normal operation. The rated load is composed of persons,
tools and material acting vertically on the work platform
NOTE A MEWP can have more than one rated load.
3.17
load cycle
cycle starting from the access position, carrying out work and returning to the access position
3.18
wire rope drive system
system that comprises one or more wire rope(s) running on rope drums and on or over rope pulleys as well as
any associated rope drums, rope pulleys and compensating pulleys
3.19
chain drive system
system that comprises one or more chain(s) running on chain sprockets and on or over chain pulleys as well
as any associated chain sprockets, chain pulleys and compensating pulleys
3.20
type test
test on the representative model of a new design or one incorporating significant changes to an existing
design, carried out by or on behalf of the manufacturer or his authorised representative
3.21
totally manually operated MEWP
MEWP with movement powered only by manual effort
3.22
rail mounted MEWP
MEWP where travelling is guided by rails
3.23
load sensing system
system of monitoring the vertical load and vertical forces on the work platform
NOTE The system includes the measuring device(s), the method of mounting the measuring devices and the signal
processing system.
3.24
moment sensing system
system of monitoring the moment acting about the tipping line tending to overturn the MEWP
NOTE The system includes the measuring device(s), the method of mounting the measuring devices and the signal
processing system.
3.25
working envelope
space in which the work platform is designed to work within the specified loads and forces under normal
operating conditions
NOTE MEWPS can have more than one working envelope.
Key
1 work platform (see 3.2)
2 extending structure (see 3.3)
3 chassis (see 3.4)
4 stabilisers (see 3.5)
Figure 1 — Illustration of some definitions (1)
lowering/raising (see 3.8 and 3.9)
rotating (see 3.10)
slewing (see 3.11)
travelling (see 3.12)
Figure 2 — Illustration of some definitions (2)
4 List of hazards
The hazards have been identified by the risk assessment procedure and the corresponding requirements
formulated.
A hazard which is not significant and for which, therefore, no requirements are formulated, is shown in the
Corresponding Requirements column as NS (not significant).

Table 1 — List of significant hazards
Significant hazards relevant clauses in this
standard
1 Mechanical hazards -
1.1 Crushing hazard 5.2.4, 5.3.5, 5.3.23, 5.3.4,
5.6.9, 5.7.1, 7.2.13
1.2 Shearing hazard 5.4.4, 5.7.1, 7.2.13
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard NS
1.4 Entanglement hazard 5.3.20, 7.2.13
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 5.3.20, 7.2.13
1.6 Impact hazard 5.3.5, 5.3.25, 7.1.1.1 h)
1.7 Stabbing or puncture hazard NS
1.8 Friction or/abrasion hazard 7.1.1.6e)
1.9 High pressure fluid injection hazard 5.9.1, 5.9.2, 5.9.3, 5.9.4,
5.9.5, 5.9.10
1.10 Ejection of parts NS
1.11 Loss of stability (of machinery and machine parts) 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.6, 5.3.7, 5.3.8,
5.3.10, 5.3.11,
7.2.1l)
1.12 Slip, trip and fall hazards 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.4, 5.6.5,
5.6.6, 5.6.7, 7.2.13
2 Electrical hazards, caused for example by: -
2.1 Electrical contact (direct or indirect) 5.8, 7.1.1.2 g)
2.2 Electrostatic phenomena NS
2.3 Thermal radiation NS
2.4 External influences on electrical equipment 5.8.1
3 Thermal hazards for example resulting in: -
3.1 Burns and scalds by a possible contact of persons by flames 5.3.20
or explosions and also by the radiation of heat sources
3.2 Health-damaging effects by hot or cold work environment 5.3.20
(continued)
Table 1 — (continued)
Significant hazards relevant clauses in this
standard
4 Hazards generated by noise, resulting for example in: -
4.1 Hearing losses (deafness), other physiological disorders (e.g. NS
loss of balance, loss of awareness etc.)
4.2 Interference with speech communication, acoustic signals NS
etc.
5 Hazards generated by vibration (resulting in a variety of 5.3.24, 7.1.1.2 l)
neurological and vascular disorders)
6 Hazards generated by radiation, especially by: -
6.1 Electrical arcs 7.1.1.2 g)
6.2 Lasers NS
6.3 Ionising radiation sources NS
6.4 Machine making use of high frequency electromagnetic fields 5.8.1
7 Hazards generated by materials and substances -
processed, used or exhausted by machinery for example:
7.1 Hazards resulting from contact with or inhalation of harmful 5.3.21, 5.3.25
fluids, gases, mists, dusts and fumes
7.2 Fire or explosion hazard 5.3.22
7.3 Biological and microbiological (viral or bacterial) hazards NS
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic principles in -
machine design (mismatch of machinery with human
characteristics and abilities) caused for example by:
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive efforts 5.6.6, 5.6.7
8.2 Inadequate consideration of human handarm or foot-leg NS
anatomy
8.3 Neglected use of personal protection equipment NS
8.4 Inadequate area lighting NS
8.5 Mental overload or underload, stress, etc. NS
8.6 Human error 5.7.1, 5.7.3
9 Hazard combinations -
10 Hazards caused by failure of energy supply, breaking -
down of machinery parts, and other functional disorders,
for example:
10.1 Failure of energy supply (of energy and/or control circuits) 5.3.12, 5.7.6, !deleted
text" !5.7.8", 5.9.6,
(continued)
5.9.7, 5.9.8, 5.9.9, !deleted
text"
Table 1 — (continued)
Significant hazards relevant clauses in this
standard
10.2 Unexpected ejection of machine parts or fluids NS
10.3 Failure/malfunction of control system 5.3.27, !5.7.7"
10.4 Errors of fitting 5.8.1, 5.9.11
10.5 Overturn, unexpected loss of machine stability 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.6, 5.3.7, 5.3.8,
7.2.1 k)
11 Hazards caused by (temporary) missing and/or -
incorrectly positioned safety-related measures/means,
for example:
11.1 All kinds of guard 5.3.20
11.2 All kinds of safety related (protection) devices 5.3.10, 5.11
11.3 Starting and stopping devices 5.3.1, 5.4.5, 5.5.2.7, 5.5.3.7,
5.5.5.2, 5.6.3, 5.7.1, 5.7.2,
5.7.4, 5.7.5, 5.7.8,
!5.7.7", !deleted
text"
11.4 Safety signs and signals 5.3.2, 5.6.10, 5.7.3, 5.9.10
11.5 All kinds of information or warning devices 5.3.2, 5.3.14, 5.6.11, 7.1.1.2
c), 7.2
11.6 Energy supply disconnecting devices 5.3.27
11.7 Emergency devices 5.7.5
11.8 Feeding/removal means of workpieces NS
11.9 Essential equipment and accessories for safe adjusting 5.4.5, 5.9.1, 7.1.1.7i),
and/or maintaining 7.1.1.7d)
11.10 Equipment evacuating gases, etc. 5.3.21
12 Inadequate lighting of moving/working area NS
13 Hazards due to sudden movement/instability during 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.6, 5.3.7,
handling 5.3.9, 5.3.10, 5.3.13, 5.6.1,
5.7.1, 5.7.4, 5.7.5,
!5.7.9"
14 Inadequate/inergonomic design of driving/operating 5.6.9
position
14.1 Hazards due to dangerous environments (contact with 5.3.20, 5.3.21
moving parts exhaust gases etc.)
14.2 Inadequate visibility from driver's/operator's position 5.3.2, 5.3.23
14.3 Inadequate seat/seating (seat index point) 5.3.24
14.4 Inadequate/non-ergonomic design/positioning of controls 5.6.9
14.5 Starting/moving of self-propelled machinery 5.3.14, 5.3.15, 5.3.16, 5.3.17,
5.3.18, 5.3.23, 5.7.1, 5.7.2,
5.7.4
(continued)
Table 1 — (continued)
Significant hazards relevant clauses in this
standard
14.6 Road traffic of self-propelled machinery 5.3.12, 5.3.16, 5.3.17, 5.3.19,
5.3.20
14.7 Movement of pedestrian controlled machinery 5.3.18, 5.7.2
15 Mechanical hazards -
15.1 Hazards to exposed persons due to uncontrolled movement 5.2.4, 5.4.5, 5.7.1
15.2 Hazards due to break-up and/or ejection of parts NS
15.3 Hazards due to rolling over (ROPs) NS
15.4 Hazards due to falling objects (FOPs) NS
15.5 Inadequate means of access 5.6.6, 5.7.7
15.6 Hazards caused due to towing, coupling, connecting, NS
transmission
15.7 Hazards due to batteries, fire, emissions etc. 5.3.21, 5.3.22, 5.3.25
16 Hazards due to lifting operation -
16.1 Lack of stability 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.6, 5.3.7, 5.3.8,
5.3.10, 5.3.11, 5.4.1, 7.2.1 k)
16.2 Derailment of machinery 5.3.26
16.3 Loss of mechanical strength of machinery and lifting 5.2.5, 5.4.1, 5.4.7, 5.6.13,
accessories 7.1.1.3 a) and b)
16.4 Uncontrolled movements 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5, 5.4, 5.5,
5.6.1,
17 Inadequate view of trajectories of the moving parts 5.3.23
18 Hazards caused by lightning NS
19 Hazards due to loading/overloading
5.4.1
20 Hazards due to lifting persons -
20.1 Mechanical strength 5.5.2, 5.5.3
20.2 Loading control 5.4.1
21 Controls -
21.1 Movement of work platform 5.4, 5.6.1, 5.7.1, 5.7.4, 5.7.5,
!5.7.9", Annex C
21.2 Safe travel control 5.7.1, 5.7.2, 5.7.4, 5.7.5
21.3 Safe speed control 5.3.1, 5.3.17, 5.3.18, 5.4.6
22 Falling of persons -
22.1 Personal protective equipment 5.6.2
22.2 Trapdoors 5.6.8
22.3 Work platform tilt control 5.6.1
(continued)
Table 1 — (concluded)
Significant hazards relevant clauses in this
standard
23 Work platform falling/overturning -
23.1 Falling/overturning 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.6, 5.3.7,
5.3.8, 5.3.10, 5.3.11, 5.3.13,
5.4.1, 5.4.2, 5.6.12, 5.9, 5.10
23.2 Acceleration/braking 5.3.17, 5.4.6, 5.5.1.6
24 Markings 7.2
5 Safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General
The manufacturer shall meet the requirements detailed in this clause.
#In addition, machines shall comply, as appropriate, with EN ISO 12100-1:2003 and EN ISO 12100-2:2003
for hazards which are not covered by this standard.$
5.2 Structural and stability calculations
5.2.1 General
It is the manufacturer's responsibility:
a) for structural calculations, to evaluate the individual loads and forces in their positions, directions and
combinations producing the most unfavourable stresses in the components, and
b) for stability calculations, to identify the various positions of the MEWP and combinations of loads and
forces creating together conditions of minimum stability.
5.2.2 Loads and forces
The following loads and forces shall be taken into account:
a) rated load (see 5.2.3.1);
b) structural loads (see 5.2.3.2);
c) wind loads (see 5.2.3.3);
d) manual forces (see 5.2.3.4);
e) special loads and forces (see 5.2.3.5)
5.2.3 Determination of loads and forces
5.2.3.1 Rated load
The rated load m is: m = n  m + m (1)
p e
where:
m 80 kg (mass of a person)
p
m ≥ 40 kg (minimum mass of tools and material)
e
n the permitted number of persons on the work platform.
The mass of each person is assumed to act as a point load on the work platform at a horizontal distance of
0,1 m from the upper inside edge of the top rail. The distance between the point loads shall be 0,5 m (see
Figure 3 as an example).
The mass of equipment is assumed to act as an evenly distributed load on 25 % of the floor of the work
platform. If the resulting pressure exceeds 3 kN/m the figure of 25 % may be increased to a figure giving a
pressure of 3 kN/m (see Figure 4 as an example).
All these loads are assumed to be located in the positions giving the most severe results.

Key
Tipping line
Figure 3 — Rated load - persons    Figure 4 — Rated load - equipment

5.2.3.2 Structural loads
The masses of the components of the MEWP when they are not moving shall be taken to be static structural
loads.
The masses of the components of the MEWP when they are moving shall be taken to be dynamic structural
loads.
5.2.3.3 Wind loads
5.2.3.3.1 All MEWPs used out-of-doors are regarded as being affected by wind at a pressure of 100 N/m ,
equivalent to a wind speed of 12,5 m/s (Beaufort Scale 6).
Wind forces are assumed to act horizontally at the centre of area of the parts of the MEWP and persons and
equipment on the work platform and shall be taken to be dynamic forces.
This does not apply to MEWPs intended for indoor use only (see 7.2.6).
5.2.3.3.2 Shape factors applied to areas exposed to wind:
a) L-, U-, T-,I-sections 1,6
b) box sections 1,4
c) large flat areas 1,2
d) circular sections, according to size 0,8/1,2
e) persons directly exposed 1,0
If additional information is needed, especially concerning shielded structural areas, see ISO 4302. For
shielded persons see 5.2.3.3.3.4.
5.2.3.3.3 Area of persons on a work platform exposed to wind
5.2.3.3.3.1 The full area of one person shall be 0,7 m (0,4 m average width x 1,75 m height) with the
centre of area 1,0 m above the work platform floor.
5.2.3.3.3.2 The exposed area of one person standing on a work platform behind an imperforate section
of fencing 1,1 m high shall be 0,35 m with the centre of area 1,45 m above the work platform floor.
5.2.3.3.3.3 The number of persons directly exposed to the wind shall be calculated as:
a) the length of the side of the work platform exposed to the wind, rounded to the nearest 0,5 m, and divided
by 0,5 m, or
b) the number of persons allowed on the work platform if less than the number calculated in a).
5.2.3.3.3.4 If the number of persons allowed on the work platform is greater than in 5.2.3.3.3.3a) a shape
factor of 0,6 shall be applied to the extra number of persons.
5.2.3.3.4 The wind force on exposed tools and materials on the work platform shall be calculated as
3 % of their mass, acting horizontally at a height of 0,5 m above the work platform floor.
5.2.3.4 Manual force
The minimum value for the manual force M shall be taken as 200 N for MEWPs designed to carry only one
person and 400 N for MEWPs designed to carry more than one person, applied at a height of 1,1 m above the
work platform floor. Any greater force permitted shall be stated by the manufacturer.
5.2.3.5 Special loads and forces
Special loads and forces are created by special working methods and conditions of use of the MEWP such as
objects carried on the outside of the work platform and wind forces on large objects carried on the work
platform.
If a user asks for such special working methods and/or conditions of use, the loads and forces resulting from
that shall be taken into consideration as a modification to the rated load, structural load, wind load and/or
handforces as appropriate.
5.2.4 Stability calculations
5.2.4.1 Forces created by structural masses and rated load
Forces created by structural masses and rated load, causing overturning or stabilising moments, shall be
multiplied by a factor of 1,0 and calculated as acting vertically downwards. For operation of the extending
structure, these forces shall also be multiplied by a factor of 0,1 and taken to be acting in the direction of
movement creating the greatest overturning moment.
Manufacturers may use factors lower than 0,1 provided they have been proved by measurement of the effects
of acceleration and deceleration.
For the travelling movements of MEWP of types 2 and 3 the factor of 0,1 shall be replaced by a factor 'z'
representing the forces produced by acceleration and deceleration or the kerb test (see 6.1.4.2.2.2). This
factor shall be determined by calculation or tests (see annex E (informative) for a calculation example).
5.2.4.2 Wind forces
Wind forces shall be multiplied by a factor of 1,1 and taken to be acting horizontally.
5.2.4.3 Manual forces
Manual forces applied by persons on the work platform shall be multiplied by a factor of 1,1 and taken to be
acting in the direction creating the greatest overturning moment.
NOTE Examples for forces are given in Figures 4,5,7,8.
5.2.4.4 Calculation of overturning and stabilising moments
The maximum overturning and corresponding stabilising moments shall be calculated about the most
unfavourable tipping lines.
Tipping lines shall be determined in accordance with ISO 4305 but for solid and foam-filled tyres the tipping
lines may be taken at 1/4 of the tyre ground contact width from the outside of the ground contact width.
The calculations shall be made with the MEWP in the most unfavourable extended and/or retracted positions
with the maximum allowable inclination of the chassis defined by the manufacturer. All loads and forces, which
can act simultaneously shall be taken into account in their most unfavourable combinations. For example,
when the load has a stabilising effect, an additional stability calculation shall be made, assuming only one
person (80 kg) is on the work platform. An allowance of 0,5° for inaccuracy in setting-up the MEWP shall be
added to the maximum allowable inclination of the chassis permitted by the manufacturer. Examples are
shown in Table 2 and Figures 5 to 8. Graphical methods may be used.
In each case the calculated stabilising moment shall be greater than the calculated overturning moment.
In the calculation the following influences shall be taken into account:
a) tolerances in the manufacture of the components;
b) play in the connections of the extending structure;
c) elastic deformations due to the effects of forces;
d) failure of any one tyre in the case of MEWPs supported by pneumatic tyres in the working position.
e) performance characteristics of the load sensing system, moment sensing system and position control.
This shall include at least the following:
 transitory peaks caused by short term dynamic effects;
 hysteresis;
 slope of the MEWP;
 ambient temperature;
 different positions and distribution of load on work platform;
 accuracy of the system.
The determination of the elastic deformations shall be obtained by experiment or by calculation.
5.2.5 Structural calculations
5.2.5.1 General
The calculations shall conform with the laws and principles of applied mechanics and strength of materials. If
special formulae are used, the sources shall be given, if they are generally available. Otherwise the formulae
shall be developed from first principles, so that their validity can be checked.
Except where otherwise stated the individual loads and forces shall be taken to act in the positions, directions
and combinations which will produce the most unfavourable conditions.
For all load bearing components and joints the required information on stresses or safety factors shall be
included in the calculations in a clear and verifiable form. If necessary for checking the calculation, details of
the main dimensions, cross-sections and materials for the individual components and joints shall be given.
5.2.5.2 Calculation methods
The method of calculation shall comply with any one of the recognised national design standards, such as
those of the EEA countries for lifting appliances, which includes fatigue stress calculation methods, until a
suitable European or international standard is available.
Requirements laid down in 5.2.2 and 5.2.4 above are to be considered for the determination of loads and
forces to be used in the calculations. The use of a national standard shall not alter these requirements.
The elastic deformations of slender components shall be taken into account.
The analysis defined in 5.2.5.2 shall be made for the worst load combinations and shall include the effects of
the overload test (see 6.1.4.3) and the functional test (see 6.1.4.4).
The calculated stresses shall not exceed the permissible values. The calculated safety factors shall not fall
below the required values.
The permissible values of stresses and the required values of safety factors depend on the material, the load
combination and the calculation method.

Example 1
Example 2
Figure 5 — Examples 1 and 2 of maximum overturning load and force moment combinations (see
Table 2)
Example 3
Example 4
Figure 6 — Examples 3 and 4 of maximum overturning load and force moment combinations (see
Table 2)
Example 5
Example 6
Figure 7 — Examples 5 and 6 of maximum overturning load and force moment combinations (see
Table 2)
Example 7
Example 8
Figure 8 — Examples 7 and 8 of maximum overturning load and force moment combinations (see
Table 2)
Table 2 — Examples of load and force directions and combinations for stability calculations (see
Figures 5 to 8)
rated load structural manual wind loads
loads (S ) force (M) (W)
n
working diagram
condition
x 1.0 x 0.1 x 1.0 x 0.1 x 1.0 x 0.1 x 1.0 x 0.1
raising (lowering)
1 V A V A - - H H
travelling
V S V S - - H H
travelling
3 V S V S - - H H
forwards stability,
4 V - V - A A H H
stationary on slope
backwards stability,
5 80 kg - V - A A H H
stationary on slope
V
with limited reach,
forwards stability,
stationary on slope,
6 V A V A - - H H
lowering
on slope stationary
7 V - V - A A H H
level ground
8 80 kg - V - A A H H
stationary
V
Key: V = vertical,  H = horizontal,  A = angular,  S = at slope angle

Example
5.2.5.3 Analysis
5.2.5.3.1 The general stress analysis
The general stress analysis is the proof against failure by yielding or fracturing. The analysis shall be made for
all load bearing components and joints.
5.2.5.3.2 Elastic stability analysis
The elastic stability analysis is the proof against failure by elastic instability (e.g. buckling, crippling). The
analysis shall be made for all load bearing components subjected to compressive loads.
5.2.5.3.3 Fatigue stress analysis
The fatigue stress analysis is the proof against failure by fatigue due to stress fluctuations. The analysis shall
be made for all load bearing components and joints which are critical to fatigue taking into account the
constructional details, the degree of stress fluctuation and the number of stress cycles. The number of stress
cycles may be a multiple of the number of load cycles.

Figure 9 — Load spectrum factor ηηηη
As the number of stress fluctuations during transport cannot be calculated with any degree of accuracy, the
stress in the transport position in components subject to vibration during transport shall be low enough to
ensure virtually infinite fatigue life (see also 5.4.7 and 5.6.13).
The number of load cycles for a MEWP is normally
from 4 x 10 - light intermittent duty
(e.g. 10 years, 40 weeks per year, 20 h per week,
5 load cycles per h)
to 10 - heavy duty (e.g. 10 years, 50 weeks per year,
40 h per week, 5 load cycles per h).

When determining the load combinations it is permissible for the rated load to be reduced by the load
spectrum factor according to Figure 9; wind loads need not be taken into
...