ASTM D1929-96(2001)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics (Withdrawn 2010)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics (Withdrawn 2010)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.
This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method² covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.
1.2 Caution-During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that may be hazardous to personnel. Adequate precautions should be taken to protect the operator.
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazards or fire risk assessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2 and 1.4.
Note 1- This test method and ISO 871-1996 are identical in all technical details.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This fire test response test method covered a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, this fire test response test method was withdrawn in February 2010 in accordance with subsection 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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´1
Designation:D1929–96 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—One section was revised editorially. A section and a footnote were removed editorially in June 2001.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
1.1 This fire test response test method covers a laboratory 2.1 ASTM Standards:
determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontane- D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
ous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace. E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
1.2 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or 2.2 International Standards:
vapors, or both, are evolved that may be hazardous to person- ISO 871-1996 Plastics—Determination of Ignition Tem-
nel. Adequate precautions should be taken to protect the perature Using a Hot-Air Furnace
operator. ISO 5725 Precision of Test Methods—Determination of
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the Repeatability and Reproducibility for StandardTest Meth-
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and ods by Interlaboratory Tests
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself IEC 584-2 Thermocouples—Part 2: Tolerances
incorporate all factors required for fire hazards or fire risk
3. Terminology
assessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actual
fire conditions. 3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms relating to fire, see
Terminology E176.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 flash ignition temperature (FIT)—the minimum tem-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- perature at which, under specified test conditions, sufficient
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- flammable gases are emitted to ignite momentarily upon
application of a small external pilot flame.
tionary statements are given in 1.2 and 1.3.
3.2.2 glowing combustion—combustion of a material in the
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 871-1996 are identical in all
solid phase without flame but with emission of light from the
technical details.
combustion zone, caused by slow decomposition and carbon-
ization at various points in the specimen, without general
ignition occurring.
3.2.3 spontaneous ignition temperature or self-ignition tem-
perature (SIT)—the minimum temperature at which the self-
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics heating properties of the specimen lead to ignition or ignition
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties
occurs of itself, under specified test conditions, in the absence
(Section D20.30.03).
of any additional flame ignition source.
Current edition approved July 10, 1996. Published September 1996. Originally
published as D1929 – 62 T. Last previous edition D1929 – 91a.
In 1996, this test method was totally revised to be technically equal to
ISO 871-1996, and a specific air velocity is specified, which eliminates the need for For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approximations. DOI: 10.1520/D1929-96R01E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The following reference may be of interest in connection with this test method: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Stetchkin, N. P., “A Method and Apparatus for Determining the Ignition Charac- the ASTM website.
teristics of Plastics,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards and Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Technology, Vol 43, No. 6, December 1949 (RP 2052), p. 591. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
D1929–96 (2001)
4. Significance and Use 5. Apparatus
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of 5.1 Hot-Air Ignition Furnace—A furnace similar to that
considerable value in comparing the relative ignition charac- shown in Fig. 1, consisting primarily of an electrical heating
teristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the unit and specimen holder.
lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the
5.2 Furnace Tube—A vertical tube with an inside diameter
material under the conditions of this test. Test values are
of 100 6 5 mm and a length of 230 6 20 mm, made of a
expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility
ceramic that will withstand at least 750°C. The vertical tube
under actual use conditions.
standsonthefurnacefloor,fittedwithaplugfortheremovalof
accumulated residue.
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire
hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards
5.3 Inner Ceramic Tube—A ceramic tube that will with-
include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, stand at least 750°C, with an inside diameter of 75 6 5 mm,
intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, length of 2306 20 mm, and thickness of approximately 3 mm,
and others. placed inside the furnace tube and positioned 20 62mm
FIG. 1 Cross Section of Hot-Air Ignition Furnace
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D1929–96 (2001)
NOTE 4—Thermocouple TC may be installed through a hole drilled
above the furnace floor on three small spacer blocks. The top
adjacent to the inspection plug below the specimen pan.
is covered by a disk of heat-resistant material with a 25 6
2-mm diameter opening in the center that is used for observa-
6.3 Thermocouple TC measures the temperature, T , of the
3 3
tion and passage of smoke and gases.The pilot flame is located
heating coil. It is located adjacent to the furnace heating coil
immediately above the opening.
and is used as a reference for temperature adjustment purposes
because of its faster response.
NOTE 2—Fire resistant materials such as silica glass and stainless steel
have also been found suitable for this application.
NOTE 5—Thermocouple TC may be a 1.6 6 0.1-mm diameter metallic
sheathed thermocouple.
5.4 Air Source—An outside air source to supply clean air
near the top of the annular space between the ceramic tubes,
7. Test Specimens
through a copper tube at a steady and controllable rate. Air
7.1 Materials supplied in any form, including composites,
shall be heated and circulated in the space between the two
may be used, but it is essential that the form be described fully
tubes and enter the inner furnace tube at the bottom. Air shall
in the test report.
be metered by a rotameter or other suitable device.
5.5 Electrical Heating Unit, contained within the mineral NOTE 6—Specimens containing high levels of inorganic fillers are
difficult to evaluate.
fiber sleeve and constructed of 50 turns of 1.3 6 0.1 mm
NOTE 7—Thesamematerialtestedindifferentformsmaygivedifferent
Nichrome V alloy wire, wound around the furnace tube and
results.
embedded in heat-resistant cement.
7.2 A specimen mass of 3.0 6 0.2 g shall be used for
NOTE 3—Other constructions such as finely coiled wire embedded in
materials having a density greater than 100 kg/m . Materials
molded ceramic fiber have also been found to be acceptable.
may be tested in the form of pellets or powder, normally
5.6 Insulation, consisting of a layer of mineral fiber, ap-
supplied for molding. For sheet materials, cut the sheet into
proximately 60-mm thick, and covered by a metal jacket.
squares of 20 62by20 6 2 mm maximum size, and stack
5.7 Pilot Igniter, consisting of a nominal 1.8 6 0.3-mm
these to a height that gives the required specimen mass. For
inside diameter (ID) copper tubing attached to a gas supply of
film materials, roll a strip 20 6 2-mm wide and of length
94 % minimum purity propane and placed horizontally 5 6 1
sufficient to give the required specimen mass.
mm above the top surface of the disk cover. The pilot flame
7.3 For cellular materials having a density less than 100
shall be adjusted to 20 6 2 mm in length and centered above
kg/m , remove any outer skin and cut the specimens in the
the opening in the disk cover.
form of a block measuring 20 62by20 62by50 6 5 mm.
5.8 Specimen Support and Holder—The specimen pan con-
7.4 Sufficient material is required for at least two determi-
sists of a metal container of approximately 0.5-mm thick steel
nations.
measuring 406 2 mm in diameter by 15 6 2 mm in depth. It
7.5 Thetestspecimensshallbeconditionedat23 62°Cand
is held in a ring of approximately 2.0-mm diameter stainless
50 6 5 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test,
steel welding rod. The ring is welded to a length of the same
in acc
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D1929–96 Designation:D1929–96 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—One section was revised editorially. A section and a footnote were removed editorially in June 2001.
1. Scope*
1.1 This fire test response test method covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous
ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.
1.2 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that may be hazardous to personnel.
Adequate precautions should be taken to protect the operator.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat
and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk
assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end
use.
1.5
1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazards or fire risk assessment of materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2 and 1.41.3.
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 871-1996 are identical in all technical details.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
2.2 International Standards:
ISO 871-1996 Plastics—Determination of Ignition Temperature Using a Hot-Air Furnace
ISO 5725 Precision of Test Methods—Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility for Standard Test Methods by
Interlaboratory Tests
IEC 584-2 Thermocouples—Part 2: Tolerances
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms relating to fire, see Terminology E 176.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 flash ignition temperature (FIT)—theminimumtemperatureatwhich,underspecifiedtestconditions,sufficientflammable
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties
(Section D20.30.03).
Current edition approved July 10, 1996. Published September 1996. Originally published as D 1929 – 62 T. Last previous edition D 1929 – 91a.
In 1996, this test method was totally revised to be technically equal to ISO 871-1996, and a specific air velocity is specified, which eliminates the need for approximations.
The following reference may be of interest in connection with this test method: Stetchkin, N. P., “AMethod andApparatus for Determining the Ignition Characteristics
of Plastics,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol 43, No. 6, December 1949 (RP 2052), p. 591.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
D1929–96 (2001)
gases are emitted to ignite momentarily upon application of a small external pilot flame.
3.2.2 glowing combustion—combustion of a material in the solid phase without flame but with emission of light from the
combustion zone, caused by slow decomposition and carbonization at various points in the specimen, without general ignition
occurring.
3.2.3 spontaneous ignition temperature or self-ignition temperature (SIT) —the minimum temperature at which the self-heating
properties of the specimen lead to ignition or ignition occurs of itself, under specified test conditions, in the absence of any
additional flame ignition source.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Testsmadeunderconditionshereinprescribedcanbeofconsiderablevalueincomparingtherelativeignitioncharacteristics
of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under
the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use
conditions.
4.2 Thistestisnotintendedtobethesolecriterionforfirehazard.Inadditiontoignitiontemperatures,firehazardsincludeother
factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Hot-Air Ignition Furnace—Afurnace similar to that shown in Fig. 1, consisting primarily of an electrical heating unit and
specimen holder.
5.2 Furnace Tube—Avertical tube with an inside diameter of 100 6 5 mm and a length of 230 6 20 mm, made of a ceramic
that will withstand at least 750°C. The vertical tube stands on the furnace floor, fitted with a plug for the removal of accumulated
residue.
5.3 Inner Ceramic Tube—A ceramic tube that will withstand at least 750°C, with an inside diameter of 75 6 5 mm, length of
2306 20 mm, and thickness of approximately 3 mm, placed inside the furnace tube and positioned 20 6 2 mm above the furnace
floor on three small spacer blocks. The top is covered by a disk of heat-resistant material with a 25 6 2-mm diameter opening in
the center that is used for observation and passage of smoke and gases. The pilot flame is located immediately above the opening.
NOTE 2—Fire resistant materials such as silica glass and stainless steel have also been found suitable for this application.
5.4 Air Source—An outside air source to supply clean air near the top of the annular space between the ceramic tubes, through
a copper tube at a steady and controllable rate.Air shall be heated and circulated in the space between the two tubes and enter the
inner furnace tube at the bottom. Air shall be metered by a rotameter or other suitable device.
5.5 Electrical Heating Unit, contained within the mineral fiber sleeve and constructed of 50 turns of 1.3 6 0.1 mm Nichrome
V alloy wire, wound around the furnace tube and embedded in heat-resistant cement.
NOTE 3—Other constructions such as finely coiled wire embedded in molded ceramic fiber have also been found to be acceptable.
5.6 Insulation, consisting of a layer of mineral fiber, approximately 60-mm thick, and covered by a metal jacket.
5.7 Pilot Igniter, consisting of a nominal 1.8 6 0.3-mm inside diameter (ID) copper tubing attached to a gas supply of 94 %
minimum purity propane and placed horizontally 5 6 1 mm above the top surface of the disk cover. The pilot flame shall be
adjusted to 20 6 2 mm in length and centered above the opening in the disk cover.
5.8 Specimen Support and Holder—The specimen pan consists of a metal container of approximately 0.5-mm thick steel
measuring 406 2 mm in diameter by 15 6 2 mm in depth. It is held in a ring of approximately 2.0-mm diameter stainless steel
welding rod. The ring is welded to a length of the same type of rod extending through the cover of the furnace, as shown in Fig.
1. The bottom of the specimen pan shall be located 185 6 5 mm down from the top of the inner furnace tube.
5.9 Thermocouples, 0.5-mm diameter, Chromel-Alumel (Type K) or Iron-Constantan (Type J), for temperature measurement
connected to a calibrated recording instrument with a tolerance not exceeding 62°C. The thermocouple tolerance shall be in
accordance with IEC 584-2, Table 1, Class 2 or better.
5.10 Heating Control—A suitable variable transformer or an automatic controller connected in series with the heating coils.
5.11 Timing Device, having an accuracy of at least 1 s.
6. Location of Thermocouples
6.1 Thermocouple TC measuresthetemperature, T ,ofthespecimen.Itislocatedascloseaspossibletothecenteroftheupper
1 1
surface of the specimen when the specimen is in place within the furnace. The thermocouple wire is attached to the specimen
support rod.
6.2 Thermocouple TC gives some indication of the temperature, T , of the air traveling past the specimen. It is located 10 6
2 2
2 mm below the center of the specimen pan. The thermocouple wire is attached to the specimen support rod.
NOTE 4—Thermocouple TC may be installed through a hole drilled adjacent to the inspection plug below the specimen pan.
6.3 Thermocouple TC measures the temperature,
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