SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
(Main)Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles
Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles
This European Standard describes general algorithms for the brake performance calculations to be used for all types of train sets, units or single vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons.
This European Standard does not specify the performance requirements. It enables the estimation and/or comparison by calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy, power, force calculations and immobilization braking.
If it is required to validate, verify or assess braking performance it is recommended that a more detailed calculation is performed in accordance with EN 14531-2, i.e. a step by step calculation.
This European Standard contains generic examples of the calculation of brake forces for individual brake equipment types and calculation of stopping distance and immobilization braking relevant to a train (see Annexes C and D).
Bahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Algorithmen für Einzelfahrzeuge und Fahrzeugverbände unter Berücksichtigung von Durchschnittswerten
Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt allgemeine Berechnungsverfahren, die für alle Arten von Zugverbänden, Einheiten oder Einzelfahrzeugen, einschließlich Hochgeschwindigkeitsfahrzeugen, Lokomotiven, Reisezug-wagen, konventionellen Fahrzeugen und Güterwagen empfohlen werden.
Diese Norm legt keine Leistungsanforderungen fest. Sie ermöglicht die Ermittlung und/oder den Vergleich der verschiedenen Leistungsmerkmale mittels Berechnung: Anhalte- oder Verzögerungsbremswege, umgewandelte Energie, Berechnungen von Kräften und Feststellbremsungen.
Falls es erforderlich ist, die Bremsleistung zu bewerten, zu überprüfen oder zu beurteilen, wird empfohlen, dass eine genauere Berechnung in Übereinstimmung mit EN 14531-2, d. h. eine schrittweise Berechnung, durchgeführt wird.
Diese Europäische Norm enthält allgemeine Beispiele für die Berechnung von Bremskräften von individuellen Bremseinrichtungsarten und die für einen Zug relevante Berechnung von Anhalte- und Verzögerungs-bremswegen und der Feststellbremsung (siehe Anhang C und Anhang D).
Applications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation - Partie 1 : Algorithmes généraux utilisant le calcul par la valeur moyenne pour des rames ou des véhicules isolés
La présente Norme européenne décrit les algorithmes généraux pour les calculs de performance de frein à utiliser pour tous les types de compositions de trains, d'unités ou de véhicules isolés, ce qui inclut la grande vitesse, les locomotives et les voitures de passagers, les véhicules conventionnels et les wagons.
La présente Norme européenne ne spécifie pas les exigences de performances. Elle permet l'estimation et/ou la comparaison par le calcul des différents aspects des performances : distances d'arrêt ou de ralentissement, énergie dissipée, puissance, calculs des efforts et freinage d'immobilisation.
Si elle est requise pour valider, vérifier ou évaluer les performances de freinage, il est recommandé d’effectuer un calcul plus détaillé, conformément au FprEN 14531-2, c'est à dire un calcul pas à pas.
La présente Norme européenne contient des exemples génériques du calcul des efforts de freinage pour les types d'équipements de freinage individuels, du calcul de la distance d’arrêt et du freinage d’immobilisation propres à un train (voir les Annexes C et D).
Železniške naprave - Metode za izračun zavornih poti pri ustavljanju in upočasnjevanju ter zavarovanje stoječih vozil - 1. del: Splošni algoritmi, ki temeljijo na izračunu srednje vrednosti za vlakovne kompozicije ali posamezna vozila
Ta evropski standard opisuje splošne algoritme za izračune zavorne poti, ki se uporabljajo za vse vrste vlakovnih kompozicij, enot ali posameznih vozil, vključno s hitrimi vlaki, lokomotivami in potniškimi vagoni, konvencionalnimi ter tovornimi vagoni.
Ta evropski standard ne določa zmogljivostnih zahtev. Omogoča oceno in/ali primerjavo na podlagi izračuna različnih vidikov zmogljivosti: zavorne poti pri ustavljanju in upočasnjevanju, sproščene energije, moči, izračuna sil in zavarovanja stoječih vozil.
Če je zahtevano vrednotenje, preverjanje ali ocenjevanje zavorne zmogljivosti, je priporočeno izvesti podrobnejši izračun v skladu s standardom EN 14531-2 s postopkom »korak za korakom«.
Ta evropski standard vključuje splošne primere izračuna zavornih sil za posamezne vrste zavorne opreme ter izračun zavorne poti pri ustavljanju in zavarovanje stoječih vozil za ustrezen vlak (glej dodatka C in D).
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.YR]LODBahnanwendungen - Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalte- und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Algorithmen für Einzelfahrzeuge und Fahrzeugverbände unter Berücksichtigung von DurchschnittswertenApplications ferroviaires - Méthodes de calcul des distances d'arrêt, de ralentissement et d'immobilisation - Partie 1 : Algorithmes généraux utilisant le calcul par la valeur moyenne pour des rames ou des véhicules isolésRailway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles45.060.01Železniška vozila na splošnoRailway rolling stock in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019en,fr,de01-februar-2019SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14531-1:2015+A1
November
t r s z ICS
v wä r x rä r s Supersedes EN
s v w u sæ sã t r s wEnglish Version
Railway applications æ Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking æ Part
sã General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles Applications ferroviaires æ Méthodes de calcul des distances d 5arrêtá de ralentissement et d 5immobilisation æ Partie
s ã Algorithmes généraux utilisant le calcul par la valeur moyenne pour des rames ou des véhicules isolés
Bahnanwendungen æ Verfahren zur Berechnung der Anhalteæ und Verzögerungsbremswege und der Feststellbremsung æ Teil
sã Allgemeine Algorithmen für Einzelfahrzeuge und Fahrzeugverbände unter Berücksichtigung von Durchschnittswerten This European Standard was approved by CEN on
t y June
t r s w and includes Amendment
s approved by CEN on
w August
t r s zä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Serbiaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brussels
9
t r s z CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s v w u sæ sã t r s w ªA sã t r s z ESIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 4 Introduction . 5 1 Scope . 6 2 Normative references . 6 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and indices . 6 3.1 Terms and definitions . 6 3.2 Symbols and indices . 8 4 Stopping and slowing distances calculation . 11 4.1 General . 11 4.2 Accuracy of input values . 11 4.3 General characteristics . 12 4.3.1 Train formation . 12 4.3.2 Characteristics of a train . 12 4.4 Brake equipment type characteristics . 14 4.4.1 General . 14 4.4.2 Tread braking . 16 4.4.3 Disc braking . 16 4.4.4 Forces of friction brake (tread brake) equipment . 16 4.4.5 Forces of friction brake (disc brake) equipment. 22 4.4.6 Mean dynamic coefficient of friction (mµ) tread and disc brakes . 26 4.4.7 Brake forces of other brake equipment types . 26 4.4.8 Time characteristics . 35 4.4.9 Blending concept . 38 4.4.10 Sharing, proportioning of the brake forces - achieved forces . 39 4.5 Initial and operating characteristics . 39 4.5.1 Gradient of the track . 39 4.5.2 Initial speed . 40 4.5.3 Coefficient of adhesion . 40 4.5.4 Level of the brake demand . 41 4.5.5 Quantity of each brake equipment type available . 41 4.5.6 Calculation in degraded conditions . 41 4.6 Total decelerating force at train level . 42 4.7 External forces . 42 4.7.1 Gradient . 42 4.7.2 Wind force on the train . 42 4.7.3 Train resistance . 42 4.8 Stopping and slowing distance calculation based on mean values . 43 4.8.1 General . 43 4.8.2 Mean braking force with respect to the distance . 43 4.8.3 Equivalent deceleration (ae) based on mean forces . 43 4.8.4 Mean decelerations supplied by each braking force (ia) . 44 4.8.5 Equivalent free run distance (s0) . 44 4.8.6 Stopping and slowing distance on level track (s) . 45 4.8.7 Stopping and slowing distance on a gradient (sgrad) . 45 4.8.8 Other specific formulae for the calculation of stopping distance . 46 SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 3 4.9 Supplementary dynamic calculations . 46 4.9.1 General . 46 4.9.2 Mass to be braked (mB) . 47 4.9.3 Braking energy . 47 4.9.4 Maximum braking power of each brake equipment type . 49 4.9.5 Maximum specific power flux for each type of friction brake . 49 4.10 Specific expressions of braking performance . 50 4.10.1 General . 50 4.10.2 Braked weight percentage () . 50 4.10.3 Braked weight . 50 4.10.4 Braking ratio . 50 4.10.5 Equivalent brake force . 50 5 Immobilization brake calculation . 50 5.1 General . 50 5.2 General characteristics . 50 5.3 Static coefficient of friction . 51 5.4 Train and operating characteristics . 51 5.5 Immobilization force provided by equipment type . 51 5.5.1 General . 51 5.5.2 Force of a screw hand brake (Tread brake) . 52 5.5.3 Force of a screw hand brake (Disc brake) . 52 5.5.4 Force of a tread brake unit . 52 5.5.5 Force of a disc brake unit arrangement . 53 5.5.6 Force of a permanent magnetic track brake . 53 5.6 Immobilization force for each axle. 54 5.7 Total immobilization force per train . 54 5.8 Immobilization safety factor . 55 5.9 Coefficient of adhesion required by each braked axle . 55 5.10 Maximum achievable gradient . 56 Annex A (informative)
Workflow of stopping and slowing distance calculation method . 57 Annex B (informative)
Workflow of immobilization calculations . 59 Annex C (informative)
Brake equipment type example calculations . 60 Annex D (informative)
Train stopping distance and immobilization brake calculation example . 72 D.1 General . 72 D.2 Train stopping calculations . 73 D.3 Train stopping calculations on a gradient . 75 D.4 Train immobilization (parking) brake calculations . 75 Annex E (informative)
Development of the formula for the mean brake force with respect to the braking distance . 77 Annex F (informative)
Slowing or stopping distance calculation using alternative method of equivalent response time calculation as French Railway requirements in particular for trains operating in 'G' position . 78 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC . 80 Bibliography . 83 SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 4
European foreword This document (EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2019. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 2018-08-05. This document supersedes !EN 14531-1:2015". The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC. For relationship with EU Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This series of European standards EN 14531, Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking consists of: — Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles; — Part 2: Step-by-step calculations for train sets or single vehicles. The two parts are interrelated and should be considered together when conducting the step-by-step calculation of stopping and slowing distances. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard describes a common calculation method for railway applications. It describes the general algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for use in the design and validation of brake equipment and braking performance for all types of train sets and single vehicles. In addition the algorithms provide a means of comparing the results of other braking performance calculation methods. EN 14531 was originally planned to have six parts covering the calculation methodology to be used when conducting calculations relating to the braking performance of various types of railway vehicles under the heading EN 14531, Railway applications – Methods for calculation of stopping, slowing distances and immobilization braking. The six parts were as follows: — Part 1: General algorithms — Part 2: Application to single freight wagon — Part 3: Application to mass transit (LRV's and D- and E- MU's) — Part 4: Application to single passengers coach — Part 5: Application to locomotive — Part 6: Application to high speed trains EN 14531-1 was originally published in 2005 followed by EN 14531-6 which was published in 2009. Following the above it was decided that a common methodology could be used for Parts 2 to 5 and this should be contained under a revised version of Part 1 with a title of Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilisation braking — Part 1: General algorithms utilizing mean value calculation for train sets or single vehicles while revising Part 6 to be Part 2 with the title of Railway applications - Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilization braking - Part 2: Step by step calculations for train sets or single vehicles. EN 14531-1:2005 and EN 14531-6:2009 are referenced in the current technical specifications for interoperability (TSIs) (Freight wagons and locomotive and passenger rolling stock (RST)). The tables of the Annex ZA give the equivalence of the TSI referenced clauses of the original EN 14531 series to the clauses of this issue of EN 14531-1 and EN 14531-2. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard describes general algorithms for the brake performance calculations to be used for all types of train sets, units or single vehicles, including high speed, locomotive and passenger coaches, conventional vehicles and wagons. This European Standard does not specify the performance requirements. It enables the estimation and/or comparison by calculation of the various aspects of the performance: stopping or slowing distances, dissipated energy, power, force calculations and immobilization braking. If it is required to validate, verify or assess braking performance it is recommended that a more detailed calculation is performed in accordance with EN 14531-2, i.e. a step by step calculation. This European Standard contains generic examples of the calculation of brake forces for individual brake equipment types and calculation of stopping distance and immobilization braking relevant to a train (see Annexes C and D). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14067-4, Railway applications — Aerodynamics — Part 4: Requirements and test procedures for aerodynamics on open track EN 14478, Railway applications — Braking — Generic vocabulary EN 14531-2, Railway applications — Methods for calculation of stopping and slowing distances and immobilisation braking — Part 2: Step by step calculations for trains or single vehicles !deleted text" EN 16452, Railway applications — Braking — Brake blocks EN 15663, Railway applications — Definition of vehicle reference masses 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and indices 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purpose of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 14478 and EN 14531-2 and the following apply. 3.1.1 static mass per axle mass measured by weighing at the wheel-rail interface, or estimated from design evaluation, of each axle in a stationary condition for each operating condition required 3.1.2 static mass of the train summation of all the static mass values per entity Note 1 to entry:
E.g. per axle, for each operating condition. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 7 3.1.3 equivalent rotating mass linear conversion of the moment of inertia due to rotating parts coupled to the wheelsets during braking into an equivalent additional static mass Note 1 to entry: This includes brake discs, gear wheels etc. 3.1.4 brake equipment type group of equipment that provide braking force Note 1 to entry:
When brake equipment is used on one part of the train under certain conditions and used on another part of the same train under other conditions, two different brake equipment types shall be considered. 3.1.5 tread brake unit/disc brake unit functional unit from which brake force is delivered, typically consisting of a brake cylinder, slack adjuster portion and all associated component parts Note 1 to entry: Sometimes referred to as tread/disc brake actuator. 3.1.6 isolated brake equipment equipment not considered in the calculation due to assumed isolation Note 1 to entry: E.g. brake equipment of a bogie. 3.1.7 active brake equipment equipment considered to be operational in the calculation of a specific brake equipment type 3.1.8 mean value calculation calculation method in which the values used for each active brake equipment type are a mean value based on speed, force or distance as applicable for a particular speed range 3.1.9 decelerating force force resulting from summation of all forces acting contrary to the direction of movement when considering a train Note 1 to entry:
Each operational brake equipment type produces its own decelerating force which when added to the additional external forces opposing motion results in the total decelerating force of the train. Note 2 to entry:
For the purpose of this standard a decelerating force is considered as a positive value, therefore accelerating force is considered as a negative value. 3.1.10 braking force force produced by the active brake equipment types to brake the train Note 1 to entry: It does not include external forces which contribute to the overall decelerating force of the vehicle or train. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 8 3.1.11 external forces forces typically including rolling resistance, gradient, head wind etc 3.1.12 entity group or item considered in a calculation Note 1 to entry:
E.g. train, vehicle, bogie, axle, wheel. 3.2 Symbols and indices For the purposes of this document, the general symbols given in Table 1 and indices given in Table 2 apply. NOTE Specific symbols and indices are defined in the relevant clauses. Table 1 — Symbols Symbol Definition Unit A area 2m a deceleration 2/sm sA area of a friction surface swept by the friction elements 2m B braked weight T D wheel diameter m F force N BF braking force related to the rail N gF downhill force on the train N ng standard acceleration of free fall = 9,80665 m/s2 (see: ISO 80000-3) 2/sm i gradient (rising gradient is positive; e.g. for a gradient of 5 ‰, i = 0,005) - ci cylinder ratio - rigi rigging ratio - trai transmission ratio - J inertia due to rotation of masses 2 mkg⋅ m mass kg n quantity - P power W p pressure Pa r radius m s distance m SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 9 S safety factor - t time s τ coefficient of adhesion - v speed sm/ W energy J SW energy per unit area 2mJ λ=braked weight percentage - P coefficient of friction - η=efficiency - SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 10 Table 2 — General indices Indices Term AMG attraction force for a magnetic track brake ap application point ax axle a available B braking force BEC braking force for an eddy current brake BED electro-dynamic braking force BFR fluid retarder braking force BMG braking force for a magnetic track brake b block or pad bog bogie C cylinder act unit/actuator cha characteristic Bd braking force demanded disc disc dyn dynamic e equivalent ent entity ext external fin final state H hand brake i brake equipment type j range or step im immobilization, parking, holding ind independent of adhesion nt internal inst instantaneous max maximum min minimum mot motor MG magnetic track brake n normal direction SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 11 R response Ra train resistance to motion req required rig rigging rot rotating R1 return spring R2 regulator S spring st static T tangential direction tot total tra transmission wind wind 0 initial state 1, 2, 3, 4 –- etc. intermediate state 4 Stopping and slowing distances calculation 4.1 General The principle of the algorithm flow is presented in Annex A, Figure A.1. In general the formulae contained in this clause are used in the first instance when considering constant brake forces with respect to speed. In the second instance the formulae may be used as a mean value calculation when considering a non constant speed dependent brake force which is transformed to a mean brake force value. This mean value of brake force is considered as a fully developed force without considering the response time and results in the same braking distance as if calculated using the speed dependent brake force. See Annex E. The algorithms in this standard use mean values, however if it is necessary to use instantaneous values and algorithms using finite time steps then EN 14531-2 shall be used. 4.2 Accuracy of input values The accuracy of the calculation described here depends directly on the accuracy of the input data. The accuracy of the input data values shall be relevant to the purpose of the calculation and shall be traceable as to how these values were established e.g. engineer's estimation, test results, manufacturer’s data etc. Supporting calculations or test reports (or extracts of these documents) should be attached with the performance calculation where applicable. Representative curves of the performance of a type of brake equipment e.g. electro dynamic brake, can be determined by numerical or practical methods. The values can be given as a table. SIST EN 14531-1:2016+A1:2019
EN 14531-1:2015+A1:2018 (E) 12 4.3 General characteristics 4.3.1 Train formation The brake system design parameters necessary to conduct the calculation shall be defined at the level of an entity e.g. an axle, bogie or a vehicle. Calculations shall be performed for each brake equipment type. In so doing, the brake force contributions from each of the brake equipment types (e.g. disc brakes, tread brakes, electrodynamic brakes) shall be taken into consideration. All of the various types of brake equipment
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.