ASTM D9-87(1999)

Standard Terminology Relating to Wood

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Apr-1999
• ICS: 01.040.79 - Wood technology (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.91 - Terminology and Editorial

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D9-87(1999)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wood
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D5795-16 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Liquid Water Absorption of Coated Wood and Wood Based Products Via “Cobb Ring” Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7147-21 - Standard Specification for Testing and Establishing Allowable Loads of Joist Hangers
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7381-07(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM E69-22 - Standard Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated Wood by the Fire-Tube Apparatus
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7031-11(2019) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7374-21 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Elevated Temperature Performance of Adhesives Used in End-Jointed Lumber
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D5536-17(2023) - Standard Practice for Sampling Forest Trees for Determination of Clear Wood Properties
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D25-12(2022) - Standard Specification for Round Timber Piles
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D6782-19 - Standard Test Methods for Standardization and Calibration of In-Line Dry Lumber Moisture Meters
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7612-21 - Standard Practice for Categorizing Wood and Wood-Based Products According to Their Fiber Sources
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D5456-21e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D6305-21 - Standard Practice for Calculating Bending Strength Design Adjustment Factors for Fire-Retardant-Treated Plywood Roof Sheathing
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D7032-21 - Standard Specification for Establishing Performance Ratings for Wood-Plastic Composite and Plastic Lumber Deck Boards, Stair Treads, Guards, and Handrails
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999
• Referred By: ASTM D1666-22 - Standard Test Methods for Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Panel Materials
• Effective Date: 10-Apr-1999

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D9–87(Reapproved1999)
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wood
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thedefinitionscontainedhereinconstitutealexiconoftermsofgeneralinterest.Definitionsinmore
specialized wood product or process use will be found in other standards. These include Practice
2
D 245,EstablishingStructuralGradesandRelatedAllowablePropertiesforVisuallyGradedLumber;
3 2
Terminology D 907, Adhesives; Definitions D 1038, Terms Relating to Veneer and Plywood;
2
Nomenclature D 1165, Domestic Hardwoods and Softwoods; Definitions D 1554, Terms Relating to
2
Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials; Definitions F 547, Terms Relating to Nails for Use
4 2
with Wood and Wood-Base Materials; Methods D 2555, Establishing Clear-Wood Strength Values;
5
Definitions C 274, Terms Relating to Structural Sandwich Constructions.
allowable properties—mechanical properties of materials as basic stress (archaic)—the term once used for an allowable
prepared for design use. Allocwable properties of wood are property for clear, straight-grained lumber.
identified with stress-grade descriptions and reflect the batten—a narrow strip of lumber for covering the adjoining
orthotropicstructureofwood.Oftenconsideredsynonomous edges of roofing or siding, often designated as “batts.”
with allowable unit stresses, working stresses, and design birdseyes—small localized areas in wood with the fibers
stresses. indented and otherwise contorted to form small circular or
American softwood lumber standard—a voluntary product elliptical figures remotely resembling birds’ eyes on the
standard of the U. S. Department of Commerce which serves tangential surface. Common in sugar maple; rare in other
as a basis for the preparation and revision of industry- hardwood species.
sponsored grading rules for lumber. blemish—ingradinglumber,anythingmarringtheappearance.
American standard lumber—lumber conforming to the basic May not be classified as a defect.
provisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard. board foot—a unit of measurement represented by a board 1
annual ring—the growth layer produced by the tree in a single ft long, 1 ft wide, and 1 in. thick. Abbreviation ft. b.m.; bd.
growth year, including earlywood and latewood. ft., fmb. In finished or surfaced lumber, the board-foot
bark—the layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the measure is based on the nominal size. In practice, the
inner bark and the outer bark. working unit is 1000 board feet. Abbreviation M bd. ft.; M
inner bark—the layer of living bark (phloem) that separates B.M.; M B.F.
theouterbarkfromthecambiumandwhichinthelivingtree board measure—a unit of measurement of the volume in
generally is moist and soft. board feet of logs or lumber. Abbreviation B.M.
outer bark—the layer of dead bark outside the inner bark, boards—See lumber.
forming the exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer bark bole—the stem or trunk of a tree of size sufficient to yield
frequently is corky and dry. lumber, veneer, or poles.
bark product—an opening between annual growth rings that bolt—(1) a short section of a tree trunk or limb;
contains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on radial (2) a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe for
surfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces. veneer; and
(3) a short portion of a log prepared for production of
shingles, staves, etc.
bow—the distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is a
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-7 on Wood
deviation in a direction perpendicular to the flat face from a
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Technical Service.
straight line from end to end of the piece.
Current edition approved March 9, 1987. Published April 1987. Originally
published asD9–29T. Last previous editionD9–86.
boxed heart—the term used when the pith falls entirely within
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
the four faces of a piece of wood throughout its length.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06.
4
boxed pith—See boxed heart.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.08.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03. brashness—a condition that causes some pieces of wood to be
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D9
relatively low in shock resistance for the species and, when star check—a heart check in which the separation extends in
bro
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