ISO/TC 172 - Optics and photonics

This document provides guidance for the use of machine vision to objectively assess grades of surface imperfections as defined on a drawing using ISO 10110-7 with equivalent results as those obtained by applying the inspector-based methods described in ISO 14997-1. This document also gives guidelines on how to setup a machine vision device regarding fidelity, repeatability and reproducibility, based on the dark field detection principles of ISO 14997-1.

This document specifies requirements for the transmittance properties of uncut and unmounted finished spectacle lenses, including attenuation of solar radiation. This document is not applicable to — spectacle lenses having specific transmittance or absorption characteristics prescribed for medical reasons, — products to which specific personal protective equipment transmittance standards apply, and — products intended for direct observation of the sun, such as for solar-eclipse viewing. NOTE 1 By reference to ISO 21987 and ISO 14889, this document also applies to lenses mounted in spectacles. NOTE 2 Optical and geometric requirements are given for uncut finished spectacle lenses in ISO 8980‑1 and ISO 8980‑2, and for mounted lenses, in ISO 21987.

This document specifies procedures for the determination of the total scattering by coated and uncoated optical surfaces. Procedures are given for measuring the contributions of the forward scattering or backward scattering to the total scattering of an optical component. This document applies to coated and uncoated optical components with optical surfaces that have a radius of curvature of more than 10 m. Measurement wavelengths covered by this document range from the ultraviolet above 250 nm to the infrared spectral region below 15 µm. For measurements in the deep ultraviolet between 190 nm to 250 nm, specific methods are considered and are described. Generally, optical scattering is considered as neglectable for wavelengths above 15 µm.

This document specifies a method, which is a relatively quick and simple method with minimum equipment, for determining the polarization status and, whenever possible, the degree of polarization of the beam from a continuous wave (cw) laser. It can also be applied to repetitively pulsed lasers, if their electric field vector orientation does not change from pulse to pulse. This document also specifies the method for determining the direction of the electric-field vector oscillation in the case of (completely or partially) linearly polarized laser beams. It is assumed that the laser radiation is quasimonochromatic and sufficiently stable for the purpose of the measurement. This document is applicable to radiation that has uniform polarization over its cross-sectional area. The knowledge of the polarization status can be very important for some applications of lasers with a high divergence angle, for instance when the beam of such a laser shall be coupled with polarization dependent devices (e.g. polarization maintaining fibres). This document is applicable not only for a narrow and almost collimated laser beam but also for highly divergent beams as well as for beams with large apertures.

This document defines terms relating to raw optical glass and related manufacturing processes. The list is not complete and only comprises those terms for which the definition is considered necessary for correct and adequate understanding of the terminology. It is understood that the interpretations given are those corresponding to the practical usage in this field and that they do not necessarily coincide with those used in other fields.

This document specifies field procedures to be adopted when determining and evaluating the precision (repeatability) of rotating lasers and their ancillary equipment when used in building and surveying measurements for levelling tasks. Primarily, these tests are intended to be field verifications of the suitability of a particular instrument for the immediate task at hand and to satisfy the requirements of other standards. They are not proposed as tests for acceptance or performance evaluations that are more comprehensive in nature. This document can be considered as one of the first steps in the process of evaluating the uncertainty of a measurement (more specifically a measurand). The uncertainty of a result of a measurement is dependent on a number of parameters. Therefore this document differentiates between different measures of accuracy and objectives in testing, like repeatability and reproducibility (between-day repeatability), and of course gives a thorough assessment of all possible error sources, as prescribed by ISO/IEC Guide 98‑3 and ISO 17123‑1. These field procedures have been developed specifically for in situ applications without the need for special ancillary equipment and are purposefully designed to minimize atmospheric influences.

This document covers terms, definitions, and a verification procedure to characterize the ability of laser lenses to collimate divergent laser beams and to focus collimated laser to small spot sizes. The aim of this document is to give users reliable information on the applicability of laser lenses in the field of beam forming.

This document specifies the methods relating to the environmental tests of optical instruments including additional assemblies from other fields (e.g. mechanical, chemical, and electronic devices), under equivalent conditions, for their ability to resist the influence of mechanical stress. The purpose of the testing is to investigate to what extent the optical, climatic, mechanical, chemical, and electrical (including electrostatic) performance characteristics of the specimen are affected by mechanical stress.

ISO 9211 describes surface treatments of components and substrates, excluding ophthalmic optics (spectacles), by the application of optical coatings and gives a standard form for their specification. It defines the general characteristics and the test and measurement methods wherever necessary, but it is not intended to define the process method. This document describes specific test methods of abrasion, adhesion and resistance to water for coating environmental durability tests that are identified in ISO 9211‑3 but not described in other normative references. They are typically performed in sequence with other environmental durability tests, an example is shown in ISO 9211‑3:2008, Annex A.

This document specifies a method to determine the refractive index of optical glass with the accuracy within 3 × 10-5 at the wavelength range from 365 nm to 2 400 nm by using the V-block refractometer method. While this document can be used for non-glass materials, the user is informed that only optical glass has been considered in the development of this document, and other materials can have issues, which have not been taken into consideration.

This document is applicable to ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs), a class of surgical invasive medical devices with viscous and/or viscoelastic properties, intended for use during surgery in the anterior segment of the human eye. OVDs are designed to create and maintain space, to protect intraocular tissues and to manipulate tissues during surgery. This document specifies requirements with regard to safety for the intended performance, design attributes, preclinical and clinical evaluation, sterilization, product packaging, product labelling and information supplied by the manufacturer of these devices.

This document, together with ISO 15004-1 and ISO 15004-2, specifies minimum requirements and test methods for hand-held direct ophthalmoscopes designed for directly observing the eye fundus. This document takes precedence over ISO 15004-1 and ISO 15004-2, if differences exist.

This document specifies procedures for the measurement of illumination brightness, temporal stability and uniformity for incident light fluorescence microscopy. The measurement for uniformity is defined in image planes or intermediate image planes only, when these planes are suitable for detection by electronic imaging devices. This document defines how illumination brightness, temporal stability and uniformity are measured, and how this information is provided to the user. NOTE The scope is intentionally limited to electronic imaging devices and (intermediate) image planes. The visual observation by means of eyepieces would require a different measurement procedure and hence result in ambiguities in the description of measurement procedures. Nevertheless, this document will give useful estimates for the uniformity with visual observation as in this case an eyepiece is used to observe an intermediate image plane (which is under the scope of this document).

This document provides a standard method for measuring the relative refractive index to the air of infrared materials used in the infrared spectral range from 0,78 µm to 25 µm. This document excludes methods for measuring the refractive index of birefringent materials and methods for measuring the complex refractive index.

This document defines terms used in the classification of integrated optical elements, integrated optical components and integrated optical devices, which find applications, for example, in the fields of optical communications and sensors.

This document defines basic terms for integrated optical devices, their related optical chips and optical elements which find applications, for example, in the fields of optical communications and sensors. — The coordinate system used in Clause 3 is described in Annex A. — The symbols and units defined in detail in Clause 3 are listed in Annex B.

This document defines the relevant properties for coupling lightwaves into and out of integrated optical chips (IOC) and chips with photonic integrated circuits (PIC). This document mainly focuses on butt coupling via the waveguide endfaces. The definitions provide the basis for specifying the elements to be coupled (e. g. fibres, integrated optical chips) related to coupling properties.

This document specifies minimum requirements on the optical effects and the mechanical, chemical and environmental properties of neutral beam splitter coatings. This document applies to neutral beam splitter coatings for optical applications. Thereby the user is able to rely on defined numerical data while the manufacturer of thin films has the choice for the materials and production method.

This document specifies methods for measuring beam widths (diameter), divergence angles and beam propagation ratios of laser beams. This document is only applicable for stigmatic and simple astigmatic beams. If the type of the beam is unknown, and for general astigmatic beams, ISO 11146‑2 is applicable.

This document specifies methods for measuring beam widths (diameter), divergence angles and beam propagation ratios of laser beams. This document is applicable to general astigmatic beams or unknown types of beams. For stigmatic and simple astigmatic beams, ISO 11146‑1 is applicable. Within this document, the description of laser beams is accomplished by means of the second order moments of the Wigner distribution rather than physical quantities such as beam widths and divergence angles. However, these physical quantities are closely related to the second order moments of the Wigner distribution. In ISO/TR 11146‑3, formulae are given to calculate all relevant physical quantities from the measured second order moments.

This document is applicable to optical and electro-optical devices specified by the manufacturer for use by visually impaired persons as low vision aids. This document specifies requirements and test methods for optical and electro-optical devices specified by the manufacturer for use by visually impaired persons as low vision devices. Implantable low vision devices are excluded.

This document specifies the test methods for the determination of the transmittance of telescopic systems and telescopic observational instruments.

This document specifies measurement procedures for the precise determination of the high reflectance or high transmittance (>99 %) of optical laser components. The methods given in this document are intended to be used for the testing and characterization of high reflectance of both concave and plane mirrors or high transmittance of plane windows used in laser systems and laser-based instruments. The reflectance of convex mirrors or transmittance of positive or negative lenses can also be tested by taking into consideration the radius of curvature of the mirror surface or the focal length of the lens. This document is complementary to ISO 15368 which specifies the measurement procedures for the determination of reflectance and transmittance of optical components with spectrophotometry. ISO 15368 is applicable to the measurements of reflectance and transmittance in the range from 0 % to 100 % with a typical accuracy of ±0,3 %, and is therefore not applicable to the precise measurements of reflectance and transmittance higher than 99,9 %.

This document specifies minimum requirements for instruments and systems that fall into the class of corneal topographers (CTs). It also specifies tests and procedures to verify that a system or instrument complies with this document and thus qualifies as a CT according to this document. It also specifies tests and procedures that allow the verification of capabilities of systems that are beyond the minimum requirements for CTs. This document defines terms that are specific to the characterization of the corneal shape so that they may be standardized throughout the field of vision care. This document is applicable to instruments, systems and methods that are intended to measure the surface shape of the cornea of the human eye. NOTE The measurements can be of the curvature of the surface in local areas, three-dimensional topographical measurements of the surface or other more global parameters used to characterize the surface. This document is not applicable to ophthalmic instruments classified as ophthalmometers.

This document applies to capsule endoscopes used for clinical practice. The document defines relevant terms and gives requirements for them.

This document specifies filter functions of uncoated bulk absorption filters for optical applications excluding ophthalmic optics (spectacles) and gives a standard form for their specification. Additionally, basic definitions and a description of the specification concerning optical bulk absorption filters are given. This document specifies the optical properties of the filters and the test and measurement methods whenever necessary. This document does not specify any material properties (internal quality, homogeneity, etc.) and it does not apply to any production method. This document applies to both the raw material (filter glass, filter plastics, etc.) and the polished component. NOTE 1 Colorimetric parameters for the description of the filter function are specified in e.g. ISO 11664‑1 and ISO 11664‑2. NOTE 2 For filters where the spectral transmission characteristics are achieved by the application of optical coatings, see ISO 9211 series. NOTE 3 In the case of high power applications, further optical effects may occur.

This document provides rules for the measurement of the spectral reflectance of plane surfaces and the spectral transmittance of plane parallel elements using spectrophotometers. This document only applies to measurements of the regular transmittance and the regular reflectance; it does not apply to those of the diffuse transmittance and the diffuse reflectance. This document is applicable to test samples, which are coated or uncoated optical components without optical power.

This document specifies test equipment and test procedures for determination of the following optical characteristics of telescopic sights: — axial parallax; — parallax; — eye relief range, eye relief, critical eye relief; — reticle tracking; — line of sight shift due to zooming; — line of sight shift due to focusing.

This document applies to telescopic sights used on hand-held firearms and airguns and gives terms and definitions for telescopic sights only. The alphabetical indexes of terms that are common for all published parts of ISO 14132 are published in ISO 14132-1. The definitions can be changed, if required, by introducing derivative attributes into them, revealing the meanings of the terms used, showing the objects covered by the scope of the notion being defined. These changes will not affect the scope and contents of this document.

This document applies to general-purpose telescopic sights, used on hand-held firearms and airguns. It contains a classification to the usage of telescopic sights and specifies interfaces, minimum requirements and tolerances to their performances. High-performance telescopic sights are specified in ISO 14135-2.

This document applies to high-performance telescopic sights, used on hand-held firearms and airguns. It contains a classification of the usage of telescopic sights and specifies interfaces, minimum requirements and tolerances to their performances. General-purpose telescopic sights are specified in ISO 14135-1.

This document specifies the test method for the measurement of the axial colour performance which includes axial chromatic aberration and spherical aberration of telescopic systems and observational telescopic instruments.

This document describes procedures for the determination of the angle resolved scattering by optical components such as coated or uncoated optical elements, photonic structures, and materials that can be transparent, translucent, or opaque. It comprises scattering into the scattering sphere around the specimen usually separated into the backward and forward hemispheres. The procedures apply to wavelengths of radiation ranging from 5 nm in the extreme ultraviolet to 15 µm in the infrared spectral ranges.

This document specifies a method of testing the laser-induced ignition and damage of medical beam delivery systems to allow checking of suitable products according to the classification system. NOTE 1 Take care when interpreting these results, since the direct applicability of the results of this test method to the clinical situation has not been fully established. NOTE 2 Users of products tested by this method are cautioned that the laser will be wavelength sensitive and tested at the wavelength for which it is intended to be used. If tested using other wavelengths, the power settings and modes of beam delivery need to be explicitly stated. CAUTION — This test method can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document provides advice on minimizing some of the risks associated with its use but does not purport to address all such risks. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This document applies to rigid endoscopes designed for use in the practice of medicine. Endoscopes having a fibre-optic or opto-electronic imaging system are excluded. It specifies a test method for determining the optical resolution of endoscopes. This document provides a measurement method for characterizing three aspects of the optical resolution of a rigid endoscope. Characteristic A is used to provide a simple measurement of the limiting resolution of the endoscope image. Characteristic B provides a measurement of low spatial frequency resolution and characterizes the sharpness, or contrast, of the endoscope image. Characteristic C provides a measurement of the spatial frequency response of the endoscope image.

This document specifies particular requirements for the biocompatibility evaluation of materials for intraocular lenses (IOLs) including the processing conditions to produce them. These requirements include evaluation of physicochemical properties that are relevant to biocompatibility. It also gives guidance on conducting an ocular implantation test.

This document defines terms for endoscopes and endotherapy devices commonly used in the endoscopic area. This document does not define general medical terms or other general terms. This document does not define terms that should be defined in other ISO 8600 (all parts).

This document specifies terms and definitions to be used in the field of light microscopy and advanced techniques in light microscopy.

This document specifies the design, testing and labelling of trocar sleeves and trocar pins that are universally interchangeable and reusable. It also specifies the design, testing and labelling of endotherapy devices which are inserted through these trocar sleeves and are also universally interchangeable and reuseable. This document specifies the minimum requirements for the production of the products mentioned.

This document specifies the measuring method for the refractive index of optical glasses with the accuracy within 1 × 10−5 used in the spectral range from 365 nm to 2 400 nm. Additional information on how to apply the refractive index in the dispersion and the various dispersion formulae of optical glasses is given in Annex A and Annex B.

This document applies to ocular endotamponades (OE), a group of non-solid surgically invasive medical devices introduced into the vitreous cavity of the eye to flatten and position a detached retina onto the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), or to tamponade the retina. With regard to the safety and efficacy of OE, this document specifies requirements for their intended performance, design attributes, pre-clinical and clinical evaluation, sterilization, product packaging, product labelling and the information supplied by the manufacturer.

This document specifies the most important requirements of telescopic tripods for surveying instruments and the connection between instrument and tripod. The requirements in this document enable instruments and tripods of different manufacturers to be joined to one another, without prejudicing their performance and their usefulness. This document is applicable to tripods which are used for levels, theodolites, tacheometers, GPS equipment, EDM instruments and in combination with targets, reflectors, antennae, etc.

This document specifies a measuring system for spectacle frames and related vocabulary. It is applicable to spectacle frames with fronts that are intended to be symmetrical.

This document specifies fundamental requirements for non-invasive, active and non-active ophthalmic instruments and to devices for enhancing low vision. This document is also applicable to tonometers, but not to other ophthalmic instruments which are used in contact with the globe of the eye. This document is not applicable to operation microscopes, endoscopes and devices intended for laser investigation or laser treatment of the eye.

This document specifies the test method for climate resistance of optical glass and the classification of the optical glass according to the test results.

This document specifies calcium fluoride used in the infrared spectral range from 0,78 µm to 10 µm. The material specified in this document can also transmit light in other spectral domains (ultraviolet and visible).

This document describes laser radiation hazards arising in laser processing machines, as defined in 3.7. It also specifies the safety requirements relating to laser radiation hazards, as well as the information to be supplied by the manufacturers of such equipment (in addition to that prescribed by IEC 60825). Requirements dealing with noise as a hazard from laser processing machines are included in ISO 11553‑3:2013. This document is applicable to machines using laser radiation to process materials. It is not applicable to laser products, or equipment containing such products, which are manufactured solely and expressly for the following applications: — photolithography; — stereolithography; — holography; — medical applications (per IEC 60601-2-22); — data storage.

This document specifies a method of testing telescopes in terms of imaging states aimed at making valid optical transfer function (OTF) measurements. This document includes two annexes (Annex A and B) that provide information on the more recent techniques for measuring optical transfer function and methods of deriving image quality criteria from such measurements.