ASTM D2940/D2940M-15
(Specification)Standard Specification for Graded Aggregate Material For Bases or Subbases for Highways or Airports
Standard Specification for Graded Aggregate Material For Bases or Subbases for Highways or Airports
ABSTRACT
This specification covers quality-controlled graded aggregates that, when hauled to and properly spread and compacted on a prepared grade to appropriate density standards, may be expected to provide adequate stability and load support for use as highway or airport bases or subbases. Coarse aggregate retained on the sieve shall consist of durable particles of crushed stone, gravel, or slag capable of withstanding the effects of handling, spreading, and compacting without degradation productive of deleterious fines. Fine aggregate passing through the sieve shall normally consist of fines from the operation of crushing the coarse aggregate. Where available and suitable, addition of natural sand or finer mineral matter, or both, is not prohibited. The following tests shall be performed: grain-size test (dry and wet sieving), liquid limit test, plastic limit test, plasticity index test, sand equivalent value test, and expansion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers quality-controlled graded aggregates that, when hauled to and properly spread and compacted on a prepared grade to appropriate density standards, may be expected to provide adequate stability and load support for use as highway or airport bases or subbases.
Note 1: The engineer is cautioned to provide appropriate construction specifications to ensure compaction to an extent that further densification from traffic loadings on the completed pavement will be insignificant. The method suggested is to require compaction on a firm foundation of a short control strip of the material at a suitable moisture content, by means of vibratory or other proven effective rollers or tampers, until no further increase in density results. Compaction requirements should ensure that an average density of certain appropriate percentages of the control strip maximum density be achieved on the balance of the job; for base courses, 98% is suggested as the minimum average requirement.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D2940/D2940M −15
Standard Specification for
Graded Aggregate Material For Bases or Subbases for
1
Highways or Airports
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2940/D2940M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers quality-controlled graded ag-
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
gregates that, when hauled to and properly spread and com-
Aggregates
pacted on a prepared grade to appropriate density standards,
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
may be expected to provide adequate stability and load support
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
for use as highway or airport bases or subbases.
D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and
NOTE 1—The engineer is cautioned to provide appropriate construction
Fine Aggregate
specifications to ensure compaction to an extent that further densification
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
from traffic loadings on the completed pavement will be insignificant. The
Plasticity Index of Soils
method suggested is to require compaction on a firm foundation of a short
control strip of the material at a suitable moisture content, by means of D4792 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Aggregates
vibratory or other proven effective rollers or tampers, until no further
from Hydration Reactions
increaseindensityresults.Compactionrequirementsshouldensurethatan
D5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of
average density of certain appropriate percentages of the control strip
Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
maximum density be achieved on the balance of the job; for base courses,
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
98% is suggested as the minimum average requirement.
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Lot or Process
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 3. General Requirements
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1 Coarse aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
with the standard.
shall consist of durable particles of crushed stone, gravel, or
slag capable of withstanding the effects of handling, spreading,
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
and compacting without degradation productive of deleterious
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
3
fines. Of the particles which are retained on a 9.5-mm [ ⁄8-in.]
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
sieve, at least 75% shall have two or more fractured faces.
as requirements of the standard.
NOTE 2—No standard ASTM method is recognized to be capable of
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
measuring the quality, or tendency of coarse aggregate to degrade to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
extent that deleterious fines may be produced. Some local jurisdictions
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
have developed tests believed to be of value in this respect. The purchaser
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ofmaterialunderthisspecificationisadvisedtoinvestigatetheavailability
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. and reliability of such tests in order to specify quality requirements
appropriate to the local area.
3.1.1 The fractured particle requirement of 3.1 is modified
whenspecifiedinthecontractdocuments,providingfortheuse
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.50 on
2
Aggregate Specifications. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2015.PublishedJuly2015.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2940/D2940M – 09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D2940_D2940M-15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2940/D2940M − 09 D2940/D2940M − 15
Standard Specification for
Graded Aggregate Material For Bases or Subbases for
1
Highways or Airports
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2940/D2940M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers quality-controlled graded aggregates that, when hauled to and properly spread and compacted on
a prepared grade to appropriate density standards, may be expected to provide adequate stability and load support for use as
highway or airport bases or subbases.
NOTE 1—The engineer is cautioned to provide appropriate construction specifications to ensure compaction to an extent that further densification from
traffic loadings on the completed pavement will be insignificant. The method suggested is to require compaction on a firm foundation of a short control
strip of the material at a suitable moisture content, by means of vibratory or other proven effective rollers or tampers, until no further increase in density
results. Compaction requirements should ensure that an average density of certain appropriate percentages of the control strip maximum density be
achieved on the balance of the job; for base courses, 98% is suggested as the minimum average requirement.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils
D4792 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Aggregates from Hydration Reactions
D5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
3. General Requirements
3.1 Coarse aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve shall consist of durable particles of crushed stone, gravel, or slag
capable of withstanding the effects of handling, spreading, and compacting without degradation productive of deleterious fines. Of
3
the particles which are retained on a 9.5-mm [ ⁄8-in.] sieve, at least 75% shall have two or more fractured faces.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.50 on Aggregate
Specifications.
Current edition approved July 1, 2009June 1, 2015. Published August 2009July 2015. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
D2940 – 03.D2940/D2940M – 09. DOI: 10.1520/D2940_D2940M-09.10.1520/D2940_D2940M-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2940/D2940M − 15
NOTE 2—No standard ASTM method is recognized to be capable of measuring the quality, or tendency of coarse aggregate to degrade to the extent
that
...
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