ASTM E1266-20

Standard Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides users with current methods for preconditioning, handling, processing, and means of characterizing the materials that are produced.  
4.2 Lime and fly ash, and mixtures of lime and fly ash, can be useful for treating hazardous and nonhazardous waste as follows:  
4.2.1 Treating hazardous waste for potential resource recovery application;  
4.2.2 Solidifying liquids and sludges that are banned from land disposal because of excess free liquid content;  
4.2.3 Treating hazardous waste that may require treatment because of hazardous constituents prior to land disposal; and  
4.2.4 Treating hazardous waste for potential delisting to a nonhazardous waste status. Each one of these applications, however, must comply with requirements of the Resource Recovery and Conservation Act and the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides descriptions and references of existing test methods and commercial practices relating to the processing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes in construction applications.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2020
• ICS: 91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.03 - Treatment, Recovery and Reuse

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1266-12 - Standard Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction Applications
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM C311/C311M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Coal Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM C109/C109M-23 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50 mm [2 in.] Cube Specimens)
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5681-23 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D559/D559M-15(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3987-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM C400-19 - Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM C593-19 - Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil Stabilization
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Refers: ASTM C25-19e1 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone, Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime
• Effective Date: 01-May-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5681-18 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM C977-18 - Standard Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Soil Stabilization
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1633-17 - Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM C618-17 - Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM D5681-17 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM C311/C311M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2017

Overview

ASTM E1266-20 is an international standard developed by ASTM International that outlines practices for processing mixtures of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes for use in structural fills and other construction applications. The standard provides guidance on preconditioning, handling, and characterizing these materials to promote the safe and effective reuse of waste in various engineered projects, while addressing safety, environmental, and regulatory considerations.

This practice encompasses descriptions of referenced test methods and commercial procedures related to the blending and utilization of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes. Ensuring compliance with regulations such as the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) is an essential aspect of using these materials.

Key Topics

• Material Handling: Procedures for the safe storage, blending, and processing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes. Proper handling ensures structural integrity and environmental safety.
• Waste Treatment Applications: Utilization of lime and fly ash mixtures for:
  • Solidifying hazardous and nonhazardous waste
  • Resource recovery and reuse
  • Solidification of liquids and sludges prohibited from land disposal due to free liquid content
  • Treating hazardous wastes for stabilization and potential delisting to nonhazardous status
• Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: All processing must meet the standards of relevant regulations, such as RCRA and EPA guidelines, ensuring the treated waste is suitable for landfilling or reuse.
• Testing and Characterization: The standard references established ASTM and EPA test methods for evaluating compressive strength, permeability, leaching, and toxic characteristics of processed mixtures.
• Structural Product Development: Guidance on creating resource structural products (e.g., blocks, bricks, aggregates) by solidifying and stabilizing heavy metal waste.

Applications

The practices outlined in ASTM E1266-20 are widely applicable across the construction and waste management industries. Specific uses include:

• Structural Fills: Reusing treated waste as fill material in engineered earthworks, embankments, backfills, road bases, and earth liners.
• Resource Recovery: Transforming hazardous waste into resource structural products, supporting sustainability and circular economy goals.
• Solidification and Stabilization: Immobilizing hazardous constituents in liquid or sludge waste, making the material safer for disposal or potential reuse.
• Construction of Structural Products: Creating bricks, blocks, and aggregates from stabilized waste for use in infrastructure and building projects.
• Land Disposal Preparation: Treating waste to comply with legal requirements before landfilling, thereby reducing environmental risks.

Related Standards

Several referenced standards and guides are integral to the practice described in ASTM E1266-20:

• ASTM Standards:
  • C5, C25, C110, C206, C207, C311/C311M, C400, C593, C618, C821, C911, C977
  • D1557, D1633, D2434, D2435/D2435M, D3987, D4318, D559/D559M, D560/D560M
  • E850 (withdrawn), D5681 (terminology)
• EPA Documents:
  • EPA/600/R-09-148 (Solidification/Stabilization Technical Review)
  • SW-846, Method 9095 and Method 1311 (TCLP)
  • EPA/530-R-93-007 (Petitions to Delist Hazardous Waste)
• Regulatory Frameworks:
  • Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
  • Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
  • 40 CFR 268 (Land Disposal Restrictions)

By adhering to ASTM E1266-20, organizations can confidently process lime, fly ash, and heavy metal waste mixtures for structural fills and construction, supporting safe, compliant, and sustainable waste management practices.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1266 − 20
Standard Practice for
Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal
Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement
Concrete
1.1 This practice provides descriptions and references of
C400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for
existing test methods and commercial practices relating to the
Neutralization of Waste Acid
processing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes in
C593 Specification for FlyAsh and Other Pozzolans for Use
construction applications.
With Lime for Soil Stabilization
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C821 Specification for Lime for Use with Pozzolans
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
C911 Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Limestone for Selected Chemical and Industrial Uses
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
C977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Soil Stabilization
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- D559/D559M Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Com-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical pacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D560/D560M Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing
Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
2. Referenced Documents
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
2 3
2.1 ASTM Standards: istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
C5 Specification for Quicklime for Structural Purposes (2,700 kN-m/m ))
C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,
D1633 Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded
Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime
Soil-Cement Cylinders
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
D2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube
(Constant Head)
Specimens)
D2435/D2435M Test Methods for One-Dimensional Con-
C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,
solidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
D3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,
C206 Specification for Finishing Hydrated Lime
Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur- 3
(Withdrawn 2017)
poses
D3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
C311/C311M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly
Water
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
1 Plasticity Index of Soils
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
Recovery and Reuse.
E850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic Process
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
Wastes for Use as Structural Fill (Withdrawn 2019)
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1266 – 12. DOI:
10.1520/E1266-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1266 − 20
2.2 Environmental Protection Agency Documents: small amounts of organic compounds. Special provisions are
EPA/600/R-09-148 Technology Performance Review: Se- referenced to accommodate this class of material as stated in
lecting and Using Solidification/Stabilization Treatment 8.4.
for Site Remediation
3.2.2 lime—a commercial product derived from the calcina-
EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
tion of high calcium or dolomitic limestone. A number of
EPA SW-846 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
ASTM standards relating to lime are given in 2.1.
Physical/Chemical Methods
3.2.3 monolithic mass—a mass that has good dimensional
EPA SW-872 Properties of Stabilized/Solidified Waste
stability, freezing and thawing resistance, low permeability, a
RCRADocument EPA-IAG-D4-0569 Guide to the Disposal
high bearing capacity, and resistance to attack by biological
of Chemically Stabilized and Solidified Waste
agents.
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
3.2.4 resource application—use of stabilized products in
Method 1311 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
specific areas such as earth liners, foundations, road base,
Method 9095 Paint Filter Liquid Test (PFLT)
backfills, embankments, earth dams, etc.
EPA/530-R-93-007 Petitions to Delist Hazardous Waste: A
Guidance Manual (Second Edition), NTIS: PB 93-169- 3.2.5 resource structural products—structural products pro-
duced by lime, fly ash, and heavy metal waste; examples are
EPA/530-SW-86-016 OSWER Policy Directive No. block, brick, aggregates, gabions, and miscellaneous structural
9487.00-2A, Prohibition on the Placement of Bulk Liquid
shapes.
Hazardous Waste in Landfills Statutory Interpretive Guid-
3.2.6 solidification—a binding physical and chemical treat-
ance http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/
ment process that transforms materials containing free liquids
ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100MTSR.txt
into a solid, soil-like, or clayey material. This solid material
EPA/540-2-86-001 Handbook for Stabilization/
can be a monolithic block with structural integrity.
Solidification of Hazardous Waste, Superfund Document
3.2.7 stabilization—a treatment process that involves both a
2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:
physical and chemical reaction for treating heavy metal waste.
40 CFR 264 Subpart B, Section 264.13 Hazardous Waste
Heavy metal wastes are considered stabilized when they meet
Management System, Land Disposal Restrictions, Pro-
current applicable regulatory requirements.
posed Rule, Dec. 11, 1988
3.2.8 structural landfill—man-made earth work meeting
40 CFR 268 Hazardous Waste Management System; Land
engineered practices and structural requirements. The fill must
Disposal Restrictions; and California List Constituents
also be environmentally acceptable and meet EPA require-
2.4 Department of the Interior Document:
ments. (See 40 CFR 268.)
U.S. Department of the Interior Earth Manual (Section
Edition), 1974
4. Significance and Use
2.5 Corps of Engineers Document:
4.1 This practice provides users with current methods for
1110-2-1906 Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling Head
preconditioning, handling, processing, and means of character-
Aug. 12, 1987
izing the materials that are produced.
4.2 Lime and fly ash, and mixtures of lime and fly ash, can
3. Terminology
be useful for treating hazardous and nonhazardous waste as
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
follows:
practice, refer to Terminology D5681.
4.2.1 Treating hazardous waste for potential resource recov-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ery application;
3.2.1 heavy metal wastes—industrial wastes containing
4.2.2 Solidifying liquids and sludges that are banned from
heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, barium,
land disposal because of excess free liquid content;
lead, silver, selenium, and mercury; these wastes are generally
4.2.3 Treating hazardous waste that may require treatment
liquids, sludges, or filter cakes.
because of hazardous constituents prior to land disposal; and
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Heavy metal wastes may also contain
4.2.4 Treating hazardous waste for potential delisting to a
nonhazardous waste status. Each one of these applications,
however, must comply with requirements of the Resource
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and
Recovery and Conservation Act and the Hazardous and Solid
Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, November
Waste Amendments.
2009, http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09148/600r09148.pdf.
Documents 12/18/78, 9/13/79, 5/26/82, 7/26/82, and 4/4/83, available from
5. Properties and Uses of Materials Applicable to the
Federal Register U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,
732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
Practice
www.access.gpo.gov.
5.1 Commercial Lime—The following are properties and
Available from Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government Printing
Office, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
uses of commercial lime:
Available from Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, Code
5.1.1 Neutralizes acids;
D/7923A, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225. http://www.usbr.gov.
5.1.2 Provides hydroxide ions leading to reduced solubility
Available from Department of theArmy, U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Public
Depot, 2803 52nd Ave., Hyattsville, MD 20781. of heavy metals and precipitation of metal species;
E1266 − 20
5.1.3 Provides high absorption rates of aqueous and non- selected heavy metal waste by stabilization/solidification when
aqueous liquids; such waste requires treatment prior to land disposal because of
specific hazardous constituents. More information on selection
5.1.4 Solidifies and hardens a number of inorganic waste
sludges; and use of solidification/stabilization technology for treatment
of wastes is available in EPA/600/R-09/148, wh
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1266 − 12 E1266 − 20
Standard Practice for
Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal
Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1266; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides descriptions and references of existing test methods and commercial practices relating to the
processing of lime, fly ash, and heavy metal wastes in construction applications.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C5 Specification for Quicklime for Structural Purposes
C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone, Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
C206 Specification for Finishing Hydrated Lime
C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes
C311C311/C311M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete
C400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid
C593 Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for Soil Stabilization
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C821 Specification for Lime for Use with Pozzolans
C911 Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone for Selected Chemical and Industrial Uses
C977 Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Soil Stabilization
D559D559/D559M Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
D560D560/D560M Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft (2,700
kN-m/m ))
D1633 Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders
D2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head)
D2435D2435/D2435M Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion, Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime Mixtures (Withdrawn 2017)
D3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment, Recovery
and Reuse.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2012May 1, 2020. Published January 2013May 2020. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20052012 as
E1266-88(2005).E1266 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/E1266-12.10.1520/E1266-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1266 − 20
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E850 Guide for Characterization of Inorganic Process Wastes for Use as Structural Fill (Withdrawn 2019)
2.2 Environmental Protection Agency Documents:
EPA/600/R-09-148 Technology Performance Review: Selecting and Using Solidification/Stabilization Treatment for Site
Remediation,Remediation
EPA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
EPA SW-846 Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods
EPA SW-872 Properties of Stabilized/Solidified Waste
RCRA Document EPA-IAG-D4-0569 Guide to the Disposal of Chemically Stabilized and Solidified Waste
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)
Method 1311 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
Method 9095 Paint Filter Liquid Test (PFLT)
EPA/530-R-93-007 Petitions to Delist Hazardous Waste: A Guidance Manual (Second Edition), NTIS: PB 93-169-365
EPA/530-SW-86-016 OSWER Policy Directive No. 9487.00-2A, Prohibition on the Placement of Bulk Liquid Hazardous Waste
in Landfills Statutory Interpretive Guidance http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=9100MTSR.txt
EPA/540-2-86-001 Handbook for Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Waste, Superfund Document
2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:
4040 CFR 264 Subpart B, Section 264.13 CFR 264 Subpart B, section 264.13, Hazardous Waste Management System, Land
Disposal Restrictions, Proposed Rule, Dec. 11, 1988
40 CFR 268 CFR 268 Hazardous Hazardous Waste Management System; Land Disposal Restrictions; and California List
Constituents
2.4 Department of the Interior Document:
U.S. Department of the Interior Earth Manual (Section Edition), 1974 Department of the Interior Earth Manual (Section Edition),
2.5 Corps of Engineers Document:
1110-2-1906 Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling Head Aug. 12, 1987.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D5681.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 heavy metal wastes—industrial wastes containing heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, barium, lead, silver,
selenium, and mercury; these wastes are generally liquids, sludges, or filter cakes.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Heavy metal wastes may also contain small amounts of organic compounds. Special provisions are referenced to accommodate
this class of material as stated in 8.4.
3.2.2 Heavy metal wastes may also contain small amounts of organic compounds. Special provisions are referenced to
accommodate this class of material as stated in 8.4.
3.2.2 lime—a commercial product derived from the calcination of high calcium or dolomitic limestone. A number of ASTM
standards relating to lime are given in 2.1.
3.2.3 monolithic mass—a mass that has good dimensional stability, to freezing and thawing resistance, low permeability, a high
bearing capacity, and resistance to attack by biological agents.
3.2.4 resource application—use of stabilized products in specific areas such as earth liners, foundations, road base, backfills,
embankments, earth dams, etc.
3.2.5 resource structural products—structural products produced by lime, fly ash, and heavy metal waste; examples are block,
brick, aggregates, gabions, and miscellaneous structural shapes.
3.2.6 solidification—a binding physical and chemical treatment process that transforms materials containing free liquids into a
solid, soil-like, or clayey material. This solid material can be a monolithic block with structural integrity.
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, November 2009,
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09148/600r09148.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600r09148/600r09148.pdf.
Documents 12/18/78, 9/13/79, 5/26/82, 7/26/82, and 4/4/83, available from Federal Register U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N.
Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government Printing Office, http://www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior, Code D/7923A, P.O. Box 25007, Denver, CO 80225. http://www.usbr.gov.
Available from Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Public Depot, 2803 52nd Ave., Hyattsville, MD 20781.
E1266 − 20
3.2.7 stabilization—a treatment process that involves both a physical and chemical reaction for treating heavy metal waste.
Heavy metal wastes are considered stabilized when they meet current applicable regulatory requirements.
3.2.8 structural landfill—man-made earth work meeting engineered practices and structural requirements. The fill must also be
environmentally acceptable and meet EPA requirements. (See 40 CFR 268.)
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice provides users with current methods for preconditioning, handling, processing, and means of characterizing
the materials that are produced.
4.2 Lime and fly ash, and mixtures of lime and fly ash, can be useful for treating hazardous and nonhazardous waste as follows:
4.2.1 Treating hazardous waste for potential resource recovery application,application;
4.2.2 Solidifying liquids and sludges that are banned from land disposal because of excess free liquid content,content;
4.2.3 Treating hazardous waste that may require treatment because of hazardous constituents prior to land disposal,
and,disposal; and
4.2.4 Treating hazardous waste for potential delisting to a nonhazardous waste status. Each one of these applications, however,
must comply with requirements of the Resource Recovery and Conservation Act and the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments.
5. Properties and Uses of Materials Applicable to the Practice
5.1 Commercial Lime—The following are properties and uses of commercial lime.lime:
5.1.1 Neutralizes acids;
5.1.2 Provides hydroxide ions leading to reduced solubility of heavy metals and precipitation of metal species;
5.1.3 Provides high absorption rates of aqueous and nonaqueous liquids;
5.1.4 Solidifies and hardens a number of inorganic waste sludges;
5.1.5 Reacts chemically with soils, particularly clays, and thereby reduces plasticity; improves dimensional stability; and
develops and controls structural applications;
5.1.6 Develops cements when mixed with natural pozzolans, such
...