ASTM E1245-95

Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.
Note 1--Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.
1.4 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are to be regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values are in parentheses and may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-1999
• ICS: 77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E04 - Metallography
• Drafting Committee: E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E1245-00 - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM A890/A890M-18a - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM F3160-21 - Standard Guide for Metallurgical Characterization of Absorbable Metallic Materials for Medical Implants
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM F3554-22 - Standard Specification for Additive Manufacturing – Finished Part Properties – Grade 4340 (UNS G43400) via Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion for Transportation Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM A892-09(2020) - Standard Guide for Defining and Rating the Microstructure of High Carbon Bearing Steels
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E2142-08(2015) - Standard Test Methods for Rating and Classifying Inclusions in Steel Using the Scanning Electron Microscope
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E45-18a - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E768-99(2018) - Standard Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM F1376-92(2020) - Standard Guide for Metallurgical Analysis for Gas Distribution System Components (Withdrawn 2023)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E3-11(2017) - Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM G209-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Detecting mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000
• Referred By: ASTM E606/E606M-21 - Standard Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2000

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1245 – 95
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent
1
Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This practice may be used to produce stereological measurements that describe the amount, number,
size, and spacing of the indigenous inclusions (sulfides and oxides) in steels. The method may also be
applied to assess inclusions in other metals or to assess any discrete second-phase constituent in any
material.
2
1. Scope E 3 Methods of Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
2
E 7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereo-
E 45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content
logical measurements that describe basic characteristics of the
2
of Steel
morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals
E 768 Practice for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to
2
Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
provide such data for any discrete second phase.
NOTE 1—Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice 3. Terminology
to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase
3.1 Definitions:
particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself,
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, see
does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in
Terminology E 7.
space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information
requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope
3.2.1 detected feature—the oxide, sulfide, or other second-
of this practice.
phase constituent of interest that is isolated for measurement by
adjustment of the threshold setting to its particular range of
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of
gray level.
producing stereological data when the features of the constitu-
3.2.2 exogenous inclusions—those inclusions that arise
ents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable
from entrapment of foreign matter within the ingot and are
data difficult.
distributed in a nonuniform, unpredictable manner.
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test
3.2.3 feature-specific measurements—individual measure-
methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or
ment of each detected feature in the field of view.
establishing limits of acceptability.
3.2.4 field measurements—simultaneous measurement of all
1.4 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are to
detected features in the field of view.
be regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values are in
3.2.5 flicker method—the procedure of alternating between
parentheses and may be approximate.
the live video image and the detected image while altering the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
gray-level threshold range to establish the optimum discrimi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
nation and detection of the inclusions.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.6 gray level—the range of neutral colors between white
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and black on the monitor screen that corresponds to the feature
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to be detected.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.7 indigenous inclusions—those inclusions that arise
from the natural precipitation of insoluble nonmetallic phases
2.1 ASTM Standards:
during or after solidification (sulfides) or from combination
with the residual oxygen content before or during solidification
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-4 on Metallog-
raphy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on Quantitative
Metallography.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 1995. Published March 1995. Originally
2
published as E 1245 – 88. Last previous edition E 1245 – 89. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
1

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E 1245
(oxides) and are distributed throughout the ingot in a relatively differences compared to each other and the unetched matrix.
predictable manner. Measurements are
...