ASTM E2534-20

Standard Practice for Targeted Defect Detection Using Process Compensated Resonance Testing Via Swept Sine Input for Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 PCRT Applications and Capabilities—PCRT has been applied successfully to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture and maintenance of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1. PCRT has been shown to provide cost effective and accurate NDT solutions in many industries including automotive, aerospace, and power generation. Examples of successful applications currently employed in commercial use include, but are not limited to:
(1) Silicon nitride bearing elements
(2) Steel, iron, and aluminum rocker and control arms
(3) Aircraft and industrial gas turbine engine components (blades, vanes, disks)
(4) Cast cylinder heads and cylinder blocks
(5) Sintered powder metal gears and clutch plates
(6) Machined forged steel steering and transmission components (gears, shafts, racks)
(7) Ceramic oxygen sensors
(8) Silicon wafers
(9) Gears, including those with induction hardened or carburized teeth
(10) Ceramic matrix composite (CMC) material samples and components
(11) Components with shot peened surfaces
(12) Machined or rolled-formed fasteners
(13) Components made with additive manufacturing
(14) Aircraft landing gear, wheel, and brake components  
(15) Components made with metal injection molding  
5.2 General Approach and Equipment Requirements for PCRT via Swept Sine Input:  
5.2.1 PCRT systems comprise hardware and software capable of inducing vibrations, recording the component response to the induced vibrations, and executing analysis of the data collected. Inputting a swept sine wave into the part has proven to be an effective means of introducing mechanical vibration and can be achieved with a high quality signal generator coupled with an appropriate active transducer in physical contact with the part. Collection of the part’s frequency response can be achieved by recording the signal generated by an appropriate passive vibration transducer. The software required to analyze the av...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a general procedure for using the process compensated resonance testing (PCRT) via swept sine input method for metallic or non-metallic parts to compare resonance patterns from a sample under test to reference teaching sets of known acceptable and targeted defect samples. The resonance pattern differences can be used to distinguish acceptable parts with normal process variation from parts with targeted material states and defects that will cause performance deficiencies. These material states and defects include, but are not limited to, cracks, voids, porosity, shrink, inclusions, discontinuities, grain and crystalline structure differences, density-related anomalies, heat treatment variations, material elastic property differences, residual stress, and dimensional variations. This practice is intended for use with instruments capable of exciting, measuring, recording, and analyzing multiple whole body, mechanical vibration resonance frequencies in acoustic or ultrasonic frequency ranges, or both.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2020
• ICS: 17.160 - Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2534 − 20
Standard Practice for
Targeted Defect Detection Using Process Compensated
Resonance Testing Via Swept Sine Input for Metallic and
1
Non-Metallic Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice describes a general procedure for using the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
process compensated resonance testing (PCRT) via swept sine
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
input method for metallic or non-metallic parts to compare
E2001 Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for
resonance patterns from a sample under test to reference
Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
teaching sets of known acceptable and targeted defect samples.
E3081 Practice for Outlier Screening Using Process Com-
The resonance pattern differences can be used to distinguish
pensated Resonance Testing via Swept Sine Input for
acceptable parts with normal process variation from parts with
Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts
targeted material states and defects that will cause performance
E3213 Practice for Part-to-Itself Examination Using Process
deficiencies. These material states and defects include, but are
Compensated ResonanceTestingVia Swept Sine Input for
not limited to, cracks, voids, porosity, shrink, inclusions,
Metallic and Non-Metallic Parts
discontinuities, grain and crystalline structure differences,
density-related anomalies, heat treatment variations, material
3. Terminology
elastic property differences, residual stress, and dimensional
3.1 Definitions:
variations. This practice is intended for use with instruments
The definitions of terms relating to conventional ultrasonic
capable of exciting, measuring, recording, and analyzing mul-
examination can be found in Terminology E1316.
tiple whole body, mechanical vibration resonance frequencies
in acoustic or ultrasonic frequency ranges, or both.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
3.2.1 broadband, n—the range of frequencies, excitation
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are parameters, and data collection parameters developed specifi-
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
cally for a particular part type.
information only and are not considered standard.
3.2.2 classification, n—thelabelingofateachingsetofparts
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
as acceptable or unacceptable.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 false negative, n—part failing the sort but deemed by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
other method of post-test/analysis to have acceptable or con-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
forming specifications
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.4 false positive, n—part passing the sort but exhibiting a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
flaw (either inside the teaching set of flaws or possibly outside
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the teaching set range of flaws) or nonconforming to specifi-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
cation.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.5 margin part, n—a single part representative of a part
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
type that is used to determine measurement repeatability and
for system verification.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
2
Ultrasonic Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published January 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2534 – 15. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520 ⁄E2534-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E25
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2534 − 15 E2534 − 20
Standard Practice for
Targeted Defect Detection Using Process Compensated
Resonance Testing Via Swept Sine Input for Metallic and
1
Non-Metallic Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice describes a general procedure for using the process compensated resonance testing (PCRT) via swept sine input
method to detect resonance pattern differences in metallic and non-metallic parts. The resonance for metallic or non-metallic parts
to compare resonance patterns from a sample under test to reference teaching sets of known acceptable and targeted defect samples.
The resonance pattern differences can be used to distinguish acceptable parts with normal process variation from parts with targeted
material states and defects that will cause performance deficiencies. These material states and defects include, but are not limited
to, cracks, voids, porosity, shrink, inclusions, discontinuities, grain and crystalline structure differences, density-related anomalies,
heat treatment variations, material elastic property differences, residual stress, and dimensional variations. This practice is intended
for use with instruments capable of exciting, measuring, recording, and analyzing multiple whole body, mechanical vibration
resonance frequencies in acoustic or ultrasonic frequency ranges, or both.
1.2 Units—This practice uses inch pound units as primary units. SI units are included in parentheses for reference only, and The
values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions
of the primary units.to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2001 Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
E3081 Practice for Outlier Screening Using Process Compensated Resonance Testing via Swept Sine Input for Metallic and
Non-Metallic Parts
E3213 Practice for Part-to-Itself Examination Using Process Compensated Resonance Testing Via Swept Sine Input for Metallic
and Non-Metallic Parts
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2015January 2021. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102015
as E2534E2534 – 15.-10. DOI: 10.1520 ⁄E2534-15 ⁄E2534-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2534 − 20
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
The definitions of terms relating to conventional ultrasonic examination can be found in Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 broadband—broadband, n—the range of frequencies, excitation parameters, and data collection parameters developed
specifically for a particular part type.
3.2.2 classification—classification, n—the labeling of a teaching set of parts as acceptable or unacceptable.
3.2.3 false negative, n—part failin
...