SIST-TP CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-14:2021

Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling

In this Part 14 cooling methods below 100 K are described. These low temperature levels are mainly required by space borne electronic systems operating under very low noise conditions. Details on the materials used and safety factors are given.
The Thermal design handbook is published in 16 Parts
TR 17603-31-01 Part 1    Thermal design handbook – Part 1: View factors
TR 17603-31-01 Part 2    Thermal design handbook – Part 2: Holes, Grooves and Cavities
TR 17603-31-01 Part 3    Thermal design handbook – Part 3: Spacecraft Surface Temperature
TR 17603-31-01 Part 4    Thermal design handbook – Part 4: Conductive Heat Transfer
TR 17603-31-01 Part 5    Thermal design handbook – Part 5: Structural Materials: Metallic and Composite
TR 17603-31-01 Part 6    Thermal design handbook – Part 6: Thermal Control Surfaces
TR 17603-31-01 Part 7    Thermal design handbook – Part 7: Insulations
TR 17603-31-01 Part 8    Thermal design handbook – Part 8: Heat Pipes
TR 17603-31-01 Part 9    Thermal design handbook – Part 9: Radiators
TR 17603-31-01 Part 10    Thermal design handbook – Part 10: Phase – Change Capacitors
TR 17603-31-01 Part 11    Thermal design handbook – Part 11: Electrical Heating
TR 17603-31-01 Part 12    Thermal design handbook – Part 12: Louvers
TR 17603-31-01 Part 13    Thermal design handbook – Part 13: Fluid Loops
TR 17603-31-01 Part 14    Thermal design handbook – Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling
TR 17603-31-01 Part 15    Thermal design handbook – Part 15: Existing Satellites
TR 17603-31-01 Part 16    Thermal design handbook – Part 16: Thermal Protection System

Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 14: Kryogene Kühlung

Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 14: Refroidissement cryogénique

Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o toplotni zasnovi - 14. del: Kriogeno hlajenje

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 26-May-2021
• Publication Date: 23-Aug-2021
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: I13 - Imaginarni 13
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 19-Aug-2021
• Due Date: 24-Oct-2021
• Completion Date: 24-Aug-2021
• Mandate: M/496 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI to develop standardisation regarding space industry (Phase 3 of the process)
• Ref Project: CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-14:2021 - Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2021
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o toplotni zasnovi - 14. del: Kriogeno hlajenje
Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 14: Cryogenic Cooling
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design - Teil 14: Kryogene Kühlung
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Partie 14: Refroidissement
cryogénique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-14:2021
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
August 2021
ICS 49.140
English version
Space Engineering - Thermal design handbook - Part 14:
Cryogenic Cooling
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de conception thermique - Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch für thermisches Design -
Partie 14 : Refroidissement cryogénique Teil 14: Kryogene

This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 28 June 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. CEN/CLC/TR 17603-31-14:2021 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
Table of contents
European Foreword . 25
1 Scope . 26
2 References . 27
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 28
3.1 Terms and definitions . 28
3.2 Abbreviated terms. 28
3.3 Symbols . 30
4 General introduction . 42
4.1 Radiant coolers . 43
4.2 Stored solid-cryogen coolers . 44
4.3 Stored liquid Helium (He4) coolers . 44
4.4 Trends toward lower temperatures . 45
4.5 Mechanical refrigerators . 46
4.6 Low temperature requirements to IR sensors . 47
4.6.2 Radiation from the optical system . 48
4.6.3 Noise from the detector . 49
5 Refrigerating systems . 51
5.1 General . 51
5.2 Closed cycle . 51
5.2.1 Reverse-Brayton cycle . 52
5.2.2 Reverse-Brayton and Claude cycle refrigerators . 54
5.2.3 Gifford-McMahon/Solvay cycle refrigerators . 55
5.2.4 Joule-Thomson Closed Cycle Refrigerator . 57
5.2.5 Stirling cycle refrigerators . 58
5.2.6 Vuilleumier cycle refrigerator . 66
5.2.7 Existing systems . 69
5.3 Open cycle . 105
5.3.1 Joule-Thomson open cycle refrigerators . 105
5.3.2 Existing systems . 108
5.3.3 Stored liquid or solid cryogen open refrigerators . 114
6 VCS Dewars . 115
6.1 General . 115
6.2 Theoretical analysis . 117
6.2.1 Introduction . 117
6.2.2 The idealized model . 118
6.2.3 Evaluation of the restrictions involved in the idealized model . 123
6.3 Supports . 162
6.3.1 Introduction . 162
6.3.2 Support materials . 163
6.3.3 Low thermal conductance tubing . 165
6.3.4 Tensile and flexural supports . 170
6.3.5 Compressive supports . 175
6.4 Phase separators . 176
6.4.1 Introduction . 176
6.4.2 Thermodynamic vent system . 182
6.4.3 Capillary barriers . 183
6.4.4 Porous media . 190
6.4.5 Baffled tanks . 193
6.4.6 Empirical data for design . 205
6.4.7 Testing . 216
6.5 Existing systems . 218
6.5.1 Introduction . 218
6.5.2 Data on existing systems . 220
7 Superfluid Helium . 234
7.1 Dynamics of superfluids . 234
7.1.1 Relevant equations of superfluid dynamics . 235
7.1.2 Frictional effects . 240
7.1.3 Counterflow heat transfer . 246
7.1.4 Heat transfer at arbitrary combinations of vn and vs . 257
7.1.5 Vapor formation . 258
7.1.6 Superfluid Helium film . 259
7.2 Kapitza conductance . 267
7.2.1 Measuring methods . 269
7.2.2 Experimental data . 272
7.3 Thermo-acoustic oscillations . 303
7.4 The superfluid plug . 305
7.4.1 Phase separation in superfluid helium . 305
7.4.2 Simplified theory of the superfluid plug . 306
7.4.3 Characteristics of porous media . 330
7.5 Filling a superfluid helium container . 338
7.5.1 Liquid loss because of pump down . 338
7.5.2 Pumping down requirements . 340
7.5.3 A typical filling sequence . 340
8 Materials at cryogenic temperatures . 343
8.1 Normal cryogens . 343
8.1.1 General properties . 343
8.1.2 Entropy diagrams . 391
8.2 Superfluid Helium-4 . 443
8.3 Normal Helium-3 . 449
8.4 Metallic materials . 452
8.5 Composite materials . 466
8.5.1 Structural tubes . 493
8.6 Miscellaneous materials. 495
9 Safety with cryogenic systems . 496
9.1 General . 496
9.1.1 Physiological hazards . 496
9.1.2 Fire and explosion hazards . 496
9.1.3 Pressure hazards . 497
9.1.4 Materials hazards . 497
9.1.5 Safety provisions . 498
9.2 Hazards related to properties of cryogens . 499
9.2.1 Combustion in an oxygen environment . 501
9.2.2 Combustible cryogens . 502
9.2.3 Fluorine . 510
9.2.4 O deficiency . 511
9.3 Change of properties of structural materials. 511
9.3.1 Temperature embrittlement . 511
9.3.2 Hydrogen embrittlement . 521
9.3.3 Design codes and acceptance tests . 528
Bibliography . 529

Figures
Figure 4-1: He cooler being developed by NASA. From Sherman (1978) [216]. . 46
Figure 4-2: Procedure to reduce the background flux from the optics. From Caren &
Sklensky (1970) [37]. 48
Figure 4-3: Detectivity, D*, of a photon noise-limited detector as a function of cutoff
wavelength,  , for several values of the optics temperature, T. From Caren
c
& Sklensky (1970) [37]. . 49
Figure 4-4: Typical detector operating temperature, T, vs. detectivity, D*. The detector
is germanium doped either with mercury, with cadmium or with copper.
From Caren & Sklensky (1970) [37]. .
...