ASTM F3092-14(2019)
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Optical Fiber Sensing Systems
Standard Terminology Relating to Optical Fiber Sensing Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as correct for the terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee F36. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to optical fiber sensing systems, used in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36.
1.2 Where possible definitions are stated as a single sentence, with necessary supplementary information as a Discussion. This approach is used to simplify explanations of the meanings of technical terms for the benefit of those not conversant with them, to facilitate a precise understanding and interpretation of F36 ASTM standards.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3092 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Terminology
Relating to Optical Fiber Sensing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F2349 Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Integrated
Natural Gas Pipelines and Optical Fiber Systems (With-
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-
drawn 2017)
tionsoftechnicaltermsrelatedtoopticalfibersensingsystems,
F2350 Practice for Selection of Natural Gas Pipelines Suit-
used in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction
able for Installation of Optical Fiber Systems (Withdrawn
of ASTM Committee F36.
2017)
F2414 PracticeforSealingSewerManholesUsingChemical
1.2 Where possible definitions are stated as a single
Grouting
sentence, with necessary supplementary information as a
F2454 Practice for Sealing Lateral Connections and lines
Discussion. This approach is used to simplify explanations of
from the mainline Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer
the meanings of technical terms for the benefit of those not
Method, Using Chemical Grouting
conversant with them, to facilitate a precise understanding and
F2462 Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Sewers
interpretation of F36 ASTM standards.
with Optical Fiber Systems
F2550 Practice for Locating Leaks in Sewer Pipes By
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Measuring theVariation of Electric Current FlowThrough
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the Pipe Wall
standard.
F2551 Practice for Installing a Protective Cementitious
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Liner System in Sanitary Sewer Manholes
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3. Significance and Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as correct
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
for the terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
F36. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard
issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of
2. Referenced Documents
these terms have been placed in this standard.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Terminology
F2233 Guide for Safety, Access Rights, Construction,
4.1 Terms and Definitions:
Liability, and Risk Management for Optical Fiber Net-
absorption, n—the loss of some or all of the energy contained
works in Existing Sewers
in an electromagnetic wave to the medium in which it is
F2303 Practice for Selection of Gravity Sewers Suitable for
propagating, usually converted to heat.
Installation of Optical Fiber Cable and Conduits
F2304 Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical acceptance angle, n—the maximum angle, measured from the
optical fiber centerline to an incident light ray, within which
Grouting
the incident ray will be accepted for transmission by total
internal reflection along the fiber.
DISCUSSION—If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on
angle,totalinternalreflectionwillnotoccurandtheincidentraywillbe
Technology and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
lost by leakage.
mittee F36.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
access rights, n—agreements between various parties to obtain
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F3092–14. DOI:
temporary and permanent access to property for the purpose
10.1520/F3092–14R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3092 − 14 (2019)
of constructing, maintaining, or changing optical fiber authorized inspector, n—the person(s) contracted or approved
networks. F2233 by the owner or owner’s representative to do inspections.
F2414
accuracy, n—theclosenessofthemeasuredvaluetothetrueor
the ideal value of the parameter being measured and is
backfill, n—in tunneling, a material used to replace excavated
affected by both bias and precision. soil.
acoustic wave, n—longitudinal waves propagated by means of
bandwidth, n—the range of frequencies that a device is
adiabatic compression and decompression.
capable of handling.
acousto-optics, n—the science and technology of the interac-
beam splitter, n—an optical device for dividing a light beam
tions between sound waves and light waves passing through
into two separated beams.
material media, especially as applied to the modulation and
bench, n—in tunneling, in situ ground at the lower face of a
deflection of laser beams by ultrasonic waves.
tunnel undergoing staged excavation.
acrylamide, n—organic solid of white, odorless, acrylic resin-
bend loss, n—optical power loss in an optical fiber because
ous material available in flake-like crystals and in liquid
signal radiation escapes through its bends, with the magni-
form. The greatest use of acrylamide is as a coagulant aid in
tude of optical power loss being proportional to the bending
drinkingwatertreatment.Othermajorusesofacrylamideare
radius.
in soil stabilization, in grout for repairing sewers and in
acrylamide gels used in biotechnology laboratories. F2414
bending radius, n—the radius of a bend measured in a fiber
optic cable.
acrylate, n—a general term applied to various water-soluble
acrylic resinous materials. F2414
bentonite, n—clay composed mainly of clay mineral
‘montmorillonite,’ used for synthetic reasons, due to its
adit, n—in tunneling, a tunnel driven from ground surface to
expanding properties when in contact with water, for
provide access to or drainage from underground workings; a
example, drilling mud, binder, absorbent, groundwater
length of tunnel driven for an exploration-exploration adit.
barrier, etc.
advance, n—in tunneling,theforwardprogressintheconstruc-
bias, n—the difference between the measured results after
tion of a tunnel, usually measured by the length created, or
averaging, less the true value.
the rate of segment positioning in terms of a number per
hour/day or some other timescale.
birefringence, n—the separation of a light beam into two
components to form two rays propagating at different
ambient temperature, n—the temperature of the surrounding
velocities in the medium.
environment or air. F2304
-1 -1
bolt pocket, n—in tunneling, a pre-formed recess in tunnel
Angstrom, A, n—aunitoflengthequalto10 nanometer(10
-4 -6 -10 -10
segment to accommodate bolts which hold segments to-
nm), 10 micron (10 mm), and 10 meter (10 m).
gether.
annulus, n—in tunneling, a ring-shaped opening, generally
bore, n—in tunneling, the internal diameter of a pipe or other
bounded by the outside diameter of excavated tunnel and the
exterior of the final tunnel liner. F2304 cylinder, single tunnel, for example, twin bore.
aperture, n—in optics, a hole or an opening through which borehole, n—a hole driven into the ground to get information
light travels. about the strata, or to release water pressure by vertical sand
drains, or to obtain water, oil, gas, etc.
attenuation, n—the decrease in optical power of a signal, or
light wave, from interaction with the propagation medium,
boring/bored, n—making a hole in the ground by means of
for example, absorption, reflection, diffusion, scattering, rotating auger.
deflection, dispersion or resistance.
box jack/jacked box, n—in tunneling, a fully constructed
attenuation budget, n—the maximum cumulative one-way or structure that is thrust into final position from an adjacent
two-way optical power loss between the interrogator and the
jacking point.
measurement point that allows a measurement with a speci-
Bragg cell, n—an acousto-optic device that is capable of
fied performance.
modulatinglight wavestoproduceanoutput lightwavewith
attenuation range, n—total cumulated optical loss (one way
an imposed frequency equal to the frequency of the input
loss; expressed in decibels (dB)) tolerated by the DRS
signal.
system without affecting the specified measurement perfor-
Brillouin optical time domain analysis, BOTDA, n—double
mance more than a given factor at a given location, spatial
ended access to the light source and detection system for
resolution, and measurement time.
longsensinglengthscombinedwithhighstrainandtempera-
DISCUSSION—Part of the total cumulative loss can be the fiber
ture resolution for up to 31 miles (50 km) without signal
attenuation, point defect losses introduced by components such as
connectors, splices, kink in the fiber, attenuators, etc. regeneration.
F3092 − 14 (2019)
Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer, BOTDR, n—a cladding, n—in optics, optical transparent material over the
single ended access to the source and detection system, core of the optical fiber, with a refractive index lower than
which provides a Brillouin gain-loss-based distribution sen- that of the core, to provide total internal reflectance.
sor much like the standard OTDR sensors which use
coherence length, n—the coherence time of a light beam
Rayleigh scattering to the same effect. See optical time
multiplied by the velocity of the light.
domain reflectometer.
coherence time, n—if t is the time a light beam takes to
Brillouin scattering, n—light in a medium interacts with
become coherent, and t + ∆t is the time at which the light
time-dependent optical density variations and changes its
beam loses its coherent properties,∆t is the coherence time.
frequency and path.
DISCUSSION—The density variations may be due to acoustic modes,
coherent light, n—light which has predictable parameters at
such as phonons, or magnetic modes, such as temperature gradients.As
any point in time or space, for example, laser light.
described in classical physics, when the medium is compressed its
index of refraction changes, and a fraction of the traveling light wave,
combined sewers, n—sewers that carry both wastewater and
interacting with the periodic refraction index variations, is deflected as
storm or surface water. F2303
in a three-dimensional diffraction grating. Since the sound wave, too, is
traveling, light is also subjected to a Doppler shift, so its frequency
compensation grouting, n—in tunneling, a method of revers-
changes.
ing ground settlements by injecting grout into the ground.
cable, n—a group of insulated light conductors that are bound
competent person, n—a person properly trained in the safety
together, usually with a durable cable jacket.
aspects of an activity. F2233
cable jacket, n—the outer protective covering over insulated
conductor, n—a transparent medium that is capable of trans-
conductors that are bound together.
mitting or conveying light waves by total internal reflection.
caisson, n—in tunneling, a watertight retaining structure, that
conduit, n—plastictubingusedtohouseopticalfibercablethat
can be used as a support of excavation for a shaft structure.
is connected to, but not inside of, a pipeline. F2349, F2462
canopy tube, n—in tunneling, a metal tube drilled into the
confined space, n—an enclosed area that is large enough and
tunnel face above the ground to be excavated, the tube is
so configured that a person can bodily enter and has the
pumped full of grout once in place; the canopy is created
following characteristics: its primary function is something
using multiple adjacent tubes to reduce the risk of crown
other than human occupancy; has restricted entry and exit.
failure.
(Restricted entry and exit is a physical configuration which
catalyst, n—substance which markedly speeds up the cure of
requires the use of hands or contortion of the body to enter
an adhesive when added in small quantities as compared to into or exit from the confined space.) F2233
the amounts of primary reactants. F2414
connector, n—coupling device attached to the end of a fiber so
caulking, n—one of several different processes to seal joints or that it can be mechanically connected to equipment or mated
seams in various structures and piping. F2454
with another connector to join two fibers together by
aligning their cores to minimize signal loss.
character-separated value file format, CSV, n—synonymous
with “comma separated value file,” stores tabular data
connector insertion loss, n—the power loss due to the
(numbers and text) in a sequence of characters, with no data
insertion of a connector between two elements.
that has to be interpreted, separated by some character or
constructability, n—the term used to denote the condition of a
string, for example, comma or tab.
completed set of plans and specifications for an optical fiber
characteristic frequency and/or wavelength at reference
network and its impact to the host utility, which have been
temperature (Brillouin technologies), n—the frequency
prepared with an analysis of practical, feasible methods of
and/or wavelength that characterizes the sensor response at
construction. F2233
reference temperature as monitored by the interrogator.
contractor, n—usually, the entity in charge of construction of
DISCUSSION—As Brillouin frequency varies with wavelength of the
the new tunnel or other infrastructure that may impact the
light source, this also changes the temperature and strain coefficients
for various sensing fibers. Therefore, characteristic frequency and the utility. F2551
wavelength at a specified reference temperature and at zero strain are
control agent, n—substance added which controls the viscos-
usually provided by the complete system producers.
ity or flow properties of the material it is added to. F2414
chemical grout, n—injection repair media other than cemen-
titious grout that may be multicomponent, with or without convergence, n—in tunneling, a measurement of the inward
additives, and based on either polyurethane resin or acrylic movements of tunnel walls, often monitored to provide
resin. F2414 information on the performance of the lining during con-
struction.
circ
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F3092 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Terminology
Relating to Optical Fiber Sensing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F2349 Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Integrated
Natural Gas Pipelines and Optical Fiber Systems (With-
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini- 3
drawn 2017)
tions of technical terms related to optical fiber sensing systems,
F2350 Practice for Selection of Natural Gas Pipelines Suit-
used in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction
able for Installation of Optical Fiber Systems (Withdrawn
of ASTM Committee F36.
2017)
F2414 Practice for Sealing Sewer Manholes Using Chemical
1.2 Where possible definitions are stated as a single
Grouting
sentence, with necessary supplementary information as a
F2454 Practice for Sealing Lateral Connections and lines
Discussion. This approach is used to simplify explanations of
from the mainline Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer
the meanings of technical terms for the benefit of those not
Method, Using Chemical Grouting
conversant with them, to facilitate a precise understanding and
F2462 Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Sewers
interpretation of F36 ASTM standards.
with Optical Fiber Systems
F2550 Practice for Locating Leaks in Sewer Pipes By
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Measuring the Variation of Electric Current Flow Through
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the Pipe Wall
standard.
F2551 Practice for Installing a Protective Cementitious
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Liner System in Sanitary Sewer Manholes
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3. Significance and Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as correct
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
for the terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
F36. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard
issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of
2. Referenced Documents
these terms have been placed in this standard.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Terminology
F2233 Guide for Safety, Access Rights, Construction,
4.1 Terms and Definitions:
Liability, and Risk Management for Optical Fiber Net-
absorption, n—the loss of some or all of the energy contained
works in Existing Sewers
in an electromagnetic wave to the medium in which it is
F2303 Practice for Selection of Gravity Sewers Suitable for
propagating, usually converted to heat.
Installation of Optical Fiber Cable and Conduits
acceptance angle, n—the maximum angle, measured from the
F2304 Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical
optical fiber centerline to an incident light ray, within which
Grouting
the incident ray will be accepted for transmission by total
internal reflection along the fiber.
DISCUSSION—If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on
angle, total internal reflection will not occur and the incident ray will be
Technology and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
lost by leakage.
mittee F36.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
access rights, n—agreements between various parties to obtain
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F3092–14. DOI:
temporary and permanent access to property for the purpose
10.1520/F3092–14R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3092 − 14 (2019)
of constructing, maintaining, or changing optical fiber authorized inspector, n—the person(s) contracted or approved
networks. F2233 by the owner or owner’s representative to do inspections.
F2414
accuracy, n—the closeness of the measured value to the true or
the ideal value of the parameter being measured and is backfill, n—in tunneling, a material used to replace excavated
affected by both bias and precision.
soil.
acoustic wave, n—longitudinal waves propagated by means of
bandwidth, n—the range of frequencies that a device is
adiabatic compression and decompression.
capable of handling.
acousto-optics, n—the science and technology of the interac-
beam splitter, n—an optical device for dividing a light beam
tions between sound waves and light waves passing through
into two separated beams.
material media, especially as applied to the modulation and
bench, n—in tunneling, in situ ground at the lower face of a
deflection of laser beams by ultrasonic waves.
tunnel undergoing staged excavation.
acrylamide, n—organic solid of white, odorless, acrylic resin-
bend loss, n—optical power loss in an optical fiber because
ous material available in flake-like crystals and in liquid
signal radiation escapes through its bends, with the magni-
form. The greatest use of acrylamide is as a coagulant aid in
tude of optical power loss being proportional to the bending
drinking water treatment. Other major uses of acrylamide are
radius.
in soil stabilization, in grout for repairing sewers and in
acrylamide gels used in biotechnology laboratories. F2414
bending radius, n—the radius of a bend measured in a fiber
optic cable.
acrylate, n—a general term applied to various water-soluble
acrylic resinous materials. F2414
bentonite, n—clay composed mainly of clay mineral
‘montmorillonite,’ used for synthetic reasons, due to its
adit, n—in tunneling, a tunnel driven from ground surface to
expanding properties when in contact with water, for
provide access to or drainage from underground workings; a
example, drilling mud, binder, absorbent, groundwater
length of tunnel driven for an exploration-exploration adit.
barrier, etc.
advance, n—in tunneling, the forward progress in the construc-
bias, n—the difference between the measured results after
tion of a tunnel, usually measured by the length created, or
averaging, less the true value.
the rate of segment positioning in terms of a number per
hour/day or some other timescale.
birefringence, n—the separation of a light beam into two
components to form two rays propagating at different
ambient temperature, n—the temperature of the surrounding
velocities in the medium.
environment or air. F2304
-1 -1
bolt pocket, n—in tunneling, a pre-formed recess in tunnel
Angstrom, A, n—a unit of length equal to 10 nanometer (10
-4 -6 -10 -10
segment to accommodate bolts which hold segments to-
nm), 10 micron (10 mm), and 10 meter (10 m).
gether.
annulus, n—in tunneling, a ring-shaped opening, generally
bounded by the outside diameter of excavated tunnel and the bore, n—in tunneling, the internal diameter of a pipe or other
cylinder, single tunnel, for example, twin bore.
exterior of the final tunnel liner. F2304
aperture, n—in optics, a hole or an opening through which borehole, n—a hole driven into the ground to get information
light travels. about the strata, or to release water pressure by vertical sand
drains, or to obtain water, oil, gas, etc.
attenuation, n—the decrease in optical power of a signal, or
light wave, from interaction with the propagation medium, boring/bored, n—making a hole in the ground by means of
for example, absorption, reflection, diffusion, scattering,
rotating auger.
deflection, dispersion or resistance.
box jack/jacked box, n—in tunneling, a fully constructed
attenuation budget, n—the maximum cumulative one-way or
structure that is thrust into final position from an adjacent
two-way optical power loss between the interrogator and the
jacking point.
measurement point that allows a measurement with a speci-
Bragg cell, n—an acousto-optic device that is capable of
fied performance.
modulating light waves to produce an output light wave with
attenuation range, n—total cumulated optical loss (one way
an imposed frequency equal to the frequency of the input
loss; expressed in decibels (dB)) tolerated by the DRS
signal.
system without affecting the specified measurement perfor-
Brillouin optical time domain analysis, BOTDA, n—double
mance more than a given factor at a given location, spatial
ended access to the light source and detection system for
resolution, and measurement time.
long sensing lengths combined with high strain and tempera-
DISCUSSION—Part of the total cumulative loss can be the fiber
ture resolution for up to 31 miles (50 km) without signal
attenuation, point defect losses introduced by components such as
connectors, splices, kink in the fiber, attenuators, etc. regeneration.
F3092 − 14 (2019)
Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer, BOTDR, n—a cladding, n—in optics, optical transparent material over the
single ended access to the source and detection system, core of the optical fiber, with a refractive index lower than
which provides a Brillouin gain-loss-based distribution sen- that of the core, to provide total internal reflectance.
sor much like the standard OTDR sensors which use
coherence length, n—the coherence time of a light beam
Rayleigh scattering to the same effect. See optical time
multiplied by the velocity of the light.
domain reflectometer.
coherence time, n—if t is the time a light beam takes to
Brillouin scattering, n—light in a medium interacts with
become coherent, and t + Δt is the time at which the light
time-dependent optical density variations and changes its
beam loses its coherent properties, Δt is the coherence time.
frequency and path.
DISCUSSION—The density variations may be due to acoustic modes,
coherent light, n—light which has predictable parameters at
such as phonons, or magnetic modes, such as temperature gradients. As
any point in time or space, for example, laser light.
described in classical physics, when the medium is compressed its
index of refraction changes, and a fraction of the traveling light wave,
combined sewers, n—sewers that carry both wastewater and
interacting with the periodic refraction index variations, is deflected as
storm or surface water. F2303
in a three-dimensional diffraction grating. Since the sound wave, too, is
traveling, light is also subjected to a Doppler shift, so its frequency
compensation grouting, n—in tunneling, a method of revers-
changes.
ing ground settlements by injecting grout into the ground.
cable, n—a group of insulated light conductors that are bound
competent person, n—a person properly trained in the safety
together, usually with a durable cable jacket.
aspects of an activity. F2233
cable jacket, n—the outer protective covering over insulated
conductor, n—a transparent medium that is capable of trans-
conductors that are bound together.
mitting or conveying light waves by total internal reflection.
caisson, n—in tunneling, a watertight retaining structure, that
conduit, n—plastic tubing used to house optical fiber cable that
can be used as a support of excavation for a shaft structure.
is connected to, but not inside of, a pipeline. F2349, F2462
canopy tube, n—in tunneling, a metal tube drilled into the
confined space, n—an enclosed area that is large enough and
tunnel face above the ground to be excavated, the tube is
so configured that a person can bodily enter and has the
pumped full of grout once in place; the canopy is created
following characteristics: its primary function is something
using multiple adjacent tubes to reduce the risk of crown
other than human occupancy; has restricted entry and exit.
failure.
(Restricted entry and exit is a physical configuration which
catalyst, n—substance which markedly speeds up the cure of requires the use of hands or contortion of the body to enter
an adhesive when added in small quantities as compared to
into or exit from the confined space.) F2233
the amounts of primary reactants. F2414
connector, n—coupling device attached to the end of a fiber so
caulking, n—one of several different processes to seal joints or
that it can be mechanically connected to equipment or mated
seams in various structures and piping. F2454 with another connector to join two fibers together by
aligning their cores to minimize signal loss.
character-separated value file format, CSV, n—synonymous
with “comma separated value file,” stores tabular data
connector insertion loss, n—the power loss due to the
(numbers and text) in a sequence of characters, with no data
insertion of a connector between two elements.
that has to be interpreted, separated by some character or
constructability, n—the term used to denote the condition of a
string, for example, comma or tab.
completed set of plans and specifications for an optical fiber
characteristic frequency and/or wavelength at reference
network and its impact to the host utility, which have been
temperature (Brillouin technologies), n—the frequency
prepared with an analysis of practical, feasible methods of
and/or wavelength that characterizes the sensor response at
construction. F2233
reference temperature as monitored by the interrogator.
contractor, n—usually, the entity in charge of construction of
DISCUSSION—As Brillouin frequency varies with wavelength of the
the new tunnel or other infrastructure that may impact the
light source, this also changes the temperature and strain coefficients
for various sensing fibers. Therefore, characteristic frequency and the
utility. F2551
wavelength at a specified reference temperature and at zero strain are
control agent, n—substance added which controls the viscos-
usually provided by the complete system producers.
ity or flow properties of the material it is added to. F2414
chemical grout, n—injection repair media other than cemen-
titious grout that may be multicomponent, with or without convergence, n—in tunneling, a measurement of the inward
additives, and based on either polyurethane resin or acrylic movements of tunnel walls, often monitored to provide
resin. F2414 information on the performance of the lining during con-
struction.
circumferential joint, n—in tun
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3092 − 14 F3092 − 14 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Terminology
Relating to Optical Fiber Sensing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of definitions of technical terms related to optical fiber sensing systems, used
in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36.
1.2 Where possible definitions are stated as a single sentence, with necessary supplementary information as a Discussion. This
approach is used to simplify explanations of the meanings of technical terms for the benefit of those not conversant with them,
to facilitate a precise understanding and interpretation of F36 ASTM standards.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2233 Guide for Safety, Access Rights, Construction, Liability, and Risk Management for Optical Fiber Networks in Existing
Sewers
F2303 Practice for Selection of Gravity Sewers Suitable for Installation of Optical Fiber Cable and Conduits
F2304 Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical Grouting
F2349 Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Integrated Natural Gas Pipelines and Optical Fiber Systems (Withdrawn
2017)
F2350 Practice for Selection of Natural Gas Pipelines Suitable for Installation of Optical Fiber Systems (Withdrawn 2017)
F2414 Practice for Sealing Sewer Manholes Using Chemical Grouting
F2454 Practice for Sealing Lateral Connections and lines from the mainline Sewer Systems by the Lateral Packer Method, Using
Chemical Grouting
F2462 Practice for Operation and Maintenance of Sewers with Optical Fiber Systems
F2550 Practice for Locating Leaks in Sewer Pipes By Measuring the Variation of Electric Current Flow Through the Pipe Wall
F2551 Practice for Installing a Protective Cementitious Liner System in Sanitary Sewer Manholes
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as correct for the terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee F36.
Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms
have been placed in this standard.
4. Terminology
4.1 Terms and Definitions:
absorption, n—the loss of some or all of the energy contained in an electromagnetic wave to the medium in which it is
propagating, usually converted to heat.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technology and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.91
on Terminology.
Current edition approved July 1, 2014June 1, 2019. Published August 2014June 2019. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F3092–14.
DOI: 10.1520/F3092–14.10.1520/F3092–14R19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3092 − 14 (2019)
acceptance angle, n—the maximum angle, measured from the optical fiber centerline to an incident light ray, within which the
incident ray will be accepted for transmission by total internal reflection along the fiber.
DISCUSSION—
If the incident angle is greater than the acceptance angle, total internal reflection will not occur and the incident ray will be lost by leakage.
access rights, n—agreements between various parties to obtain temporary and permanent access to property for the purpose of
constructing, maintaining, or changing optical fiber networks. F2233
accuracy, n—the closeness of the measured value to the true or the ideal value of the parameter being measured and is affected
by both bias and precision.
acoustic wave, n—longitudinal waves propagated by means of adiabatic compression and decompression.
acousto-optics, n—the science and technology of the interactions between sound waves and light waves passing through material
media, especially as applied to the modulation and deflection of laser beams by ultrasonic waves.
acrylamide, n—organic solid of white, odorless, acrylic resinous material available in flake-like crystals and in liquid form. The
greatest use of acrylamide is as a coagulant aid in drinking water treatment. Other major uses of acrylamide are in soil
stabilization, in grout for repairing sewers and in acrylamide gels used in biotechnology laboratories. F2414
acrylate, n—a general term applied to various water-soluble acrylic resinous materials. F2414
adit, n—in tunneling, a tunnel driven from ground surface to provide access to or drainage from underground workings; a length
of tunnel driven for an exploration-exploration adit.
advance, n—in tunneling, the forward progress in the construction of a tunnel, usually measured by the length created, or the rate
of segment positioning in terms of a number per hour/day or some other timescale.
ambient temperature, n—the temperature of the surrounding environment or air. F2304
-1 -1 -4 -6 -10 -10
Angstrom, A, n—a unit of length equal to 10 nanometer (10 nm), 10 micron (10 mm), and 10 meter (10 m).
annulus, n—in tunneling, a ring-shaped opening, generally bounded by the outside diameter of excavated tunnel and the exterior
of the final tunnel liner. F2304
aperture, n—in optics, a hole or an opening through which light travels.
attenuation, n—the decrease in optical power of a signal, or light wave, from interaction with the propagation medium, for
example, absorption, reflection, diffusion, scattering, deflection, dispersion or resistance.
attenuation budget, n—the maximum cumulative one-way or two-way optical power loss between the interrogator and the
measurement point that allows a measurement with a specified performance.
attenuation range, n—total cumulated optical loss (one way loss; expressed in decibels (dB)) tolerated by the DRS system without
affecting the specified measurement performance more than a given factor at a given location, spatial resolution, and
measurement time.
DISCUSSION—
Part of the total cumulative loss can be the fiber attenuation, point defect losses introduced by components such as connectors, splices, kink in the fiber,
attenuators, etc.
authorized inspector, n—the person(s) contracted or approved by the owner or owner’s representative to do inspections. F2414
backfill, n—in tunneling, a material used to replace excavated soil.
bandwidth, n—the range of frequencies that a device is capable of handling.
beam splitter, n—an optical device for dividing a light beam into two separated beams.
bench, n—in tunneling, in situ ground at the lower face of a tunnel undergoing staged excavation.
bend loss, n—optical power loss in an optical fiber because signal radiation escapes through its bends, with the magnitude of
optical power loss being proportional to the bending radius.
bending radius, n—the radius of a bend measured in a fiber optic cable.
F3092 − 14 (2019)
bentonite, n—clay composed mainly of clay mineral ‘montmorillonite,’ used for synthetic reasons, due to its expanding properties
when in contact with water, for example, drilling mud, binder, absorbent, groundwater barrier, etc.
bias, n—the difference between the measured results after averaging, less the true value.
birefringence, n—the separation of a light beam into two components to form two rays propagating at different velocities in the
medium.
bolt pocket, n—in tunneling, a pre-formed recess in tunnel segment to accommodate bolts which hold segments together.
bore, n—in tunneling, the internal diameter of a pipe or other cylinder, single tunnel, for example, twin bore.
borehole, n—a hole driven into the ground to get information about the strata, or to release water pressure by vertical sand drains,
or to obtain water, oil, gas, etc.
boring/bored, n—making a hole in the ground by means of rotating auger.
box jack/jacked box, n—in tunneling, a fully constructed structure that is thrust into final position from an adjacent jacking point.
Bragg cell, n—an acousto-optic device that is capable of modulating light waves to produce an output light wave with an imposed
frequency equal to the frequency of the input signal.
Brillouin optical time domain analysis, BOTDA, n—double ended access to the light source and detection system for long
sensing lengths combined with high strain and temperature resolution for up to 31 miles (50 km) without signal regeneration.
Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer, BOTDR, n—a single ended access to the source and detection system, which
provides a Brillouin gain-loss-based distribution sensor much like the standard OTDR sensors which use Rayleigh scattering to
the same effect. See optical time domain reflectometer.
Brillouin scattering, n—light in a medium interacts with time-dependent optical density variations and changes its frequency and
path.
DISCUSSION—
The density variations may be due to acoustic modes, such as phonons, or magnetic modes, such as temperature gradients. As described in classical
physics, when the medium is compressed its index of refraction changes, and a fraction of the traveling light wave, interacting with the periodic
refraction index variations, is deflected as in a three-dimensional diffraction grating. Since the sound wave, too, is traveling, light is also subjected to
a Doppler shift, so its frequency changes.
cable, n—a group of insulated light conductors that are bound together, usually with a durable cable jacket.
cable jacket, n—the outer protective covering over insulated conductors that are bound together.
caisson, n—in tunneling, a watertight retaining structure, that can be used as a support of excavation for a shaft structure.
canopy tube, n—in tunneling, a metal tube drilled into the tunnel face above the ground to be excavated, the tube is pumped full
of grout once in place; the canopy is created using multiple adjacent tubes to reduce the risk of crown failure.
catalyst, n—substance which markedly speeds up the cure of an adhesive when added in small quantities as compared to the
amounts of primary reactants. F2414
caulking, n—one of several different processes to seal joints or seams in various structures and piping. F2454
character-separated value file format, CSV, n—synonymous with “comma separated value file,” stores tabular data (numbers
and text) in a sequence of characters, with no data that has to be interpreted, separated by some character or string, for example,
comma or tab.
characteristic frequency and/or wavelength at reference temperature (Brillouin technologies), n—the frequency and/or
wavelength that characterizes the sensor response at reference temperature as monitored by the interrogator.
DISCUSSION—
As Brillouin frequency varies with wavelength of the light source, this also changes the temperature and strain coefficients for various sensing fibers.
Therefore, characteristic frequency and the wavelength at a specified reference temperature and at zero strain are usually provided by the complete
system producers.
chemical grout, n—injection repair media other than cementitious grout that may be multicomponent, with or without additives,
and based on either polyurethane resin or acrylic resin. F2414
F3092 − 14 (2019)
circumferential joint, n—in tunneling, a joint (typically between segments) which runs circumferentially relative to the tunnel
bore.
cladding, n—in optics, optical transparent material over the core of the optical fiber, with a refractive index lower than that of the
core, to provide total internal reflectance.
coherence length, n—the coherence time of a light beam multiplied by the velocity of the light.
coherence time, n—if t is the time a light beam takes to become coherent, and t + Δt is the time at which the light beam loses
its coherent properties, Δt is the coherence time.
coherent light, n—light which has predictable parameters at any point in time or space, for example, laser light.
combined sewers, n—sewers that carry both wastewater and storm or surface water. F2303
compensation grouting, n—in tunneling, a method of reversing ground settlements by injecting grout into the ground.
competent person, n—a person properly trained in the safety aspects of an activity. F2233
conductor, n—a transparent medium that is capable of transmitting or conveying light waves by total internal reflection.
conduit, n—plastic tubing used to house optical fiber cable that is connected to, but not inside of, a pipeline. F2349, F2462
confined space, n—an enclosed area that is large enough and so configured that a person can bodily enter and has the following
characteristics: its primary function is something other than human occupancy; has restricted entry and exit. (Restricted entry
and exit is a physical configuration which requires the use of hands or contortion of the body to enter into or exit from the
confined space.) F2233
connector, n—coupling device attached to the end of a fiber so that it can be mechanically connected to equipment or mated with
another connector to join two fibers together by aligning their cores to minimize signal loss.
connector insertion loss, n—the power loss due to the insertion of a connector between two elements.
constructability, n—the term used to denote the condition of a completed set of plans and specifications for an optical fiber
network and its impact to the host utility, which have been prepared with an analysis of practical, feasible methods of
construction. F2233
contrac
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.