SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
(Main)Railway applications - Vehicle reference masses
Railway applications - Vehicle reference masses
This European Standard defines a set of reference masses for specifying the requirements for the design, testing, acceptance, marking, delivery and operation of rail vehicles.
The reference masses defined in this document are as follows:
- dead mass;
- design mass in working order;
- design mass under normal payload;
- design mass under exceptional payload;
- operational mass in working order;
- operational mass under normal payload.
These reference masses are defined with respect to the whole vehicle, but they can also apply to a specific system or component.
The specification of values for tolerances applicable to reference masses is not in the scope of this standard. Tolerances can be required by an application standard.
Additional loadings due to environmental factors, for example snow and retained or absorbed rainwater, are not in the scope of this European Standard.
Bahnanwendungen - Fahrzeugreferenzmassen
Diese Europäische Norm definiert eine Reihe von Referenzmassen zur Festlegung der Anforderungen für Auslegung, Prüfung, Kundenabnahme, Beschriftung, Lieferung und Betrieb von Schienenfahrzeugen.
Folgende Referenzmassen sind in diesem Dokument festgelegt:
- Leermasse;
- Auslegungsmasse des betriebsbereiten Fahrzeugs;
- Auslegungsmasse bei normaler Zuladung;
- Auslegungsmasse bei außergewöhnlicher Zuladung;
- Betriebsmasse des betriebsbereiten Fahrzeugs;
- Betriebsmasse bei normaler Zuladung.
Diese Referenzmassen gelten für das Gesamtfahrzeug, sie können aber auch auf ein einzelnes System oder Bauteil angewendet werden.
Die Festlegung von anwendbaren Toleranzwerten für die Referenzmassen liegt außerhalb des Anwendungsbereichs dieser Norm. Toleranzen können in einer Anwendungsnorm benötigt werden.
Zusätzliche Lasten infolge Umweltfaktoren wie beispielsweise Schnee und aufgestautes oder aufgesogenes Regenwasser gehören nicht zum Anwendungsbereich dieser Europäischen Norm.
Applications ferroviaires - Masses de référence des véhicules
La présente norme définit un ensemble de masses de référence destiné à la spécification des exigences concernant la conception, les essais, la réception, le marquage, la livraison et l’exploitation des véhicules ferroviaires.
Les masses de référence définies dans le présent document sont les suivantes :
- masse morte ;
- masse de conception en ordre de marche ;
- masse de conception en charge normale ;
- masse de conception en charge exceptionnelle ;
- masse opérationnelle en ordre de marche ;
- masse opérationnelle en charge normale.
Ces masses de référence sont définies pour la totalité du véhicule, mais elles peuvent également s'appliquer à un système ou composant spécifique.
La spécification des valeurs de tolérances applicables aux masses de référence n’entre pas dans le champ d’application de la présente norme. Des tolérances peuvent être exigées par une norme d’application.
Des chargements additionnels dus aux facteurs environnementaux, par exemple la neige et l'eau de pluie retenue ou absorbée, ne sont pas dans le champ d'application de la présente Norme européenne.
Železniške naprave - Določitev mase železniškega vozila
Ta evropski standard določa nabor referenčnih mas za določitev zahtev za načrtovanje, preskušanje, sprejemljivost, označevanje, dobavo in delovanje železniških vozil.
Referenčne mase, ki so določene v tem dokumentu, so naslednje:
– mrtva masa;
– konstrukcijsko določena masa v stanju delovanja;
– konstrukcijsko določena masa pri običajnem tovoru;
– konstrukcijsko določena masa pri izrednem tovoru;
– obratovalno določena masa v stanju delovanja;
– obratovalno določena masa pri običajnem tovoru.
Te referenčne mase so opredeljene glede na celotno vozilo, vendar jih je mogoče uporabiti tudi za poseben sistem ali sestavni del.
Specifikacija mejnih vrednosti, ki veljajo za referenčne mase, ni del področja uporabe tega standarda. Standard uporabe lahko zahteva mejne vrednosti.
Dodatne obremenitve zaradi okoljskih dejavnikov, na primer snega in zadržane ali absorbirane deževnice, niso del tega evropskega standarda.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Bahnanwendungen - FahrzeugreferenzmassenApplications ferroviaires - Masses de référence des véhiculesRailway applications - Vehicle reference masses45.060.01Železniška vozila na splošnoRailway rolling stock in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15663:2017+A1:2018SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019en,fr,de01-marec-2019SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15663:2017+A1
December
t r s z ICS
v wä r x rä r s Supersedes EN
s w x x uã t r s yEnglish Version
Railway applications æ Vehicle reference masses Applications ferroviaires æ Masses de référence des véhicules
Bahnanwendungen æ Fahrzeugreferenzmassen This European Standard was approved by CEN on
s s May
t r s y and includes Amendment
s approved by CEN on
t w September
t r s zä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austriaá Belgiumá Bulgariaá Croatiaá Cyprusá Czech Republicá Denmarká Estoniaá Finlandá Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedoniaá Franceá Germanyá Greeceá Hungaryá Icelandá Irelandá Italyá Latviaá Lithuaniaá Luxembourgá Maltaá Netherlandsá Norwayá Polandá Portugalá Romaniaá Serbiaá Slovakiaá Sloveniaá Spainá Swedená Switzerlandá Turkey and United Kingdomä
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brussels
9
t r s z CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s w x x uã t r s y ªA sã t r s z ESIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 2 Contents Page European foreword . 3 Introduction . 4 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 5 3.1 Terms and definitions . 5 3.2 Abbreviations . 6 4 Derivation of vehicle reference masses . 7 4.1 General . 7 4.2 Vehicle categories . 8 4.3 Dead mass . 8 4.4 Payload states . 9 4.5 Reference masses . 10 4.6 Additional or alternative mass definitions and payload states. 11 5 Consumables, staff and wear allowance . 12 6 Standing area calculation . 12 7 Payloads. 13 7.1 General . 13 7.2 Payloads for M-I (high speed and long distance units). 14 7.3 Payloads for M-II (passenger vehicles other than high speed and long distance units) . 16 7.4 Payloads for M-III (freight vehicles) . 17 Annex A (informative)
Densities . 18 Annex B (informative)
Application standards . 19 Annex C (informative)
Application of EN 15663:2009 reference masses in TSI . 26 C.1 TSI LOC&PAS Locomotives and Passenger Rolling Stock. 26 C.2 TSI WAG Freight Wagons . 30 C.3 TSI INF Infrastructure. 31 Bibliography . 33
SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 3 European foreword This document (EN 15663:2017+A1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2019, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2019. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 25 September 2018. This document supersedes !EN 15663:2017". The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are listed below: a) general editorial reordering of clauses and text; b) new Subclause 3.2 for abbreviations; c) new numbering for vehicle categories in 4.2; d) new Subclause 4.6 for defining additional or alternative mass definitions and payload states in application standards; e) new requirements for standing areas in gangways between vehicles in Clause 6; f) new treatment of wheelchair loadings in Clauses 6 and 7; g) permitted variations in standing passenger loadings redefined; h) new recommendations for the determination of the centre of gravity in 7.1; i) new Annex B for application of EN 15663 reference masses in other European Standards; j) new Annex C for application of EN 15663:2009 reference masses in TSI. This European Standard aims to support the TSIs and European Standards for the calculation of vehicle masses. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 4 Introduction To define the design, testing and operation of vehicles in general and their main constituent parts, it is necessary to clearly specify the associated states of loading. This European Standard provides such a set of vehicle reference masses and describes how each is derived. SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard defines a set of reference masses for specifying the requirements for the design, testing, acceptance, marking, delivery and operation of rail vehicles. The reference masses defined in this document are as follows: — dead mass; — design mass in working order; — design mass under normal payload; — design mass under exceptional payload; — operational mass in working order; — operational mass under normal payload. These reference masses are defined with respect to the whole vehicle, but they can also apply to a specific system or component. The specification of values for tolerances applicable to reference masses is not in the scope of this standard. Tolerances can be required by an application standard. Additional loadings due to environmental factors, for example snow and retained or absorbed rainwater, are not in the scope of this European Standard. 2 Normative references There are no normative references in this document. 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. !ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp" 3.1.1 mass increment quantity added to or subtracted from the vehicle mass Note 1 to entry: Examples are payload, staff, consumables and wear allowances. 3.1.2 payload mass increment for the load carried by the vehicle (passengers, luggage or cargo) Note 1 to entry: Typically a load from which revenue is derived. SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 6 3.1.3 luggage compartment closed area, for the carriage of luggage and goods, which is not intended for the transport of passengers 3.1.4 luggage area low level location or unit in a passenger saloon or vestibule provided to store luggage Note 1 to entry:
Overhead luggage racks are not regarded as luggage areas. 3.1.5 passenger area area inside the vehicle dedicated for transporting passengers Note 1 to entry: Catering areas are not regarded as passenger areas. 3.1.6 catering area area set aside for passengers for the purchase or consumption of catering services (e.g. buffet, bar or bistro) 3.1.7 standing area unobstructed part of either a passenger area or a catering area which can be used by standing passengers (e.g. vestibules, aisles, stairways) 3.1.8 normal seat permanent seat in a passenger or catering area 3.1.9 tip up seat folding seat fixed to a wall or partition for temporary use 3.1.10 wear allowance quantity of mass that is assumed to be lost in service due to abrasion and mechanical wear Note 1 to entry: The main sources of wear to be accounted for are from wheels and brake friction materials.
3.2 Abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following two and three letter abbreviations are derived as follows: The first letter denotes either an increment or a total vehicle mass: M the total vehicle Mass P mass increment (Payload, consumables, staff, wear allowance) The second letter denotes the type of payload or reference mass: U dead mass i.e. Underlying mass C Consumables, staff and wear allowance SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 7 V in working order (Vide) N Normal X eXceptional The third letter denotes the condition that is required (see 4.1): D Design condition O Operational condition Where the third letter is omitted, the mass or payload applies to all conditions. The unused letters of the alphabet are available to denote a particular mass or payload condition that is defined by an application standard (see 4.6).
Table 1 — Reference mass abbreviations Abbreviation Term MU Dead mass MVD Design mass in working order MND Design mass under normal payload MXD Design mass under exceptional payload MVO Operational mass in working order MNO Operational mass under normal payload Table 2 — Payload and mass increment abbreviations Abbreviation Term PCD Design consumables PND Normal design payload PXD Exceptional payload PCO Operational consumables PNO Normal operational payload If the default values for standing areas in passenger and catering areas set out in 7.2 and 7.3 are not used, the abbreviations shall be extended to indicate the values used in kg/m2 (e.g. MXD160). Where a separate catering area load is used this shall also be included, preceded by a “/” (e.g. MXD240/160). 4 Derivation of vehicle reference masses 4.1 General Methods for calculating reference masses including standard values for payloads are given in this document. To determine a reference mass the following parameters are required: — applicable vehicle category (see 4.2); — applicable payload state (see 4.4); and — condition that is required: SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 8
design condition; or
operational condition. The design condition is a theoretical state for analysis and calculation; the operational condition is an assumed average state when in service. The vehicle specification and application standards specify these parameters. Tolerances to the reference masses can be given in application standards or in the vehicle specification. Particular applications can require reference masses to be evaluated in a way that gives for example axle and wheel loads and then places tolerances on those individual values (for example EN 15528). Methods are given in this document together with standard values and assumptions to be used. It is permissible to deviate from the standard values within the ranges given in 7.2 and 7.3. The vehicle specification together with an application standard gives these deviations. Annex B gives an overview of references made by other European Standards (at the time of publication) to the reference masses defined in this document. 4.2 Vehicle categories For the purpose of vehicle mass definitions rolling stock is divided into three vehicle categories which are given in Table 3. Units for regional services can only be considered as category M-I if they are not intended for services where operational conditions are similar to commuter operations. Locomotives (passenger and freight and power heads) are treated as passenger vehicles without payload. Driving trailers are treated as passenger vehicles. Infrastructure construction and maintenance machines are treated as freight vehicles with special requirements for payloads, staff and consumables as defined in their application standards. The vehicle category to be used for determining reference masses shall form part of the vehicle specification. Table 3 — Vehicle categories Vehicle category Passenger density Examples and explanations M-I high speed and long distance units normal all passenger units not intended to be used on commuter and suburban services
M-II passenger vehicles other than high speed and long distance units high Commuter and suburban services (for the French network: RER or some TER, for the German Network: S-Bahn or some RB- and RE-Trains), metros, tramways
M-III freight vehicles - wagons and freight motored units 4.3 Dead mass Dead mass is the mass of the vehicle in the “as built” condition without consumables and without staff (see Clause 5). The dead mass is the underlying mass of a vehicle, a common fixed element that is used to define the other reference masses in this document. It includes interior fittings and furniture, fixed quantities of lubricants and fluids (e.g. oils, greases, insulating fluids, cooling fluids, heating fluids, transmission fluids, battery electrolyte, etc.), catering equipment (e.g. utensils, cutlery and table linen), tools and emergency equipment. All parts subject to wear shall be in a new, unworn condition. SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 9 NOTE 1 At the start of a project the dead mass is an estimated value together with an estimated manufacturing tolerance based on the best information available (calculations and weighed components, etc.). The dead mass and the tolerances are refined as the project progresses and more accurate information becomes available. The dead mass shall be verified on the basis of the average mass of the first 5 weighed vehicles or units of each design (or the full fleet if it is less than 5), taking into account the range of tolerances defined in the vehicle specification or application standards. NOTE 2 Typically weighing takes place in an intermediate condition between the dead mass and the design mass in working order. The weighed mass is then corrected to give the dead mass. NOTE 3 It can be necessary to re-evaluate the dead mass and the tolerances if the verification shows that the vehicles or units cannot be produced inside the intended tolerance range for the design mass in working order (MVD). The dead mass shall be re-evaluated when design changes or refurbishments produce deviations that are outside the tolerance range. 4.4 Payload states The payload states are described in Table 4. The mass of the vehicle in working order is the reference condition which represents the vehicle available for service. This is the summation of the dead mass and the mass of staff, consumables and any allowance for wear, but without a payload, i.e. a load from which revenue is derived. Values for the payloads for the different vehicle categories are given in Clause 7. SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 10 Table 4 — Payload states Payload state Design condition Operational condition Consumables, staff and wear allowance (mass increment from dead mass to mass in working order) Design consumables (PCD) Operational consumables (PCO) represents the condition available for service, including staff and maximum consumables, but without payload. represents the condition available for service, including staff and an average amount of consumables and minus the wear allowance, but without payload. Normal payload Normal design payload (PND) Normal operational payload (PNO) represents the highest payload seen on a regular basis and it is determined by the type of rolling stock and / or the level of comfort associated with the type of service being provided. represents the typical payload for average operational conditions and it is determined by the type of rolling stock and / or the level of comfort associated with the type of service being provided. This state can be used for example to determine track access conditions, scheduling, energy consumption, vehicle marking and life cycle cost calculation. Exceptional payload Exceptional payload (PXD) Not applicable is the maximum possible payload that can be carried and will be experienced only under exceptional conditions (e.g. exceptional number of passengers). It represents the design limit for operation of the vehicle.
4.5 Reference masses The reference masses are derived from the dead mass and the appropriate payload states for both design and operational conditions. Table 5 summarizes the relationships between the condition that is required and the payload states for the classification of the reference masses. References to the tables for staff and consumables of Clause 5 and the payload of Clause 7 are included. SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 11 Table 5 — Reference masses Reference mass Design condition Operational condition Dead mass Dead mass (MU) Vehicle in the “as built” condition without consumable and without staff (see 4.3) Mass in working order Design mass in working order (MVD) Operational mass in working order (MVO) Dead mass (MU) Dead mass (MU) plus design consumables (PCD) (see Table 6) plus operational consumables (PCO) (see Table 6) MVD = MU + PCD MVO = MU + PCO Mass under normal payload Design mass under normal payload (MND) Operational mass under normal payload (MNO) Design mass in working order (MVD) Operational mass in working order (MVO) plus normal design payload (PND) (see Tables 7, 8 and 9) plus normal operational payload (PNO) (see Tables 7, 8 and 9) MND = MVD + PND MNO = MVO + PNO Mass under exceptional payload Design mass under exceptional payload (MXD) Not applicable Design mass in working order (MVD)
plus exceptional payload (PXD) (see Tables 7, 8 and 9)
MXD = MVD + PXD
4.6 Additional or alternative mass definitions and payload states Non-standard reference masses, specified as additional or alternative mass definitions or payload states, if technically necessary, shall be defined and justified in the technical specification or in the application standard. In such cases the mass and payload definitions set out in 4.4 and 4.5 should be used as a basis wherever possible. This can be achieved for example by applying factors or by including a specific mass or payload increment. In such cases, a suitable notation should be defined following the principles of the system set out in 3.2. For this notation, the unused letters of the alphabet are available. EXAMPLE “Maximum braking load” as defined and used in braking standards is an example of an additional reference mass specified by an application standard. In specifying non-standard values or assumptions for determining reference masses, consideration should be given to: — consistency between payload states. For example, if the mass per square metre is modified for an exceptional payload, the value to be used for normal payload might also require modification; — ensuring that a non-standard reference mass is applied consistently to applicable system components (for example body loads and bogie loads). SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 12 5 Consumables, staff and wear allowance Table 6 sets out how the mass of staff and consumables shall be determined. The individual item masses shall be determined according to the condition required and summed to give the mass increment. Consumable items that are not listed shall be accounted for. Unless design and operational values are given in the vehicle specification, these items shall be considered as ‘unlisted consumables’ in Table 6. The maximum wear is the mass difference for those parts subject to wear, calculated as the mass difference between the new condition and the fully worn state or scrapping size (e.g. discs, brake pads, wheels). In the operational condition, a wear allowance of half of the maximum wear shall be deducted in calculating PCO. Table 6 — Consumables, staff and wear allowance Item Design consumables (PCD) Operational consumables (PCO) Staff
(Driver(s), train crew, catering personnel) 80 kg per person (an allowance for personal equipment and belongings is included in this value) Fuel Maximum design quantity 2/3 maximum design quantity Sand Maximum design quantity 2/3 maximum design quantity Food and beverages including water for drinking and cooking Maximum design quantity 1/2 maximum design quantity Clean water for washbasins, toilets or dishwashing (shared or independent supply tanks) Maximum value of the: Design quantity of all clean water tanks
or Design quantity of all waste water tanks Maximum value of the: Design quantity of all clean water tanks
or 1/2 design quantity of all waste water tanks Content of the controlled emission toilet (CET) storage tanks with or without recirculation Windscreen washer fluid Maximum design quantity 2/3 maximum design quantity Unlisted consumables Maximum design quantity 2/3 maximum design quantity Wear allowance No reduction Reduction by 1/2 of the maximum wear
Annex A provides additional information on consumable densities. For freight vehicles, the mass of consumables for the operational condition is the same as for the design condition. 6 Standing area calculation Standing areas shall be calculated from the available area at floor level in passenger and catering areas. For category M-I (high speed and long distance vehicles), standing areas in passenger and catering areas shall be determined separately. In some applications, seats giving a normal level of comfort can be folded and for the purposes of this standard shall be considered as normal seats (not tip up). SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 13 Standing areas shall be determined with all tip up seats folded up. For special applications like sleeping cars, sleeping berths shall be considered as normal seats. Standing areas shall include half the projected area of any internal stairways. Gangways between vehicles which are normally closed by pairs of doors are assumed to be unoccupied and are therefore excluded from standing areas. Permanently open gangways between vehicles where there are no doors fitted and gangways between vehicles where there is only a door on one side shall be considered to be standing areas. Designated wheelchair space shall be considered to be standing areas for the calculation of reference masses. Standing areas shall not include the following: a) projected areas of normal seats (including backs and armrests) on the floor plus, in front of the seat, a 300 mm deep area for the seated passengers feet, extending over the full width of the seat; b) projected areas of tables and folded up tip-up seats on the floor; c) areas, except stairways, unsuitable for standing due to their limited dimensions (width or length less than 300 mm); d) areas restricted to drivers and other train crew and/or areas where standing is prevented; e) steps and other areas that are only used when boarding or alighting; f) areas where the height is less than 1 850 mm; g) toilets, sleeping berths, washing areas or similar facilities; h) luggage areas. From service experience, the vehicle specification may require: — a smaller depth allowance for feet; — a lower height for standing areas. 7 Payloads 7.1 General The number of seated passengers shall be equal to the number of normal seats. For the determination of vehicle reference masses, the floor loading for wheelchair spaces shall be calculated on the assumption that the area is occupied by standing passengers as defined in 7.2 and 7.3. For the determination of payloads, overhead luggage racks shall be assumed to be unloaded. NOTE 1 The mass of luggage at overhead racks is accounted for in the mass of passengers or as payload in luggage areas. The centre of gravity of a reference mass or payload can be required for use with an application standard. For some types of application, where the results can be sensitive to the positions of the masses that make up the total payload or mass condition (for example gauging or overturning calculations), the application standard should specify the method for determining the centre of gravity that is to be applied.
SIST EN 15663:2017+A1:2019
EN 15663:2017+A1:2018 (E) 14 If existing application standards do not directly give requirements for determining centre of gravity heights, but there are established methods in use, this existing practice may be followed. For general purposes, where there are no requirements in application standards, the following assumptions for determining the centre of gravity for passenger loading may be assumed: — seated passengers: individual centre of gravity 200 mm above the seat base with passenger masses distributed according to the seat layout; — standing passengers: individual centre of gravity 500 mm above floor level with passenger masses equally distributed on the standing areas. NOTE 2 Calculations and validations by measurement have shown that, in quasi-static and dynamic situations, there is limited coupling of passengers to the vehicle body due to the articulation between their body segments and due to passengers’ balance and therefore the apparent centre of gravity heights are lower. For practical tests, the passenger mass is typically simulated using ballast weights placed on the seats or directly on the floor. If it is necessary to make corrections for the effect of this simplification, the correction method should be specified by the related application standard. In consideration of the climatic conditions and operating environment where it is intended to use a vehicle, it can be necessary to include additional loads (for example snow and ice build-up on running gear and underframes or rainwater absorbed by wooden freight wagon floors) to the reference masses. These environmental loads are described in CEN/TR 16251 [12]. Any environmental loads to be accounted for shall form part of the vehicle specification. The payloads for the different vehicle categories are given in 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4. 7.2 Payloads for M-I (high speed and long distance units) Table 7 sets out how the p
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