ASTM D1695-07(2012)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of terms, descriptions of terms, nomenclature, and explanations of acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as follows:
Section
Cellulosic Materials and Constituents
3.1
Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose
3.2
Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are
applicable to both Sections 3.1 and 3.2
3.3
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D1695 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Terminology of
Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope alpha pulps—see chemical cellulose.
araban—a pentosan yielding essentially only arabinose on
1.1 This terminology standard contains terms, definition of
hydrolysis.
terms,descriptionsofterms,nomenclature,andexplanationsof
acronyms and symbols specifically associated with standards
arabinogalactan—a polysaccharide consisting of arabinose
under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
and galactose units, like the water-soluble polysaccharide of
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications; Subcommittee
larch.
D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
arabinose—a pentose that occurs as one of the sugar units in
1.2 This terminology is divided into three classes as fol-
some hemicelluloses.
lows:
arabinomethylglucuronoxylan—a hemicellulose containing
Section
Cellulosic Materials and Constituents 3.1 arabinose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, and xylose groups in
Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose 3.2
its structure.
Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts that are
applicable to both Sections 3.1 and 3.2 3.3
beta-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate impu-
rities of moderate chain lengths found in pulps, predomi-
2. Referenced Documents
nately degraded cellulose. (2) Beta-cellulose content, as
2.1 The numerous ASTM Standards to which this standard
measured by TAPPI Method T203 om-93, is the pulp
applies are found in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol
fraction soluble in caustic, which precipitates upon acidifi-
06.03.
cation.
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
carbohydrates not cellulose—the noncellulosic carbohy-
TAPPI Method T203 om-93Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-
drates of a cellulosic material.
Cellulose in Pulp
cellophane pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of
cellophane, and subject to various specifications by the
3. Terminology
manufacturers, including those of purity, moisture content,
3.1 Cellulosic Materials and Constituents
sheet properties, and viscosity.
acetylation pulps—pulpsusedinthemanufactureofcellulose
cellulose—(1) the main solid constituent of woody plants; it
acetate or other esters, and subject to various specifications
occurs widely elsewhere in the vegetable kingdom, and to a
by the manufacturers, including those of purity, moisture
smallextentintheanimalkingdom.(2)chemically,cellulose
content, sheet properties, and viscosity.
is β-1-4 glucan of high degree of polymerization. It is
desirable to apply “cellulose” to this material only and to
alpha-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate the
designate the predominantly cellulosic residue obtained by
pure, relative undegraded cellulose found in pulps. (2)
subjecting woody tissues to various pulping processes as
Alpha-cellulosecontentisoftenmeasuredbyTAPPIMethod
“cellulosic residues,” “cellulosic pulps,” or the like.
T203 om-93 where alpha-cellulose is that portion of the
pulp which does not dissolve under the test conditions.
cellulose I—the crystalline modification of cellulose that
normally occurs in nature.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint cellulose II—the crystalline modification of cellulose that is
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
found in mercerized cellulose, in regenerated cellulose, and
Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives.
in cellulose produced by the hydrolysis of various cellulose
Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
derivatives.
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1695- 07. DOI:
10.1520/D1695-07R12.
cellulose III—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org. by treatment, under certain conditions, with ammonia or
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1695 − 07 (2012)
sometimes by amines. The method of removing the reagent glucuronoxylan—a common designation for the xylose-
determines the modification produced. containing hardwood hemicelluloses. (see also methylglu-
curonoxylan)
cellulose IV—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
by heat treatment of cellulose II. hemicellulose—any of a number of cell-wall polysaccharides
thatareremovablebyextractionwithaqueousalkaliandthat
cellulose X—a crystalline modification of cellulose produced
may be hydrolyzed by boiling with dilute acids to give
by treatment of cellulose with strong hydrochloric acid or
constituent monosaccharide units; any of the noncellulosic
phosphoric acid.
cell-wall polysaccharides.
cellulose, purified cotton—see cotton cellulose, purified.
hexosan—frequently used in contradistinction to pentosan, for
cellulose, purified wood—see wood cellulose, purified.
a polysaccharide consisting mainly of hexose units.
chemical cellulose—a chemically purified cellulosic material
holocellulose—the total polysaccharide fraction of extractive-
that is intended for chemical treatment to produce deriva-
free wood. The method of isolation or of determination
tives.
should always be given.
chemical cotton—chemical cellulose prepared from cotton;
kraft pulp—pulp cooked by the alkaline liquor consisting
generally, but not necessarily, cotton linters.
essentially of a mixture of caustic soda and sodium sulfide.
Themake-upchemicalistraditionallysodiumsulfate,which
chemical pulps—in the paper industry, pulps produced by
is reduced to the sulfide in the chemical recovery process;
chemical processes, as contrasted to those produced by
hence the alternative designation, sulfate pulp.
mechanical processes. (see also chemical wood pulp)
lignin—that part of plant material which is not saccharified by
chemical wood pulp—a term used in the paper industry for
the action of 72% sulfuric acid or 42% hydrochloric acid,
pulps obtained by digestion of wood with solutions of
after the resins, waxes, and tannins have been removed.
various chemicals.
DISCUSSION—This term, which refers to pulp produced and purified
linters—theshortfibrousmaterialadheringtocottonseedafter
by chemical processes, should not be confused with chemical cellulose
the ginning operation.After removal from the seed it is used
which refers to pulp that is to be used in chemical processes.
to a limited extent as a fibrous raw material for special
cotton cellulose, purified—chemical cellulose from cotton
papers.Theprincipaluse,however,isforchemicalcellulose,
fiber or linters. (see also chemical cotton) that is, as the raw material for the manufacture of cellulose
derivatives.
cotton linters—see linters.
mannan—strictly, a polysaccharide composed entirely of
dissolving pulps—see pulps, dissolving.
mannose units, but used conventionally to distinguish the
extractives—compounds occurring in plant materials, but not
hexosan wood hemicelluloses from the pentosans (xylan).
forming part of the structural elements, that are removed
(see also galactoglucomannan and glucomannan)
with neutral solvents such as ether, alcohol, and water.
mannogalactan—see galactomannan.
galactan—a polysaccharide composed essentially of galactose
methylglucuronoxylan—themainhemicelluloseofhardwood
units. (see also arabinogalactan)
pulps; a polysaccharide containing xylose and 4-O-
galactoglucomannan—one of the hemicelluloses of
methylglucuronic acid groups. In the wood it is partially
softwoods, containing three types of sugar units—galactose,
acetylated.
glucose, and mannose.
nitrating pulps—pulps used for the manufacture of cellulose
galactomannan—a polysaccharide containing galactose and
nitrate and subject to various specifications by the
mannoseunits.Galactomannansusuallyhavealongchainof
manufacturers, including those of alpha-cellulose content
mannose units with galactose side chains and are found in
and viscosity.
seed gums (guar, locust bean).
oligosaccharides—polymeric carbohydrates containing rela-
gamma-cellulose—(1) Historically, a term used to indicate
tively few (compared to the polysaccharides) sugar units
impurities of short chain lengths found in pulps, predomi- connectedbyglycosidallinkages.Twotonineunitshasbeen
nately hemicelluloses. (2) Gama-cellulose content, as mea-
suggestedasasuitablerange.Forlongerchainsthepolymers
sured by TAPPI Method T203 om-93, is the pulp fraction cannot be readily separated into individual molecular spe-
soluble in caustic, which remains in solution upon acidifi-
cies.
cation.
pectic substrates—complex polysaccharides containing a
glucan—a macromolecular substance that can be hydrolyzed large proportion of galacturonic acid units.
to give almost exclusively glucose.
pectins—colorless, amorphous, water-soluble polysaccharides
glucomannan—a hemicellulose consisting essentially of glu- occurringinplanttissuesthatyieldpecticacidandmethanol
cose and mannose. on hydrolysis.
D1695 − 07 (2012)
pentosans—one of the groups of amorphous carbohydrates cellulose acetate—in the broad sense, any of several esters of
included under the general term “hemicellulose.” Pentosans cellulose and acetic acid. (see also cellulose triacetate)
yield principally pentoses on acid hydrolysis. The principal
cellulose acetate butyrate—a mixed ester of cellulose con-
pentosan in wood is xylan.
taining both acetate and butyrate groups.
polyuronides—polysaccharides containing uronic acid
cellulose acetate phthalate—a mixed ester of cellulose con-
groups.
taining both acetate and phthalate groups.
pulps, dissolving—chemical cellulose from wood pulp.
cellulose acetate propionate—a mixed ester of cellulose
pulps for chemical conversion—chemical cellulose from containing both acetate and propionate groups.
wood pulp.
cellulose derivative—a substance derived from cellulose by
pulps for manufacture of cellulose derivatives—chemical substitution of one or more of the hydroxyl groups with
cellulose from wood pulp. some other radical. Most derivatives are ethers or esters.
purified cotton cellulose—see cotton cellulose, purified.
cellulose esters—derivativesofcelluloseinwhichoneormore
purified wood cellulose—see wood cellulose, purified. of the hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced acyl groups.
R —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is insoluble in 10%
cellulose ethers—derivatives of cellulose in which one or
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D1696 or its equiva-
moreofthehydroxylhydrogenshavebeenreplacedbyalkyl
lent.
groups.
DISCUSSION—R indicates the pure, relatively undegraded cellulose
content of pulps, and as such may be compared to alpha-cellulose,
cellulose lacquer—a liquid coating composition containing as
although they are determined by different test procedures.
the basic film-forming ingredient a cellulose ester or ether
and plasticizers with or without resins or pigments.
rayon pulps—pulps used in the manufacture of rayon, and
subject to various specifications by the manufacturers, in-
cellulose mixed ester—a cellulose ester containing more than
cluding those of purity, moisture content, sheet properties,
one type of acyl group.
and viscosity.
cellulose nitrate—any of various nitrate esters of cellulose.
S —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 10%
DISCUSSION—Cellulose nitrate is often and erroneously called “nitro-
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D1696, or its equiva-
cellulose.”
lent.
cellulose plastics—plastics based on cellulose compounds,
DISCUSSION—S is considered to contain both hemicellulose and
degraded, short chain length cellulose (see R ). such as esters (cellulose acetate) and ethers (ethylcellulose).
S —the portion of a cellulose pulp that is soluble in 18%
cellulose propionate—any ester of cellulose with propionic
sodium hydroxide using Test Method D1696, or its equiva-
acid.
lent.
cellulose sodium glycolate—see carboxymethyl cellulose.
DISCUSSION—S isconsideredtobemainlyhemicelluloses,andmay
be compared to gamma-cellulose, although they are determined by
cellulose triacetate—that form of cellulose acetate in which
different test procedures.
the degree of substitution approaches 3 sufficiently that the
S –S —an estimate of the portion of degraded cellulose in a
product is not soluble in acetone.
10 18
pulp obtained by subtracting S from S .
18 10
cellulose xanthates—the salts of cellulose xanthic acid.
DISCUSSION—Some workers use S to S as an estimate of the
10 18
Commonly, cellulose xanthate refers to sodium cellulose
hemicellulose content of pulps, and may be compared to gamma-
xanthate, the essential constituent of the viscose solution,
cellulose, although they are determined by different test procedures.
from which viscose rayon is spun.
sulfate pulp—see kraft pulp.
sulfite pulp—wood pulp produced by cooking with a sulfite dope—a composition, usually a cellulose lacquer, for applica-
liquormadebydissolvingsulfurdioxideinanaqueousbase. tion on textiles and leathers. Also a very viscous crude
reaction product, as acetylation dope.
wood cellulose, purified—chemical cellulose from wood.
ethylcellulose—any of several ethyl ethers of cellulose. The
xylan—apentosangivingalmostexclusivelyxyloseonhydro-
one most generally used in industry has sufficient substitu-
lysis.
tion to be soluble in organic solvents.
3.2 Chemical Modifications and Derivatives of Cellulose
hydrocelluloses—water-insoluble products of the hydrolysis
carboxymethylcellulose, CMC—the common name for a
of cellulose with acids. They are molecularly heterogeneous
cellulose ether of glycolic acid. It is usually marketed as a
in the sense that they are composed of molecules varying in
water-soluble sodium salt, more properly called sodium
degree of polymerization. The average degree of polymer-
carboxymethylcellulose. In the early literature, it is some-
ization (DP) and the DPdistribution depend on the nature of
times called cellulose glycolate or cellulose glycolic acid.
the acid treatment and of the original cellulose. The term
may also be applied to any insoluble polysaccharide so
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03. formed and separated as a more or less homogeneous
D1695 − 07 (2012)
fractionfromthemixtureofproducts,butthesingularform“ 3.3 Properties of Cellulose and Associated Concepts
hydrocellulose” sh
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