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ASTM E1331-15

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2015
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1331-09 - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Replaced By
ASTM E1331-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Referred By
ASTM D7856-21 - Standard Specification for Color and Appearance Retention of Solid and Variegated Color Plastic Siding Products using CIELab Color Space
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM C1510-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color Difference of Whitewares by Abriged Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM E3125-17 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Point-to-Point Distance Measurement Performance of Spherical Coordinate 3D Imaging Systems in the Medium Range
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM D5326-22 - Standard Test Method for Color Development in Tinted Latex Paints
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1477-98a(2022) - Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2938-15 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Relative-Range Measurement Performance of 3D Imaging Systems in the Medium Range
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM D6441-05(2016) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Hiding Power of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM D3134-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Establishing Color and Gloss Tolerances
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1247-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM D6290-19 - Standard Test Method for Color Determination of Plastic Pellets
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2387-19 - Standard Practice for Goniometric Optical Scatter Measurements
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1331 −15
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Speci-
ment of the reflection properties and color of object-color
mens Using the One-Monochromator Method
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-
E1164 PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
rimeterwithahemisphericalopticalmeasuringsystem,suchas
Color Evaluation
an integrating sphere.
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-
Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
color specimens. However, it should not be used for retrore-
3. Terminology
flective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest
accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss sur-
3.1 Definitions:
faces should preferably not be measured by use of this
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
geometry.
and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4. Summary of Test Method
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
standard.
reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
usingaspectrophotometerorspectrocolorimeterequippedwith
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrat-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ing sphere.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
2. Referenced Documents
measurement.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.3 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user
Coordinates
must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
Practice E308, Procedure).
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
5. Significance and Use
of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
E308 PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental
the CIE System
measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with
either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring sys-
tems. This test method provides procedures for such measure-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
ment by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
optical measuring system.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approved
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement
in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E1331 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/
E1331-15.
of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
(Guide E179 and Practice E805):
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. use in computer colorant formulation.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1331−15
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment. 7. Specimen Selection
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss
7.1 For highest precision and accuracy, select specimens
specimens, the specular component should generally be ex-
with the following properties:
cluded during the measurement.
7.1.1 High material uniformity and freedom from ble
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1331 − 09 E1331 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1331; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens
by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating
sphere.
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective
specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should
preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using the One-Monochromator Method
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284, and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the reflectance factors of reflecting object-color specimens by using
a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
4.3 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediately
following the measurement. When this is the case, the user must select the color system, observer, and illuminant (see Practice
E308, Procedure).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009July 1, 2015. Published December 2009July 2015. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
E1331 – 04.E1331 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/E1331-09.10.1520/E1331-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1331 − 15
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement
using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method
provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide
E179 and Practice E805):
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer color
...

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ASTM E1331-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by reflectance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 All types of object-color specimens to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens for color assessment.
5.2.2.1 For the measurement of plane-surface high-gloss specimens, the specular component should generally be excluded during the measurement.
5.2.2.2 For the measurement of plane-surface intermediate-gloss specimens and of textured-surface specimens, including textiles, where the first-surface reflection component may be distributed over a wide range of angles, measurement may be made with the specular component included, but the resulting color coordinates may not correlate best with visual judgments of the color. The use of bidirectional geometry, such as 45/0 or 0/45, may lead to better correlations.
5.2.2.3 For the measurement of plane-surface, low-gloss (matte) specimens, the specular component may either be excluded or included, as no significant difference in the results should be apparent.  
5.2.3 Specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment. For this application, the specular component should generally be included during the measurement.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of the following types of specimens, for which the use of bidirectional measurement geometry (0/45 or 45/0) is preferable (Guide E179):  
5.3.1 Object-color specimens of intermediate gloss,  
5.3.2 Retroreflective specimens, and  
5.3.3 Fluorescent specimens (Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 The test method is suitable for use with most object-color specimens. However, it should not be used for retroreflective specimens or for fluorescent specimens when highest accuracy is desired. Specimens having intermediate-gloss surfaces should preferably not be measured by use of this geometry.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1247-12(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Several standards, including Practices E991, E1164, and Test Methods E1331, E1348 and E1349, require either the presence or absence of fluorescence exhibited by the specimen for correct application. This practice provides spectrophotometric procedures for identifying the presence of fluorescence in materials.  
4.2 This practice is applicable to all object-color specimens, whether opaque, translucent, or transparent, meeting the requirements for specimens in the appropriate standards listed in 2.1. Translucent specimens should be measured by reflectance, with a standard non-fluorescent backing material, usually but not necessarily black, placed behind the specimen during measurement.  
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4.4 The confirmation of the presence of fluorescence is made by the comparison of spectral curves, color difference, or single parameter difference such as ΔY between the measurements.
Note 2: In editions of E1247 – 92 and earlier, the test of fluorescence was the two sets of spectral transmittances or radiance factor (reflectance factors) differ by 1 % of full scale at the wavelength of greatest difference.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
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Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a CRT-Type Visual Display Unit

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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