ASTM F3184-16(2023)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Stainless Steel Alloy (UNS S31603) with Powder Bed Fusion
Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing Stainless Steel Alloy (UNS S31603) with Powder Bed Fusion
ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for additive manufacturing of stainless steel alloy (UNS S31603) components by means of laser and electron beam-based full melt powder bed fusion processes. The components produced by these processes are typically used in applications that require mechanical properties similar to machined forgings and wrought products. Components manufactured to this specification are often, but not necessarily, post processed via machining, grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM), polishing, and so forth to achieve desired surface finish and critical dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers additive manufacturing of UNS S31603 components by means of laser and electron beam-based full melt powder bed fusion processes. The components produced by these processes are used typically in applications that require mechanical properties similar to machined forgings and wrought products. Components manufactured to this specification are often, but not necessarily, post processed via machining, grinding, electrical discharge machining (EDM), polishing, and so forth to achieve desired surface finish and critical dimensions.
1.2 This specification is intended for the use of purchasers or producers, or both, of additively manufactured UNS S31603 components for defining the requirements and ensuring component properties.
1.3 Users are advised to use this specification as a basis for obtaining components that will meet the minimum acceptance requirements established and revised by consensus of the members of the committee.
1.4 User requirements considered more stringent may be met by the addition to the purchase order of one or more supplementary requirements, which may include, but are not limited to, those listed in Supplementary Requirements S1–S16.
1.5 The compositional requirements specified in this specification do not meet the compositional requirements for surgical implant grade UNS S31673.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units are included only for informational purposes.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3184 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Specification for
Additive Manufacturing Stainless Steel Alloy (UNS S31603)
with Powder Bed Fusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3184; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This specification covers additive manufacturing of
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
UNS S31603 components by means of laser and electron
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
beam-based full melt powder bed fusion processes. The com-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ponents produced by these processes are used typically in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
applications that require mechanical properties similar to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
machined forgings and wrought products. Components manu-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
factured to this specification are often, but not necessarily, post
processed via machining, grinding, electrical discharge ma-
2. Referenced Documents
chining (EDM), polishing, and so forth to achieve desired
surface finish and critical dimensions. 2.1 ASTM Standards:
A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular
1.2 This specification is intended for the use of purchasers
Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
or producers, or both, of additively manufactured UNS S31603
A276/A276M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and
components for defining the requirements and ensuring com-
Shapes
ponent properties.
A479/A479M Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and
1.3 Users are advised to use this specification as a basis for
Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels
obtaining components that will meet the minimum acceptance
A484/A484M Specification for General Requirements for
requirements established and revised by consensus of the
Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, Shapes, and Forgings
members of the committee.
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
Steel Products
1.4 User requirements considered more stringent may be
A1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless
met by the addition to the purchase order of one or more
Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
supplementary requirements, which may include, but are not
B213 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
limited to, those listed in Supplementary Requirements
the Hall Flowmeter Funnel
S1–S16.
B214 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Metal Powders
1.5 The compositional requirements specified in this speci-
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
fication do not meet the compositional requirements for surgi-
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
cal implant grade UNS S31673.
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the B769 Test Method for Shear Testing of Aluminum Alloys
standard. Other units are included only for informational B855 Test Method for Volumetric Flow Rate of Metal
purposes. Powders Using the Arnold Meter and Hall Flowmeter
Funnel
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
B964 Test Methods for Flow Rate of Metal Powders Using
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the Carney Funnel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on
Additive Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee F42.05 on Materials and Processes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F3184 – 16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F3184-16R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3184 − 16 (2023)
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- 52921 Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—
terials Coordinate Systems and Test Methodologies
E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Mate-
2.3 ASQ Standard:
rials at Room Temperature
ASQ C1 Specification of General Requirements for a Qual-
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
ity Program
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
2.4 ISO Standards:
Sieves
ISO 148-1 Metallic materials—Charpy pendulum impact
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
test—Part 1: Test method
terials
ISO 1099 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Axial force-
E21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests of
controlled method
Metallic Materials
ISO 4545 Metallic materials—Knoop hardness test—Part 2:
E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
Verification and calibration of testing machines
tallic Materials
ISO 6506-1 Metallic materials—Brinell hardness test—Part
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
1: Test method
Determine Conformance with Specifications
ISO 6507-1 Metallic materials—Vickers hardness test—Part
E238 Test Method for Pin-Type Bearing Test of Metallic
1: Test method
Materials
ISO 6508 Metallic materials—Rockwell hardness test—Part
E353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,
1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T)
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-
ISO 6892-1 Metallic materials—Tensile testing at ambient
Nickel-Iron Alloys
temperature
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
ISO 6892-2 Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 2:
rials
Method of test at elevated temperature
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
ISO 9001 Quality management system—Requirements
Toughness of Metallic Materials
ISO 9044 Industrial woven wire cloth—Technical require-
E407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
ments and testing
E466 Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant
ISO 12108 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Fatigue
Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials
crack growth method
E606 Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
ISO 12111 Metallic materials—Fatigue testing—Strain-
E647 Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack
controlled thermomechanical fatigue testing method
Growth Rates
ISO 12135 Metallic materials—Unified method of test for
E1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,
the determination of quasistatic fracture toughness
Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt
ISO 12737 Metallic materials—Determination of plane-
Alloys by Various Combustion and Inert Gas Fusion
strain fracture toughness (withdrawn)
Techniques
ISO 13485 Medical devices—Quality management
E1086 Test Method for Analysis of Austenitic Stainless Steel
systems—Requirements for regulatory purposes
by Spark Atomic Emission Spectrometry
ISO 19819 Metallic materials—Tensile testing in liquid
E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
helium
E1450 Test Method for Tension Testing of Structural Alloys
2.5 SAE Standards:
in Liquid Helium
AMS 2248 Chemical Check Analysis Limits, Corrosion and
E1479 Practice for Describing and Specifying Inductively
Heat-Resistant Steels and Alloys, Maraging and Other
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometers
Highly-Alloyed Steels, and Iron Alloys
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
AMS 2759 Heat Treatment of Steel Parts General Require-
E1820 Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness
ments
E2368 Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical
AS 9100 Quality Systems—Aerospace—Model for Quality
Fatigue Testing
Assurance in Design, Development, Production, Installa-
F2924 Specification for Additive Manufacturing Titanium-6
tion and Servicing
Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion
2.6 ASME Standard:
F2971 Practice for Reporting Data for Test Specimens Pre-
ASME B46.1 Surface Texture
pared by Additive Manufacturing
F3049 Guide for Characterizing Properties of Metal Pow-
ders Used for Additive Manufacturing Processes
F3122 Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal
Available from American Society for Quality (ASQ), 600 N. Plankinton Ave.,
Milwaukee, WI 53203, http://www.asq.org.
Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,
52900 Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing—
PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
General Principles—Terminology
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
52915 Specification for Additive Manufacturing File Format
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
(AMF) Version 1.1 www.asme.org.
F3184 − 16 (2023)
2.7 NIST Standard: 5.1.9 Sampling plans as agreed upon by the component
IR 7847 CODEN:NTNOEF supplier and purchaser, including any supplementary require-
ments (see 1.4),
3. Terminology
5.1.10 Post-processing sequence of operations,
3.1 Definitions: 5.1.11 Thermal post-processing,
3.1.1 Terminology relating to additive manufacturing in 5.1.12 Component marking such as labeling the serial or lot
Terminology ISO/ASTM 52900 shall apply. number in the CAD file prior to the build cycle, or product
3.1.2 Terminology relating to coordinate systems in Termi- tagging,
nology ISO/ASTM 52921 shall apply.
5.1.13 Packaging and shipping requirements,
3.1.3 Terminology relating to powder bed fusion in Speci-
5.1.14 Certification,
fication F2924 shall apply.
5.1.15 Disposition of rejected material (Section 15), and
3.1.4 Terminology relating to powder metallurgy in Termi-
5.1.16 Other supplementary requirements as agreed upon by
nology B243 shall apply.
the component supplier and purchaser such as allowable
porosity (see 1.4).
4. Condition
4.1 Unless otherwise specified herein, all Conditions shall
6. Manufacturing Plan
meet the requirements in each section of this standard. Condi-
6.1 Condition A, B, C, and E components manufactured to
tions are not listed sequentially.
this specification shall have a manufacturing plan that includes,
4.1.1 Condition A components shall be stress relieved or
but is not limited to, the following:
solution annealed in accordance with Section 12.
6.1.1 A machine, manufacturing control system, and quali-
4.1.2 Condition B components shall be solution annealed in
fication procedure as agreed upon by the component supplier
accordance with Section 12.
and purchaser;
NOTE 1—Stress relieving in 4.1.1 refers to the thermal post-processing
NOTE 3—Qualification procedures typically require qualification build
of dimensional stabilization to remove or reduce internal/residual stresses,
cycles in which mechanical property test specimens are prepared and
and solution annealing in 4.1.1 and 4.1.2 refers to the thermal post-
measured in accordance with Section 11 or other applicable standards.
processing of heating the component to the minimum annealing
Location, orientation on the build platform, number of test specimens for
temperature, holding for a sufficient time to permit grain boundary
each machine qualification build cycle, and relationship between speci-
carbides to enter into solution, and cooling rapidly enough to prevent
men test results and component quality shall be agreed upon by the
unacceptable grain boundary carbide precipitation.
component supplier and purchaser.
4.1.3 Condition C components shall be hot isostatically
6.1.2 Feedstock that meets the requirements of Section 7;
pressed in accordance with Section 13.
6.1.3 The machine identification, including machine soft-
4.1.4 Condition D—Not Used.
ware version, manufacturing control system version (if
4.1.5 For Condition E components, all thermal post-
automated), build chamber environment, machine
processing shall be optional.
conditioning, and calibration information of the qualified
NOTE 2—Prototype parts may be classified as Condition E.
machine;
4.1.6 Condition F—Not Used. 6.1.4 Predetermined process as substantiated by the quali-
fication procedure;
5. Ordering Information
6.1.5 Safeguards to ensure traceability of the digital files,
including design history of the components;
5.1 Orders for components compliant with this specification
6.1.6 All the steps necessary to start the build process,
shall include the following to describe the requirements ad-
equately: including build platform selection, machine cleaning, and
5.1.1 This specification designation, powder handling;
5.1.2 Description or part number of product desired, 6.1.7 The requirements for approving/qualifying machine
5.1.3 Quantity of product desired,
operators;
5.1.4 Condition, 6.1.8 Logging of machine build data files, upper and lower
5.1.5 SI or SAE units,
limits of the parameters affecting component quality and other
5.1.5.1 Discussion—The STL file format used by many process validation controls;
powder bed fusion machines does not contain units of mea-
6.1.9 The number of components per build cycle, their
surement as metadata. When only STL files are provided by the
orientation and location on the build platform, and support
purchaser, ordering information should specify the units of the
structures, if required;
component along with the electronic data file. More informa-
6.1.10 Process steps including, but not limited to, Section 8;
tion about data files can be found in ISO/ASTM 52915.
6.1.11 Post-processing procedure, including sequence of the
5.1.6 Dimensions and tolerances (Section 14),
post-processing steps and the specifications for each step;
5.1.7 Mechanical properties (Section 11),
6.1.12 Thermal post-processing including stress relieve,
5.1.8 Methods for chemical analysis (Section 9),
furnace anneal, hot isostatic pressing, and heat treat; and
6.1.13 Inspection requirements as agreed upon by the com-
ponent supplier and purchaser, including any
...
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