ASTM E1495/E1495M-17
(Guide)Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints
Standard Guide for Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates, and Bonded Joints
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General—Conventional ultrasonics should be considered first for the detection of overt flaws such as delaminations in composites. Thereafter, AU should be considered for composites that are proved to be free of major flaws or discontinuities. The AU method is intended almost exclusively for assessing the collective effects of dispersed defects and subcritical flaw populations. These are material aberrations that influence AU measurements and also underlie mechanical property variations, dynamic load response, and impact and fracture resistance.
5.2 Specific Advantages—The AU method can be used to evaluate composite laminate and bond quality using access to only one surface as, for example, the exterior surface of pressure vessels. It is unnecessary to utilize angle beam fixtures because the method can always be applied with probes at normal incidence. The method can be applied using dry coupling with elastomer pads attached to the probes, and there is no need to immerse the examination object in water.
5.3 General Applications—The AU method was devised to assess diffuse discontinuity populations and any associated changes of the mechanical properties of composites and composite-like materials. The AU method has been used to evaluate fiber-reinforced composites (6), composite laminates (7), filament-wound pressure vessels (8), adhesive bonds (9), paper and wood products (10), and cable and rope (11). The method has been shown to be particularly practical for assessing the strength of adhesively bonded joints. It has also been shown to be useful for assessing microporosity (12), micro-cracking (13), hydrothermal aging (14), and damage produced by impacts (15) and fatigue (16).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and relative strength of composite structures (for example, filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for example, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural composites (for example, wood products).
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded structures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instrumentation, standardization, examination methods, and data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its capabilities are cited.
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and associated strength variations in composite structures and bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics.
1.4 Additional information may be found in the publications cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The referenced works provide background on research, applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition, processing, and interpretation.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1495/E1495M − 17
Standard Guide for
Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates,
1
and Bonded Joints
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1495/E1495M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
relative strength of composite structures (for example,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
example, joints between metal plates), and interlaminar and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural com-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
posites (for example, wood products).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must
be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative
2. Referenced Documents
AU assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded struc-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus,
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
instrumentation, standardization, examination methods, and
Testing
data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
the AU method and guidelines for taking advantage of its
3
2.2 ASNT Standard:
capabilities are cited.
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
associated strength variations in composite structures and
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
bonded joints. Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or
cations and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
4
extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other
2.3 AIA Document:
NDE methods such as conventional ultrasonics.
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
1.4 Additionalinformationmaybefoundinthepublications Testing Personnel
5
cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The
2.4 ISO Standard:
referenced works provide background on research,
ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Testing: Qualification and Certi-
applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition,
fication of NDT Personnel
processing, and interpretation.
3. Terminology
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
3.1 Definitions:
pound units are to be regarded as standard.The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
with the standards.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
1 4
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc- Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
Emission Method.
5
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E1495 - 12. DOI: Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
10.1520/E1495-17. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1495/E1495M − 12 E1495/E1495M − 17
Standard Guide for
Acousto-Ultrasonic Assessment of Composites, Laminates,
1
and Bonded Joints
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1495/E1495M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This guide explains the rationale and basic technology for the acousto-ultrasonic (AU) method. Guidelines are given for
nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of flaws and physical characteristics that influence the mechanical properties and relative strength
of composite structures (for example, filament-wound pressure vessels), adhesive bonds (for example, joints between metal plates),
and interlaminar and fiber/matrix bonds in man-made composites and natural composites (for example, wood products).
1.2 This guide covers technical details and rules that must be observed to ensure reliable and reproducible quantitative AU
assessments of laminates, composites, and bonded structures. The underlying principles, prototype apparatus, instrumentation,
standardization, examination methods, and data analysis for such assessments are covered. Limitations of the AU method and
guidelines for taking advantage of its capabilities are cited.
1.3 The objective of AU is to assess subtle flaws and associated strength variations in composite structures and bonded joints.
Discontinuities such as large voids, disbonds, or extended lack of contact at interfaces can be assessed by other NDE methods such
as conventional ultrasonics.
1.4 Additional information may be found in the publications cited in the list of references at the end of this guide. The referenced
works provide background on research, applications, and various aspects of signal acquisition, processing, and interpretation.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3
2.2 ASNT Standard:
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
SNT-TC-1A Recommended PracticemPractice for Personnel Qualifications and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
4
2.3 AIA Document:
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012June 1, 2017. Published July 2012June 2017. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 as
E1495 - 02 (2007).E1495 - 12. DOI: 10.1520/E1495-12.10.1520/E1495-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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