ASTM E1495-02

Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints

SCOPE
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and relative strength of composite structures (for example, filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for example, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural composites (for example, wood products).
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded structures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instrumentation, standardization, examination methods, and data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its capabilities are cited.
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and associated strength variations in composite structures and bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics.
1.4 Additional information may be found in the publications cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The referenced works provide background on research, applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition, processing, and interpretation.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jul-2002
• ICS: 19.100 - Non-destructive testing
• ICS: 83.180 - Adhesives
• Technical Committee: E07 - Nondestructive Testing
• Drafting Committee: E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1495-97 - Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2002
• Replaced By: ASTM E1495-02(2007) - Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2007
• Referred By: ASTM E1736-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels
• Effective Date: 10-Jul-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1495 – 02
Standard Guide for
Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates,
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and Bonded Joints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1495; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology 2.1 ASTM Standards:
for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
2
for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical Testing
2
characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
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relative strength of composite structures (for example, 2.2 ASNT Standard :
filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for ex- ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
ample, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural com- Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifica-
posites (for example, wood products). tions and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must 2.3 AIA Document:
be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
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AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded struc- Testing Personnel
tures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instru-
3. Terminology
mentation, standardization, examination methods, and data
analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 acousto-ultrasonics (AU)—a nondestructive examina-
AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its capa-
bilities are cited. tion method that uses induced stress waves to detect and assess
the diffuse defect states, damage conditions, and variations of
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and
mechanical properties of an examination structure. The AU
associated strength variations in composite structures and
bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or method combines aspects of acoustic emission (AE) signal
analysis with ultrasonic materials characterization methods
extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other
NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics. (Terminology E 1316).
3.1.2 Additional related definitions may be found in Termi-
1.4 Additionalinformationmaybefoundinthepublications
cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The nology E 1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
referenced works provide background on research, applica-
tions,andvariousaspectsofsignalacquisition,processing,and 3.2.1 stress wave factor (SWF)—a generic measure of the
relative energy loss (attenuation) or propagation efficiency of
interpretation.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the stress waves generated by the AU method. There are many
ways to define and calculate the SWF. Several of these are
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. described in Section 11 of this guide.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Guide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 General—Two probes are attached to a sample in a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
send-receive configuration. One (a pulsed sending probe) is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
optimized for wave generation, while the other (a receiving
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc- Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
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tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
Emission Method. Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
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Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originally Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye
published as E 1495 – 92. Last previous edition E 1495 – 97. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1495–02
probe) is optimized for signal sensing. The probes are attached in composites. Thereafter, AU should be considered for com-
to the sample surface at normal incidence.The usual, and often posites t
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