21.120.40 - Balancing and balancing machines
ICS 21.120.40 Details
Balancing and balancing machines
Auswuchten. Auswuchtmaschinen
Équilibrage et machines d'équilibrage
Uravnotežanje, stroji za uravnotežanje
General Information
This document sets out the requirements for evaluating hard and soft bearing balancing machines that support and rotate: a) rotors with rigid behaviour at balancing speed (as described in ISO21940-11); b) rotors with shaft elastic behaviour and balanced in accordance with low speed balancing procedures (as described in ISO21940-12).
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This document provides a general background to balancing technology, as used in the ISO 21940 series, and directs the reader to the appropriate parts of the series that include vocabulary, balancing procedures and tolerances, balancing machines and machine design for balancing. Individual procedures are not included here as these can be found in the appropriate parts of ISO 21940.
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ISO 16084:2017 specifies requirements and provides calculations for the permissible static and dynamic residual unbalances of rotating single tools and tool systems. It is based on the guideline that unbalance related centrifugal forces induced by the rotational speed do not harm the spindle bearings, as well as prevent unbalance related impairments of machining processes, tool life and work piece quality. NOTE 1 Tools and tool systems covered by ISO 16084:2017 are, for example, those with hollow taper interfaces (HSK) according to ISO 12164-1 and ISO 12164-2, modular taper interface with ball track system according to the ISO 26622 series polygonal taper interface according to the ISO 26623 series, taper 7/24 according to ISO 7388-1, ISO 7388-2, ISO 9270-1 and ISO 9270-2 related to their individual operating speed. Modular tool systems are another important and complex issue of ISO 16084:2017. Calculations and process descriptions for balancing these components and the assembled tool systems are included. ISO 16084:2017 is putting an important focus on the possible clamping dislocations of tool shanks and their effects on the balancing procedure. These dislocations can occur between a tool or a tool system and the machine tool spindle (e.g. with every tool change), as well as within a modular tool system during its assembly. NOTE 2 Unfavourable process or system conditions (e.g. partial resonances of the machine structure generated by particular rotational speeds) or design and machine-related technical conditions (e.g. the projecting length of the axes, narrow space conditions, vibration susceptible devices, clamping devices and tool design) may lead to increased vibration loads and balancing requirements. This is dependent on the individual interaction of the machine and the tool spindle system and cannot be covered by a standard. A deviation from the recommended limit values of ISO 16084:2017 can be required in individual cases. NOTE 3 Wear of the shank interfaces may lead to possible variations of the clamping situation and thus to worse run-out and balancing conditions. These errors cannot be specifically addressed in a standard.
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ISO 21940-2:2017 defines terms on balancing. It complements ISO 2041, which is a general vocabulary on mechanical vibration and shock.
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ISO 21940-11:2016 establishes procedures and unbalance tolerances for balancing rotors with rigid behaviour. It specifies a) the magnitude of the permissible residual unbalance, b) the necessary number of correction planes, c) the allocation of the permissible residual unbalance to the tolerance planes, and d) how to account for errors in the balancing process. NOTE In ISO 21940‑14, the assessment of balancing errors is considered in detail. Fundamentals of rotor balancing are contained in ISO 19499 which gives an introduction to balancing. ISO 21940-11:2016 does not cover the balancing of rotors with flexible behaviour. Procedures and tolerances for rotors with flexible behaviour are dealt with in ISO 21940‑12.
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ISO 21940-12:2016 presents typical configurations of rotors with flexible behaviour in accordance with their characteristics and balancing requirements, describes balancing procedures, specifies methods of assessment of the final state of balance, and establishes guidelines for balance quality criteria. ISO 21940-12:2016 can also serve as a basis for more involved investigations, e.g. when a more exact determination of the required balance quality is necessary. If due regard is paid to the specified methods of manufacture and balance tolerances, satisfactory running conditions can be expected. ISO 21940-12:2016 is not intended to serve as an acceptance specification for any rotor, but rather to give indications of how to avoid gross deficiencies and unnecessarily restrictive requirements. Structural resonances and modifications thereof lie outside the scope of this part of ISO 21940. The methods and criteria given are the result of experience with general industrial machinery. It is possible that they are not directly applicable to specialized equipment or to special circumstances. Therefore, in some cases, deviations from this part of ISO 21940 are possible.
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ISO 21940-31:2013 specifies methods for determining machine vibration sensitivity to unbalance and provides evaluation guidelines as a function of the proximity of relevant resonance rotational speeds to the operating speed. ISO 21940-31:2013 is only concerned with once-per-revolution vibration caused by unbalance. It also makes recommendations on how to apply the numerical sensitivity values in some particular cases. It includes a classification system that can be applied to machines which is related to their susceptibility to a change in unbalance. Machines are classified into three types of susceptibility and five ranges of sensitivity. The sensitivity values are intended for use on simple machine systems, preferably with rotors having only one resonance speed over their entire operating speed range. The sensitivity values can also be used for machines that have more resonance speeds in their operating speed range if the resonance speeds are widely separated (e.g. by more than 20 %). The sensitivity values given are not intended to serve as acceptance specifications for any machine group, but rather to give indications regarding how to avoid gross deficiencies as well as specifying exaggerated or unattainable requirements. They can also serve as a basis for more involved investigations (e.g. when in special cases a more exact determination of the required sensitivity is necessary). If due regard is paid to the values given, satisfactory running conditions can be expected in most cases. The consideration of the sensitivity values alone does not guarantee that a given magnitude of vibration in operating is not exceeded. Many other sources of vibration can occur which lie outside the scope of ISO 21940-31:2013.
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This part of ISO 21940 specifies the requirements for the following: a) identifying errors in the unbalance measuring process of a rotor; b) assessing the identified errors; c) taking the errors into account. This part of ISO 21940 specifies balance acceptance criteria, in terms of residual unbalance, for both directly after balancing and for a subsequent check of the balance quality by the user. For the main typical errors, this part of ISO 21940 lists methods for their reduction in an informative annex.
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This part of ISO 21940 specifies requirements for enclosures and other protective measures used to minimize mechanical hazards produced by the rotor in the unbalance measuring station of centrifugal (rotational) balancing machines. The hazards are associated with the operation of balancing machines under a variety of rotor and balancing conditions. This part of ISO 21940 defines different classes of protection that enclosures and other protective measures provide and describes the limits of applicability for each class of protection. Devices for adjusting the mass distribution of a rotor and devices to transfer the rotor are not covered by this part of ISO 21940, even if they are combined with the measuring station. Special enclosure features, such as noise reduction, windage reduction or vacuum (which may be required to spin bladed rotors at balancing speed), are not covered by this part of ISO 21940.
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ISO 21940-13:2012 specifies procedures to be adopted when balancing medium and large rotors installed in their own bearings on site. It addresses the conditions under which it is appropriate to undertake in-situ balancing, the instrumentation required, the safety implications and the requirements for reporting and maintaining records. ISO 21940-13:2012 can be used as a basis for a contract to undertake in-situ balancing. It does not provide guidance on the methods used to calculate the correction masses from measured vibration data.
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ISO 21940-32:2012 specifies one convention for balancing the individual components (shaft and fitments) of a keyed rotor assembly. This provides compatibility of all balanced components so that when they have been assembled the overall balance tolerance and/or vibration limit for the rotor assembly is met. ISO 21940-32:2012 specifies that half-keys be used when balancing the individual components of a keyed rotor assembly. It also specifies a marking of the components balanced in accordance with the key convention used. ISO 21940-32:2012 applies to rotors balanced in a balancing machine, in their own bearings or in situ. The key convention can also be applied when measuring the residual unbalance and/or vibration of rotors with keyways, but to which fitments have not yet been assembled. In addition to applying to keys of constant rectangular or square cross-section mounted parallel to the shaft centreline, ISO 21940-32:2012 also applies to keys mounted on tapered shaft surfaces, to woodruff, gibhead, dowel and other special keys. The principle of the half-key convention is applied as is appropriate to the particular shape and location of the special key.
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ISO 14694:2003 gives specifications for vibration and balance limits of fans for all applications except those designed solely for air circulation, for example, ceiling fans and table fans. However, it is limited to fans of all types installed with a power of less than 300 kW or to commercially available standard electric motor with a maximum power of 355 kW (following an R20 series). For fans of greater power than this, the applicable limits are those given in ISO 10816 - 3. Where the fans in an installation have varying powers both above and below 300 kW, and have been the subject of a single contract, then the manufacturer and purchaser shall agree on the appropriate standard to be used. This should normally be based on the majority of units. Fan-equipment foundations and installation practices are beyond the scope of ISO 14694:2003. Foundation design and fan installation are not normally the responsibilities of the fan manufacturer. It is fully expected that the foundations upon which the fan is mounted will provide the support and stability necessary to meet the vibration criteria of the fan as it is delivered from the factory. ISO 14694:2003 is intended to cover only the balance or vibration of the fan and does not take into account the effect of fan vibration on personnel, equipment or processes.
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ISO 21940-21:2012 specifies requirements for evaluating the performance of machines for balancing rotating components by the following tests: a) test for minimum achievable residual unbalance, Umar test; b) test for unbalance reduction ratio, URR test; c) test for couple unbalance interference on single-plane machines; d) compensator test. These tests are performed during acceptance of a balancing machine and also later on a periodic basis to ensure that the balancing machine is capable of handling the actual balancing tasks. For periodic tests, simplified procedures are specified. Tests for other machine capacities and performance parameters, however, are not contained in ISO 21940-21:2012. For these tests, three types of especially prepared proving rotors are specified, covering a wide range of applications on horizontal and vertical balancing machines. An annex describes recommended modifications of proving rotors prepared in acccordance with ISO 2953:1985. Moreover, ISO 21940-21:2012 stresses the importance attached to the form in which the balancing machine characteristics are specified by the manufacturer. Adoption of the format specified enables users to compare products from different manufacturers. Additionally, in an annex, guidelines are given on the information by which users provide their data and requirements to a balancing machine manufacturer. ISO 21940-21:2012 is applicable to balancing machines that support and rotate rotors with rigid behaviour at balancing speed and that indicate the amounts and angular locations of a required unbalance correction in one or more planes. Therefore it is applicable to rotors with rigid behaviour as well as to rotors with shaft-elastic behaviour balanced in accordance with low-speed balancing procedures. It covers both soft-bearing balancing machines and hard-bearing balancing machines. Technical requirements for such balancing machines are included; however, special features, such as those associated with automatic correction, are excluded. ISO 21940-21:2012 does not specify balancing criteria; such criteria are specified in ISO 1940-1 and ISO 11342 (only low-speed balancing procedures apply).
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ISO 20806:2009 specifies procedures to be adopted when balancing medium and large rotors installed in their own bearings on site. It addresses the conditions under which it is appropriate to undertake in-situ balancing, the instrumentation required, the safety implications and the requirements for reporting and maintaining records. ISO 20806:2009 can be used as a basis for a contract to undertake in-situ balancing. It does not provide guidance on the methods used to calculate the correction masses from measured vibration data.
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ISO 19499:2007 provides an introduction to balancing and directs the user through the available International Standards associated with rotor balancing. It gives guidance on which of these standards should be used. Individual procedures are not included as these will be found in the appropriate International Standards.
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ISO 20806:2004 specifies procedures to be adopted when balancing medium and large rotors installed in their own bearings on site. It addresses the conditions under which it is appropriate to undertake in-situ balancing, the instrumentation required, the safety implications and the requirements for reporting and maintaining records. ISO 20806:2004 can be used as a basis for a contract to undertake in-situ balancing. It does not provide guidance on the methods used to calculate the correction masses from measured vibration data.
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ISO 1940-1:2003 gives specifications for rotors in a constant (rigid) state. It specifies balance tolerances, the necessary number of correction planes, and methods for verifying the residual unbalance. Recommendations are also given concerning the balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state, according to their machinery type and maximum service speed. These recommendations are based on worldwide experience. ISO 1940-1:2003 is also intended to facilitate the relationship between the manufacturer and user of rotating machines, by stating acceptance criteria for the verification of residual unbalances. Detailed consideration of errors associated with balancing and verification of residual unbalance are given in ISO 1940-2. ISO 1940-1:2003 does not cover rotors in a flexible state. The balance quality requirements for rotors in a flexible state are covered by ISO 11342.
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This International Standard specifies requirements for enclosures and other protective measures used to minimize mechanical hazards produced by the rotor in the unbalance measuring station of centrifugal (rotational) balancing machines. The hazards are associated with the operation of balancing machines under a variety of rotor and balancing conditions. This International Standard defines different classes of protection that enclosures and other protective measures provide and describes the limits of applicability for each class of protection. Devices for adjusting the mass distribution of a rotor and devices to transfer the rotor are not covered by this International Standard, even if they are combined with the measuring station. Special enclosure features, such as noise reduction, windage reduction or vacuum (which may be required to spin bladed rotors at balancing speed), are not covered by this International Standard.
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Gives methods for determining machine vibration sensitivity to unbalance and provides evaluation guidelines. Makes recommendations on how to apply the numerical sensitivity values in some particular cases.
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Cancels and replaces the first edition (1982). Establishes symbols for use on balancing machines including instrumentation. They are intended to complement those already standardized in documents such as ISO 7000. The primary purpose of the symbols is to explain the functions and uses of the indicators and controls which are an integral part of a balancing machine.
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Is intended to provide compatibility of all balanced components so that when they are assembled they will meet the overall balance and/or vibration tolerance levels for that assembly.
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Specifies a representation in one or two planes; methods for determining, for allocation to the correction planes; for identifying the state of a rotor by measurement; a summary of errors associated with the identification. Gives recommendations according to type, mass and maximum service speed. Is not intended to serve as acceptance specification for any rotor group.
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Specifies requirements used to minimize hazards associated with the operation of these machines under a variety of rotor and balancing conditions. Defines different classes of protection and describes the limits of applicability for each class of protection. Noise reduction, windage reduction or vacuum are not covered.
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