ASTM D1004-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
Standard Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Tear resistance of plastic film or sheeting is a complex function of its ultimate resistance to rupture. The specimen geometry and speed of testing in this test method are controlled to produce tearing in a small area of stress concentration at rates far below those usually encountered in service. Experience has shown the test to have its best reliability for materials which do not have brittle failure or do not elongate greater than two hundred percent during testing.
The data from this test method furnish comparative information for ranking the tearing resistance of plastic specimens of similar composition. Actual use performance in tearing of some plastics may not necessarily correlate with data from this test method.
The resistance to tear of plastic film and sheeting, while partly dependent upon thickness, has no simple correlation with specimen thickness. Hence, tearing forces measured in newtons (or pounds-force) cannot be normalized over a wide range of specimen thickness without producing misleading data as to the actual tearing resistance of the material. Data from this test method are comparable only from specimens, which vary by no more than ±10 % from the nominal or average thickness of all specimens tested. Therefore, the tearing resistance is expressed in maximum newtons (or pounds-force) of force to tear the specimen.
The tear resistance of plastic film may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tear resistance of flexible plastic film and sheeting at very low rates of loading, 51 mm (2 in.)/min. and is designed to measure the force to initiate tearing. The specimen geometry of this test method produces a stress concentration in a small area of the specimen. The maximum stress, usually found near the onset of tearing, is recorded as the tear resistance in newtons (or pounds-force). The method is not applicable for film or sheeting material where brittle failures occur during testing or where maximum extension is greater than 101.6 mm (4 in.).
Note 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
1.2 Constant-Rate-of-Grip Separation Test—This test method employs a constant rate of separation of the grips holding the test specimen.
1.2.1 Specimen extension may be measured in this test method by grip separation.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
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Designation: D1004 − 09
StandardTest Method for
1
Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1004; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tear
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
resistance of flexible plastic film and sheeting at very low rates
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
of loading, 51 mm (2 in.)/min. and is designed to measure the
Sheeting
force to initiate tearing. The specimen geometry of this test
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
method produces a stress concentration in a small area of the
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
specimen.Themaximumstress,usuallyfoundneartheonsetof
als
tearing, is recorded as the tear resistance in newtons (or
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
pounds-force). The method is not applicable for film or
Plastics Specimens
sheeting material where brittle failures occur during testing or
D6988 GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
where maximum extension is greater than 101.6 mm (4 in.).
Test Specimens
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 Constant-Rate-of-Grip Separation Test—This test
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
method employs a constant rate of separation of the grips
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
4
holding the test specimen.
Die Drawings
1.2.1 Specimen extension may be measured in this test
3. Terminology
method by grip separation.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Definitions of terms applying to this test method appear in
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
Terminology D883.
information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 The force to initiate tearing across a specific geometry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of a film or sheeting specimen is measured using a constant-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rate-of-grip separation machine. The force necessary to initiate
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the tear is calculated from the load-time or load-displacement
data.
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Tear resistance of plastic film or sheeting is a complex
function of its ultimate resistance to rupture. The specimen
geometryandspeedoftestinginthistestmethodarecontrolled
to produce tearing in a small area of stress concentration at
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
Molded Products.
3
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1004 – 07. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/D1004-09. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
The following reference may be of interest in connection with this test method: the ASTM website.
4
Graves, F. L., “The Evaluation of Tear Resistance in Elastomers,” India Rubber Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
World, Vol 111, No. 3, December 1944, pp. 305–308. ADJD1004.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1004 − 09
rates far below those usually encountered in service. Experi-
ence has shown the test to have its best reliability for materials
which do not have brittle failure or do not elongate greater than
two hundred percent during testing.
5.2 The data from this test method furnish comparative
information for ranking the tearing resistance of plastic speci-
mens of similar composition. Actual use performance in
tearingofsomeplasticsmaynotnecessarilycorrelatewithdata
from this test method.
Tolerance ±
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1004–08 Designation: D 1004 – 09
Standard Test Method for
1
Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1004; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tear resistance of flexible plastic film and sheeting at very low rates of
loading, 51 mm (2 in.)/min. and is designed to measure the force to initiate tearing. The specimen geometry of this test method
produces a stress concentration in a small area of the specimen. The maximum stress, usually found near the onset of tearing, is
recordedasthetearresistanceinnewtons(orpounds-force).Themethodisnotapplicableforfilmorsheetingmaterialwherebrittle
failures occur during testing or where maximum extension is greater than 101.6 mm (4 in.).
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).
1.2 Constant-Rate-of-Grip Separation Test—This test method employs a constant rate of separation of the grips holding the test
specimen.
1.2.1 Specimen extension may be measured in this test method by grip separation.
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareprovidedforinformation
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
D 6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
4
Die Drawings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
Definitions of terms applying to this test method appear in Terminology D 883.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The force to initiate tearing across a specific geometry of a film or sheeting specimen is measured using a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting .
Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2008.2009. Published November 2008.June 2009. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as
D 1004 – 07.
2
The following reference may be of interest in connection with this test method: Graves, F. L., “The Evaluation of Tear Resistance in Elastomers,” India Rubber World,
Vol 111, No. 3, December 1944, pp. 305–308.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD1004.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1004–09
constant-rate-of-grip separation machine. The force necessary to initiate the tear is calculated from the load-time or
load-displacement data.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Tear resistance of plastic film or sheeting is a complex function of its ultimate resistance to rupture.The specimen geometry
and speed of testing in this test method are controlled to produce tearing in a small area of stress concentration at rates far below
those usually encountered in service. Experience has shown the test to have its best reliability for materials which do not have
brittle failure or do not elongate greater than two hundred percent during test
...
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