SIST EN 16144:2012
(Main)Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method
This document specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel into compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement.
This standard is applicable to diesel fuels, including those containing FAME. The method is also applicable to middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, although users applying this standard are warned that the relationship between ignition characteristics and engine performance in unconventional fuels is not yet fully understood. The standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,9 ms to 5,0 ms (60 DCN to 35 DCN).
NOTE : For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression '% (V/V)' is used to represent the volume fraction and '% (m/m)' the mass fraction.
WARNING - The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens
Dies Dokument legt ein Prüfverfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Zündverzugs von Mitteldestillat-kraftstoffen, die in Dieselmotoren eingesetzt werden, fest. Das Verfahren benutzt eine Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens, die für Selbstzündungsbetrieb mit direkter Kraftstoffeinspritzung in komprimierte Luft konstruiert wurde, wobei Druck und Temperatur vorgeschrieben sind und kontrolliert werden. Eine Gleichung wird angegeben, mit deren Hilfe die abgeleitete Cetanzahl (ACZ) aus dem gemessenen Zündverzug berechnet wird.
Diese Norm gilt für Dieselkraftstoffe einschließlich solcher, die FAME enthalten. Sie kann auch für nicht mineralölstämmige Mitteldestillatkraftstoffe verwendet werden, jedoch werden Anwender dieser Norm gewarnt, dass die Beziehung zwischen Zündverhalten und Motorleistung bei unkonventionellen Kraftstoffen noch nicht völlig verstanden wird. Diese Norm umfasst einen Zündverzugsbereich von 2,9 ms bis 5,0 ms (60 ACZ bis 35 ACZ).
ANMERKUNG Für die Zwecke dieses Dokuments wird zur Angabe des Massenanteils einer Substanz der Ausdruck „% (m/m)“ und für den Volumenanteil einer Substanz der Ausdruck „% (V/V)“ verwendet.
WARNUNG — Die Anwendung dieser Europäischen Norm kann den Einsatz gefährlicher Stoffe, Arbeitsgänge und Geräte mit sich bringen. Diese Norm gibt nicht vor, alle mit ihrer Anwendung verbundenen Sicherheitsprobleme anzusprechen. Der Anwender dieser Norm ist dafür verantwortlich, vorher angemessene Maßnahmen zu ergreifen und die Anwendbarkeit einschränkenden Vorschriften zu ermitteln.
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination due délai d'inflammation et de l'indiceI'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillatsmoyens - Méthode avec periode d'injection avec une range fixé et combustion dans une chambre à volume constant
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme européenne prescrit une méthode d’essai permettant de déterminer quantitativement le délai d’inflammation des distillats moyens utilisés dans les moteurs à allumage par compression. Cette méthode requiert l’utilisation d’une chambre de combustion à volume constant conçue pour un allumage par compression et spécifie une injection directe du carburant dans de l’air comprimé dont la pression et la température sont spécifiquement régulées. Une équation permet de calculer l’indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) à partir du mesurage du délai d’inflammation.
La présente méthode s’applique aux carburants diesel, y compris à ceux qui contiennent des EMAG. Elle s’applique aussi aux distillats moyens d’origine non pétrolière, cependant les utilisateurs de la présente norme sont informés que la relation entre les caractéristiques d’inflammation et la performance du moteur pour les carburants non conventionnels n’est pas encore totalement comprise. La norme couvre un délai d’inflammation compris entre 2,9 ms et 5,0 ms (60 ICD à 35 ICD).
NOTE Pour les besoins de la présente Norme européenne, les expressions «% (m/m)» et «% (V/V)» représentent respectivement les fractions massiques (ω) et volumiques (φ).
ATTENTION — L'utilisation de la présente Norme européenne peut impliquer l'intervention de produits, d'opérations et d'équipements à caractère dangereux. La présente norme européenne n'est pas censée aborder tous les problèmes de sécurité concernés par son usage. Il est de la responsabilité de l'utilisateur de consulter et d'établir des règles de sécurité et d'hygiène appropriées et de déterminer l'applicabilité des restrictions réglementaires avant utilisation.
Tekoči naftni proizvodi - Ugotavljanje zakasnitve vžiga in izpeljanega cetanskega števila (DCN) v srednje destilatnih gorivih - Fiksno območje injekcijskega časa, metoda konstantne prostornine
Ta evropski standard določa preskusno metodo za kvantitativno ugotavljanje zakasnitve vžiga v srednje destilatnih gorivih, namenjenih za uporabo v motorjih s kompresijskim vžigom. Pri tej metodi se uporablja zgorevalna komora s konstantno prostornino, ki deluje na kompresijski vžig, z neposrednim vbrizgavanjem goriva v stisnjen zrak, pri čemer se nadzirata tlak in temperatura zraka. Navedena je enačba za izračun izpeljanega cetanskega števila (DCN) na podlagi merjenja zakasnitve vžiga. Ta metoda se uporablja za dizelska goriva, vključno z gorivi, ki vsebujejo metilne estre maščobnih kislin (FAME). Metoda se uporablja tudi za srednje destilatna goriva nenaftnega izvora, čeprav so uporabniki tega standarda opozorjeni, da povezava med lastnostmi vžiga in zmogljivostjo motorja pri nekonvencionalnih gorivih še ni v celoti pojasnjena. Standard zajema obseg zamika vžiga od 2,9 do 5,0 ms (od 60 do 35 DCN).
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten VolumensProduits pétroliers liquides - Détermination due délai d'inflammation et de l'indiceI'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillatsmoyens - Méthode avec periode d'injection avec une range fixé et combustion dans une chambre à volume constantLiquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method75.160.20Liquid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16144:2012SIST EN 16144:2012en,de01-maj-2012SIST EN 16144:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 16144:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16144
March 2012 ICS 75.160.20 English Version
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination du délai d'inflammation et de l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillats moyens - Méthode avec période d'injection fixe et chambre de combustion à volume constant
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 January 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16144:2012: ESIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .54Principle .65Reagents and materials .66Apparatus .77Sampling .98Apparatus assembly and installation .99Preparation of apparatus .99.1System start-up and warm-up .99.2Standard operating conditions . 109.3Standard test conditions . 1010Calibration, verification and quality control . 1110.1General . 1110.2Calibration . 1110.3Apparatus verification . 1110.4Quality control (QC) . 1211Test procedure . 1212Calculation . 1313Expression of results . 1314Precision . 1414.1General . 1414.2Repeatability . 1414.3Reproducibility . 1515Test report . 15Annex A (normative)
Combustion analyzer description . 16Annex B (normative)
Operational details in support to the standard test procedure . 18Bibliography . 21 SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 16144:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 4 Introduction This document is derived from joint standardization work in the Energy Institute and ASTM International. It is based on IP 567/09 [1] published by the Energy Institute and technically equivalent with ASTM D7170 [2]. The described method is an alternative quantitative determination of the cetane number of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. Correlation studies between this method and EN ISO 5165:1998 [3] have been done and the results of this are incorporated in this European Standard. The basis of this method is the derived cetane number correlation equation as given in Clause 12. The ongoing validation of the equation is monitored and evaluated through the existing monthly American and European fuel exchange programs. The validation data will be reviewed by CEN/TC 19 with a frequency of at least every two years. As a result of the review, CEN/TC 19 may make the decision to, if necessary, modify the existing equation/correlation or develop a new one. As part of this review, the sample types will be examined, and if certain types are underrepresented, further steps may be taken to evaluate how they perform. For the moment the basics of one type of apparatus are described. Once more correlation data on different types of derived cetane number testing equipment is available, CEN/TC 19 will consider revising this European Standard. SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel into compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement. This method is applicable to diesel fuels, including those containing FAME. The method is also applicable to middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, although users applying this standard are warned that the relationship between ignition characteristics and engine performance in unconventional fuels is not yet fully understood. The standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,9 ms to 5,0 ms (60 DCN to 35 DCN). NOTE For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction (3), and “% (m/m)” the mass fraction (). WARNING — The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling (ISO 3170) EN ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling (ISO 3171) EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods (ISO 3696) ISO 1998-2, Petroleum industry — Terminology — Part 2: Properties and tests ISO 4010, Diesel engines — Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type DIN 73372, Fuel injection nozzles, size T and U 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1998-2 and the following apply. 3.1 cetane number CN measure of the ignition performance of a fuel in a standardized engine test on a scale defined by reference fuels Note 1 to entry: It is expressed as the percentage by volume of hexadecane (cetane) in a reference blend having the same ignition delay as the fuel for analysis. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay. Note 2 to entry: ISO 1998-2 expresses it as "number on a conventional scale, indicating the ignition quality of a diesel fuel under standardized conditions", but for this document the definition as given is chosen. SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 6 3.2 ignition delay ID period of time, in milliseconds, between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion Note 1 to entry: In the context of this standard, this period is determined by movement and pressure sensors in the instrument.
3.3 derived cetane number DCN calculated value using an equation that correlates a combustion analyser ignition delay result to the cetane number 3.4 accepted reference value ARV value agreed upon as a reference for comparison Note 1 to entry: The value is derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based in scientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. 3.5 quality control sample stable and homogenous material(s) similar in nature to the materials under test, properly stored to ensure integrity, and available in sufficient quantity for repeated long-term testing 3.6 calibration reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to calibrate the performance of the combustion analyzer 3.7 verification reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to verify the performance of the combustion analyzer 4 Principle A test portion of the material under test is injected into a heated temperature-controlled constant volume combustion chamber which has previously been charged with compressed air. Sensors detect the start of injection and the start of combustion for each single-shot cycle. A complete test sequence consists of two preliminary combustion cycles to ensure apparatus equilibrium and 25 subsequent test cycles to obtain ignition delay values. The average ignition delay (ID) of these 25 cycles is inserted into an equation to obtain the derived cetane number (DCN). The DCN obtained by this procedure is an estimate of the cetane number (CN) obtained from the conventional large-scale engine test EN ISO 5165 [3]. 5 Reagents and materials 5.1 Water, unless otherwise specified, meeting the requirements of grade 3 of EN ISO 3696. 5.2 Coolant system fluid, 50:50 volumetric mixture of commercial grade ethylene glycol-type radiator antifreeze with water (5.1). NOTE This mixture meets the boiling point requirements and gives adequate protection of the coolant system against corrosion and mineral scale that can alter heat transfer and rating results. See the manufacturer’s manual for the correct ethylene glycol-type antifreeze quality.
SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 7 5.3 Calibration reference fluid, heptane of a purity of minimum 99,5 % (m/m) to be used as the designated 3,15 ms accepted ignition delay reference value material.
NOTE If the initial purity is not known and during a long-time stored reference fluid, it is advised to check the purity in accordance with IP 537 [4]. 5.4 Verification reference fluid, methylcyclo-hexane of a purity of minimum 99,0 % (m/m) to be used as the designated 10,1 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material.
NOTE 1 If the initial purity is not known and during a long-time stored reference fluid, it is advised to check the purity in accordance with IP 537 [4]. NOTE 2 Experience has found some MCH meeting the purity specification but not meeting the Ignition Delay requirements (typically 1 ms to 1,5 ms shorter). It is recommended that new material be qualified prior to use. 5.5 Quality control sample, stable and homogenous material(s), similar in nature to the materials under test (see 3.5) 5.6 Charge air, of oxygen content 20,9 % (V/V) ± 1,0 % (V/V), containing less than 0,5 µg/g carbon monoxide, less than 1,0 µg/g carbon dioxide, less than 5 µg/g water, less than 0,1 µg/g oxides of nitrogen, less than 0,1 µg/g sulfur dioxide, and containing less than 0,1 µg/g total hydrocarbons. NOTE This grade air is typically referred to as Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) grade air. 6 Apparatus 6.1. Combustion analyzer 6.1.1. General The apparatus is described in more detail in Annex A. For the installation and set-up procedures, and for detailed system description, refer to the manufacturer’s manual. The standard system consists of a heated combustion chamber (6.1.2) with fluid cooling of designated areas, external chamber inlet and exhaust valves and associated piping, a pneumatically-driven fuel injection pump, a fuel delivery system, a recirculating coolant system, solenoids, sensors, controls and connection fittings for the compressed gas utilities. Figure 1 gives a schematic outline of the analyser. 6.1.2 Combustion chamber, a steel combustion chamber of capacity 0,60 l ± 0,03 l. Annex A gives further details. 6.2 Filter medium, Type I, Class A filter paper (see ASTM E832 [5]) or nominal pore size 3 µm to 5 µm filter media of glass fibre, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) or nylon, of a size appropriate to the apparatus being used for sample filtration (see 7.5). SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 8
Key Digital signals Analogue signals V1: actuator air valve P1: chamber static pressure sensor
V2: sample fuel reservoir valve P2: chamber dynamic pressure sensor V3: sample wave flush valve T1: fuel injection pump temperature
V4: charge air valve T2: injection nozzle cooling jacket temperature
V5: exhaust valve T3: coolant reservoir temperature (manual adjustment) P0: injector actuator air pressure switch gauge (manual) T4: chamber inner wall temperature
3: injector nozzle motion sensor T5: chamber charge air temperature
10: control power to chamber heating T6: chamber pressure sensor temperature
Mechanical system 1. pneumatic air supply 12. charge air supply 2. fuel sample reservoir 13. safety valve 3. nozzle motion sensor 14. exhaust ventilation 4. actuator
15. filter 5. fuel pump
16. electronic card data acquisition and control 6. nozzle cooling jacket
L1. charge air line 7. sample waste flush valve
L2. exhaust 8. circulator coolant system L3. fuel injector pressure line 9. sample waste drain L4. fuel supply/flush line 10. electrical heater elements L5. pneumatic lines 11. heat shield L6. coolant water Figure 1 — Schematic overview of combustion analyser SIST EN 16144:2012
EN 16144:2012 (E) 9 7 Sampling 7.1 Unless otherwise specified, obtain samples in accordance with the procedures given in EN ISO 3170 or EN ISO 3171. 7.2 Collect and store samples in an opaque container to minimize exposure to UV emissions that can induce chemical reactions, which may affect ignition delay measurements. If the sample is not to be analyzed within 24 h, retain in a dark, cool/cold environment, and preferably under an inert gas. NOTE 1 Exposure of petroleum fuels to UV wavelengths of less than 550 nm for even a short period of time has been shown to affect ignition delay [6]. NOTE 2 The formation of peroxides and radicals, which affect the ignition delay, is minimized when the sample is stored in the dark, under a nitrogen blanket and in a cold (below 10 °C) environment.
7.3 Bring the laboratory sample to 18 °C to 32 °C before testing. 7.4 Inspect the sample for wax precipitation. If precipitants are present, bring the test sample to a temperature of at least 14 °C above the expected cloud point of the material being tested, taking care not to lose any lower boiling range components. Agitate the sample to return precipitants back in to the solution, ensuring the sample is homogeneous before proceeding. 7.5
Sample may be filtered through a Type I, Class A filter at room temperature and pressure before testing (see ASTM E832 [5]), or through a nominal (3 to 5) µm porosity filter element using a syringe, to prepare a test portion of at least 220 ml. Immediately collect the filtered test portion in an opaque container. WARNING — If a glass syringe is used to filter the sample, ensure that the filter capsule is correctly located on the syringe fitting. Do not apply excessive force to the plunger as this could result in the glass syringe shattering. It is recommended that protective gloves are worn during the filtering operation. 8 Apparatus assembly and installation The apparatus requires placement on a level floor with facilities for the hook-up of all utilities and engineering and technical support. The user shall ensure compliance with all local and national regulations and codes. The apparatus assembly and installation are described in more detail in Annex A, respectively Annex B. 9 Preparation of apparatus 9.1 System start-up and warm-up 9.1.1 For more details refer to the manufacturer’s manual. 9.1.2 Switch on power to the combustion analyzer, the external cooling bath and the computer. 9.1.3 Warm up the system. 9.1.4 Set the injection actuator air pressure (P0) to 0,75 MPa ± 0,0
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Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number
(DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume
combustion chamber method
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten
Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in
einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination due délai d'inflammation et de l'indiceI'indice
de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillatsmoyens - Méthode avec periode d'injection avec une
range fixé et combustion dans une chambre à volume constant
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 16144
ICS:
75.160.20 7HNRþDJRULYD Liquid fuels
oSIST prEN 16144:2010 en,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN 16144:2010
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oSIST prEN 16144:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN 16144
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2010
ICS 75.160.20
English Version
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and
derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed
range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber
method
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination due délai Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des
d'inflammation et de l'indiceI'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von
des distillatsmoyens - Méthode avec periode d'injection Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen
avec une range fixé et combustion dans une chambre à Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten
volume constant Volumens
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 16144:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN 16144:2010
prEN 16144:2010
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Principle .6
5 Reagents and materials .6
6 Apparatus .7
6.1 Combustion analyzer .7
6.2 Filter medium .7
7 Sampling .7
8 Apparatus assembly and installation .9
9 Preparation of apparatus .9
9.1 System start-up and warm-up .9
9.2 Standard operating conditions .9
9.3 Standard test conditions . 10
10 Calibration, verification and quality control . 10
10.1 General . 10
10.2 Calibration . 10
10.3 Apparatus verification . 11
10.4 Quality control (QC) . 11
11 Test procedure . 11
12 Calculation . 13
13 Expression of results . 13
14 Precision . 13
14.1 General . 13
14.2 Repeatability . 13
14.3 Reproducibility . 13
15 Test report . 14
Annex A (normative) Combustion analyzer description . 15
Annex B (normative) Operational details in support to the standard test procedure . 17
Bibliography . 20
2
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oSIST prEN 16144:2010
prEN 16144:2010
Foreword
This document (prEN 16144:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and
liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of
which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
3
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oSIST prEN 16144:2010
prEN 16144:2010
Introduction
This document is derived from joint standardization work in the Energy Institute and ASTM International. It is
based on IP 567/09 [1] published by the Energy Institute and technically equivalent with ASTM D7170 [2].
The described method is an alternative quantitative determination of the cetane number of middle distillate
fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. Correlation studies between this method and
EN ISO 5165:1998 [3] have been done and the results of this are incorporated in this European Standard.
The basis of this method is the derived cetane number correlation equation as given in Clause 12. The
ongoing validation of the equation is monitored and evaluated through the existing monthly American and
European fuel exchange programs. The validation data will be reviewed by CEN/TC 19 with a frequency of at
least every two years. As a result of the review, CEN/TC 19 may make the decision to, if necessary, modify
the existing equation/correlation or develop a new one. As part of this review, the sample types will be
examined, and if certain types are underrepresented, further steps may be taken to evaluate how they
perform.
1
For the moment the basics of one type of apparatus are described . Once more correlation data on different
types of derived cetane number testing equipment is available, CEN/TC 19 will consider revising this
European Standard.
1
The injection pump in the currently described apparatus is covered by a patent.
4
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oSIST prEN 16144:2010
prEN 16144:2010
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle distillate
fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume combustion
chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel into
compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to calculate
the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement.
This standard is applicable to diesel fuels, including those containing FAME. The method is also applicable to
middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, although users applying this standard are warned that the
relationship between ignition characteristics and engine performance in unconventional fuels is not yet fully
understood. The standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,9 ms to 5,0 ms (60 DCN to 35 DCN).
NOTE For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction
and “% (m/m)” the mass fraction.
WARNING — The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling (ISO 3170:2004)
EN ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling (ISO 3171:1988)
EN ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use - Specification and test methods (ISO 3696:1987)
ISO 1998-2, Petroleum industry – Terminology - Part 2: Properties and tests
ISO 4010, Diesel engines — Calibrating nozzle, delay pintle type
DIN 73372, Fuel injection nozzles, size T and U
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1998-2 and the following apply.
3.1
cetane number
CN
measure of the ignition performance of a fuel in a standardized engine test on a scale defined by reference
fuels
NOTE 1 It is expressed as the percentage by volume of hexadecane (cetane) in a reference blend having the same
ignition delay as the fuel for analysis. The higher the cetane number, the shorter the ignition delay.
NOTE 2 ISO 1998-2 expresses it as "number on a conventional scale, indicating the ignition quality of a diesel fuel
under standardized conditions", but for this document the definition as given is chosen.
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3.2
ignition delay
ID
period of time, in milliseconds, between the start of fuel injection and the start of combustion
NOTE In the context of this standard, this period is determined by movement and pressure sensors in the instrument.
3.3
derived cetane number
DCN
calculated value using an equation that correlates a combustion analyser ignition delay result to the cetane
number
3.4
accepted reference value
ARV
value agreed upon as a reference for comparison
NOTE The value may be that derived from scientific principles assigned by an accredited organization, or a
consensus value based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group.
3.5
quality control sample
stable and homogenous material(s) similar in nature to the materials under test, properly stored to ensure
integrity, and available in sufficient quantity for repeated long-term testing
3.6
calibration reference fluid
stable and homogenous fluid used to calibrate the performance of the combustion analyzer
3.7
verification reference fluid
stable and homogenous fluid used to verify the performance of the combustion analyzer
4 Principle
A test portion of the material under test is injected into a heated temperature-controlled constant volume
combustion chamber which has previously been charged with compressed air. Sensors detect the start of
injection and the start of combustion for each single-shot cycle. A complete test sequence consists of two
preliminary combustion cycles to ensure apparatus equilibrium and 25 subsequent test cycles to obtain
ignition delay values. The average ignition delay (ID) of these 25 cycles is inserted into an equation to obtain
the derived cetane number (DCN). The DCN obtained by this procedure is an estimate of the cetane number
(CN) obtained from the conventional large-scale engine test EN ISO 5165 [3].
5 Reagents and materials
5.1 Water, unless otherwise specified, meeting the requirements of grade 3 of EN ISO 3696.
5.2 Coolant system fluid, 50:50 volumetric mixture of commercial grade ethylene glycol-type radiator
antifreeze with water (5.1).
NOTE This mixture meets the boiling point requirements and gives adequate protection of the coolant system against
corrosion and mineral scale that can alter heat transfer and rating results. See the manufacturer’s manual for the correct
ethylene glycol-type antifreeze quality.
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5.3 Calibration reference fluid, heptane of a purity of minimum 99,5 % (m/m) to be used as the
designated 3,15 ms accepted ignition delay reference value material. If the initial purity is not known and
during a long-time stored reference fluid, it is advised to check the purity in accordance with IP 537 [4].
5.4 Verification reference fluid, methylcyclo-hexane of a purity of minimum 99,0 % (m/m) to be used as
the designated 10,1 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material. If the initial purity is not known and
during a long-time stored reference fluid, it is advised to check the purity in accordance with IP 537 [4].
NOTE Experience has found some MCH meeting the purity specification but not meeting the Ignition Delay
requirements (typically 1 to 1,5 ms shorter). It is recommended that new material be qualified prior to use.
5.5 Quality control sample, stable and homogenous material(s), similar in nature to the materials under
test (see 3.5)
5.6 Charge air, of oxygen content 20,9 % (V/V) ± 1,0 % (V/V), containing less than 0,5 ppm carbon
monoxide, less than 1,0 ppm carbon dioxide, less than 5 ppm water, less than 0,1 ppm oxides of nitrogen,
less than 0,1 ppm sulfur dioxide, and containing less than 0,1 ppm total hydrocarbons.
6 Apparatus
6.1 Combustion analyzer
6.1.1 General
The apparatus is described in more detail in Annex A. For the installation and set-up procedures, and for
detailed system description, refer to the manufacturer’s manual.
The standard system consists of a heated combustion chamber (6.1.2) with fluid cooling of designated areas,
external chamber inlet and exhaust valves and associated piping, a pneumatically-driven fuel injection pump,
a fuel delivery system, a recirculating coolant system, solenoids, sensors, controls and connection fittings for
the compressed gas utilities. Figure 1 gives a schematic outline of the analyser.
6.1.2 Combustion chamber, a steel combustion chamber of capacity 0,60 l ± 0,03 l. Annex A gives
further details.
6.2 Filter medium, Type I, Class A filter paper (see ASTM E832 [5]) or nominal pore size 3 µm to 5 µm
filter media of glass fibre, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) or nylon, of a size appropriate to the apparatus being
used for sample filtration (see 7.5).
7 Sampling
7.1 Unless otherwise specified, obtain samples in accordance with the procedures given in EN ISO 3170 or
EN ISO 3171.
7.2 Collect and store samples in an opaque container to minimize exposure to UV emissions that can
induce chemical reactions, which may affect ignition delay measurements. If the sample is not to be analyzed
within 24 h, retain in a dark, cool/cold environment, and preferably under an inert gas.
NOTE 1 Exposure of petroleum fuels to UV wavelengths of less than 550 nm for even a short period of time has been
shown to affect ignition delay [6].
NOTE 2 The formation of peroxides and radicals, which affect the ignition delay, is minimized when the sample is
stored in the dark, under a nitrogen blanket and in a cold (below 10 °C) environment.
7.3 Bring the laboratory sample to 18 °C to 32 °C before testing.
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Key
Digital signals Analogue signals
V1: actuator air valve P0: chamber static pressure sensor
P1: chamber dynamic pressure sensor
V2: sample fuel reservoir valve
V3: sample wave flush valve T1: chamber charge air temperature
V4: change air valve T2: chamber inner wall temperature
V5: exhaust valve T3: chamber pressure sensor temperature
E1: control power to chamber heating T4: fuel injection pump temperature
N1: injector nozzle motion sensor T5: injection nozzle cooling jacket temperature
P2: injector actuator air pressure switch gauge (manual) T6: coolant reservoir temperature (manual adjustment)
: charge air line : pneumatic lines
: exhaust : coolant water
: fuel supply/flush line : fuel injector pressure line
Mechanical system
1. pneumatic air supply 10. heat shield
2. fuel sample reservoir 11. charge air supply
3. nozzle motion sensor
12. safety valve
4. sample waste flush valve 13. exhaust ventilation
5. actuator 14. filter
6. fuel pump 15. electronic card data acquisition and control
7. nozzle cooling jacket 16. computer control
8. circulator coolant system 17. electrical heater elements
9. sample waste drain
Figure 1 — Schematic overview of combustion analyser
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7.4 Inspect the sample for wax precipitation. If precipitants are present, bring the test sample to a
temperature of at least 14 °C above the expected cloud point of the material being tested, taking care not to
lose any lower boiling range components. Agitate the sample to return precipitants back in to the solution,
ensuring the sample is homogeneous before proceeding.
7.5 Sample may be filtered through a Type I, Class A filter at room temperature and pressure before testing
(see ASTM E832 [5]), or through a nominal (3 to 5) µm porosity filter element using a syringe, to prepare a
test portion of at least 220 ml. Immediately collect the filtered test portion in an opaque container.
WARNING — If a glass syringe is used to filter the sample, ensure that the filter capsule is correctly
located on the syringe fitting. Do not apply excessive force to the plunger as this could result in the
glass syringe shattering. It is recommended that protective gloves are worn during the filtering
operation.
8 Apparatus assembly and installation
The apparatus requires placement on a level floor with facilities for the hook-up of all utilities and engineering
and technical support. The user shall ensure compliance with all local and national regulations and codes. The
apparatus assembly and installation are described in more detail in Annex A and Annex B.
9 Preparation of apparatus
9.1 System start-up and warm-up
9.1.1 For more details refer to the manufacturer’s manual.
9.1.2 Switch on power to the combustion analyzer, the external cooling bath and the computer.
9.1.3 Warm up the system.
9.1.4 Set the injection actuator air pressure (P2) to 0,75 MPa ± 0,05 MPa.
9.1.5 Set the coolant reservoir temperature (T6) to achieve an injector coolant passage temperature (T5)
of 32 °C ± 0,5 °C. T5 is determined and recorded by the computer. A temperature outside the range given
during a 25 combustion cycle measurement indicates a possible malfunctioning of the cooling system.
9.2 Standard operating conditions
9.2.1 Set the fuel injection pump temperature (T4) to 35 °C ± 2 °C.
9.2.2 Chamber static pressure (P0): the average of 25 combustion cycles for chamber static pressure is
required to be within 2,40 MPa ± 0,02 MPa.
9.2.3 Check the sealing of the combustion chamber by measuring the pressure drop during a charge test
in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual. Follow the diagnostic procedures given in the manual when
the pressure drop is higher than specified.
NOTE A high-pressure drop indicates unsatisfactory sealing of the combustion chamber.
9.2.4 Set the chamber charge air temperature (T1) at 510 °C ± 50 °C.
9.2.5 The chamber inner wall temperature (T2) is initially set by the manufacturer, the surface temperature
set-point is monitored and controlled by the computer. Operator adjustment of the controller set-point is
required in accordance with the calibration procedure.
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The difference in temperature (T2 – T2 ) as determined and recorded by the computer, shall be less than
max min
2,5 °C during a 25 combustion cycle measurement determination.
9.2.6 To ensure proper heat distribution and guard against malfunctioning of the heater element, the
temperature difference (T2 – T1) shall be within the tolerances, as given in the instruction manual for each of
the 25 combustion cycles. The difference (T2 – T1) is automatically monitored by the computer.
9.2.7 Injector nozzle coolant passage temperature (T5): 30 °C ± 0,5 °C. T5 is determined and recorded by
the computer. A temperature outside the range given during a 25 combustion cycle measurement indicates a
possible malfunctioning of the cooling system. Follow diagnostic procedures given in the manufacturer’s
manual when the specified temperature and tolerances are not met.
9.2.8 Injection period (IP)
9.2.8.1 The average injection period over 25 combustion cycles: 5,00 ms ± 0,25 ms.
9.2.8.2 The individual injection period for each of the 25 combustion cycles: 5,00 ms ± 1,00 ms.
9.2.8.3 Each individual injection period and the updated average is continuously monitored and recorded by
the computer. If necessary, to comply with these requirements, the rack setting on the fuel pump shall be
adjusted manually (see 11.6).
NOTE The calibration of the combustion analyser is not affected when the fuel pump rack is adjusted.
9.2.9 Injection actuator air pressure (P2): 0,75 MPa ± 0,05 MPa.
9.3 Standard test conditions
NOTE Standard test conditions are reached after 2 (preliminary) combustion cycles. Only the test conditions during
the next 25 (measurement) combustion cycles are recorded and considered.
9.3.1 Run a sample in accordance with the procedures given in Clause 11.
9.3.2 If all the conditions described in 9.1 and 9.2 are met, the combustion analyser is ready to be used
and/or calibrated and verificated. When one or more conditions are not met, follow the diagnostic procedures
in the manufacturer’s manual to identify and remedy the problem.
10 Calibration, verification and quality control
10.1 General
Calibrate and verify the apparatus at regular intervals not exceeding one month, and at any time that the
verification or quality control checks are outside the tolerance limits.
10.2 Calibration
10.2.1 Perform three consecutive ignition delay (ID) determinations of the heptane calibration reference fluid
(5.3) in accordance with the procedure given in Clause 11.
10.2.1.1 The average of three acceptable ID results is required to be within 3,15 ms ± 0,02 ms.
10.2.1.2 If the average ID is outside these limits, the combustion chamber inner surface temperature controller
set- point requires adjustment to cause a change in the combustion chamber charge air temperature.
NOTE ID increases when the combustion chamber inner surface temperature decreases and vice versa.
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10.2.2 If the temperature controller set-point adjustment from the previous setting exceeds ± 4 °C, a system
malfunction is suspected and the manufacturer’s procedures to diagnose and remedy the problem shall be
followed.
NOTE After a change of charge air cylinders, a temperature controller set-point adjustment beyond 4 °C can
accommodate the extreme limits of the (20,9 ± 1,0) % (V/V) oxygen in the blend.
10.2.3 After a temperature controller set-point adjustment wait at least 10 min before initiating a new
calibration to allow the combustion analyser to attain thermal equilibrium.
NOTE Adequate temperature stability is determined and automatically controlled by the computer.
10.2.4 To be an acceptable data set, each single result is required to be within 3,15 ms ± 0,04 ms.
10.2.5 If any of the three results is outside these limits, a system malfunction is suspected and the
manufacturer’s procedures to diagnose and remedy the problem shall be followed before performing a new
calibration.
10.3 Apparatus verification
10.3.1 Verify the correct functioning of the apparatus by performing two consecutive ignition delay
determinations of the methylcyclo-hexane verification reference fluid (5.4), in accordance with the procedure
given in Clause 11.
10.3.2 To be an acceptable data set, each single result is required to be within 10,1 ms ± 0,6 ms and the
average of the two results is required to be within 10,1 ms ± 0,5 ms.
10.3.3 If either of the two single results or the average of the two results are outside the respective limits,
the performance of the system is unacceptable and the manufacturer’s procedures to diagnose and remedy
the problem shall be followed before performing a new calibration.
10.4 Quality control (QC)
10.4.1 Proper quality control procedures shall be in place to ensure continuous satisfactory operation of the
analyser. Quality control samples (5.5) shall be tested at intervals and records of the results shall be kept.
10.4.2 Carry out quality control measurements on one or more quality control samples on a daily basis after
apparatus preparation, and after every adjustment or charge air replacement.
NOTE 1 In continuous use, the recommended QC interval is at least every 10 samples.
NOTE 2 The oxygen content of charge air may vary between batches (cylinders). Significant variation will lead to
changes in ignition delay (higher oxygen content leads to shorter ignition delay).
10.4.3 When quality control results are outside the control limits, carry out corrective action starting with
repeating the calibration (10.2) and verification (10.3) procedures.
11 Test procedure
11.1 Check that the combustion analyser is operating according to the standard operating conditions in 9.2.
11.2 Flush the fuel injection system with the sample as per instructions in B.2.
11.3 Fill a
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